Macron: Difference between revisions
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| Āā /ɑː/, Ǟǟ /æː/, Ēē /ɛː/, Īī /iː/, Ōō /oː/, Ȱȱ /ʊː/, Ȭȭ /ɨː/, Ūū /u/ | | Āā /ɑː/, Ǟǟ /æː/, Ēē /ɛː/, Īī /iː/, Ōō /oː/, Ȱȱ /ʊː/, Ȭȭ /ɨː/, Ūū /u/ | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |||
| Mid [[Wikipedia:Tone_(linguistics)|tone]] | |||
| [[Wikipedia:Min_Nan|Min Nan]] ([[Wikipedia:Pe̍h-ōe-jī|Pe̍h-ōe-jī]] orthography) | |||
| Āā /a˧/, Āⁿ āⁿ /ã˧/, Ēē /e˧/, Ēⁿ ēⁿ /ẽ˧/, Īī /i˧/, Īⁿ īⁿ /ĩ˧/, M̄m̄ /m̩˧/, N̄g n̄g /ŋ̍˧/, Ōō /ə˧/, Ōⁿ ōⁿ /ɔ̃˧/, Ō͘ō͘ /ɔ˧/, Ūū /u˧/, Ūⁿ ūⁿ /u˧/ | |||
| There is much variation in the tones and vowel qualities between different dialects of Min Nan. The vowel qualities here seem to be an approximation between the dialects,<ref name=min_nan_vowels>[[Wikipedia:Pe̍h-ōe-jī#Current_system|Pe̍h-ōe-jī, Current system]] at Wikipedia.</ref> while the tones here are as they are pronounced in Taipei.<ref name=min_nan_tones>[[Wikipedia:Taiwanese_Hokkien#Tones|Taiwanese Hokkien, Tones]] at Wikipedia.</ref> | |||
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Revision as of 06:57, 19 January 2015
The macron originated in Greco-Roman poetry, where it was used for marking long syllables. It's use has since been extended to marking long vowels.[1]
Macron in Unicode
| ¯ | ˉ | ◌̄ | Ā | ā | Ǟ | ǟ | Ǡ | ǡ | Ǣ | ǣ | Ē | ē |
| U+00AF | U+02C9 | U+0304 | U+0100 | U+0101 | U+01DE | U+01DF | U+01E0 | U+01E1 | U+01E2 | U+01E3 | U+0112 | U+0113 |
| Macron | Modifier Letter Macron | Combining Macron | Latin Capital Letter A With Macron | Latin Small Letter A With Macron | Latin Capital Letter A With Diaeresis And Macron | Latin Small Letter A With Diaeresis And Macron | Latin Capital Letter A With Dot Above And Macron | Latin Small Letter A With Dot Above And Macron | Latin Capital Letter Ae With Macron | Latin Small Letter Ae With Macron | Latin Capital Letter E With Macron | Latin Small Letter E With Macron |
| Note: May be confused with Overline, ‾ (U+203E); Combining Double Macron, ◌͞◌ (U+035E); or Superscript Minus, ⁻ (U+207B). | ||||||||||||
| Ḕ | ḕ | Ḗ | ḗ | Ḡ | ḡ | Ī | ī | Ḹ | ḹ | Ō | ō | Ǭ |
| U+1E14 | U+1E15 | U+1E16 | U+1E17 | U+1E20 | U+1E21 | U+012A | U+012B | U+1E38 | U+1E39 | U+014C | U+014D | U+01EC |
| Latin Capital Letter E With Macron And Grave | Latin Small Letter E With Macron And Grave | Latin Capital Letter E With Macron And Acute | Latin Small Letter E With Macron And Acute | Latin Capital Letter G With Macron | Latin Small Letter G With Macron | Latin Capital Letter I With Macron | Latin Small Letter I With Macron | Latin Capital Letter L With Dot Below And Macron | Latin Small Letter L With Dot Below And Macron | Latin Capital Letter O With Macron | Latin Small Letter O With Macron | Latin Capital Letter O With Ogonek And Macron |
| ǭ | Ṑ | ṑ | Ṓ | ṓ | Ȫ | ȫ | Ȭ | ȭ | Ȱ | ȱ | Ṝ | ṝ |
| U+01ED | U+1E50 | U+1E51 | U+1E52 | U+1E53 | U+022A | U+022B | U+022C | U+022D | U+0230 | U+0231 | U+1E5C | U+1E5D |
| Latin Small Letter O With Ogonek And Macron | Latin Capital Letter O With Macron And Grave | Latin Small Letter O With Macron And Grave | Latin Capital Letter O With Macron And Acute | Latin Small Letter O With Macron And Acute | Latin Capital Letter O With Diaeresis And Macron | Latin Small Letter O With Diaeresis And Macron | Latin Capital Letter O With Tilde And Macron | Latin Small Letter O With Tilde And Macron | Latin Capital Letter O With Dot Above And Macron | Latin Small Letter O With Dot Above And Macron | Latin Capital Letter R With Dot Below And Macron | Latin Small Letter R With Dot Below And Macron |
| Ū | ū | Ṻ | ṻ | Ǖ | ǖ | Ȳ | ȳ | |||||
| U+016A | U+016B | U+1E7A | U+1E7B | U+01D5 | U+01D6 | U+0232 | U+0233 | |||||
| Latin Capital Letter U With Macron | Latin Small Letter U With Macron | Latin Capital Letter U With Macron And Diaeresis | Latin Small Letter U With Macron And Diaeresis | Latin Capital Letter U With Diaeresis And Macron | Latin Small Letter U With Diaeresis And Macron | Latin Capital Letter Y With Macron | Latin Small Letter Y With Macron | |||||
Macron in Natlangs
| Use | Language | Letters | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|
| High tone | Mandarin (Pinyin romanization) | Āā /a˥/, Ēē /ə˥/, Īī /i˥/, Ōō /ə˥/, Ūū /u˥/, Ǖǖ /y˥/ | Note that these tone values are based on the Beijing dialect.[2] |
| Long vowel | Croatian, Serbian | Āā /aː/, Ēē /eː/, Īī /iː/, Ōō /oː/, R̄r̄ /r̩ː/, Ūū /uː/ | The macron marks a long vowel without pitch accent. These letters are not used in the standard orthography of Croatian or Serbian, but in linguistic materials.[3] |
| Latgalian | Āā /ɑː/, Ēē /eː/, Īī /iː/, Ōō /oː/, Ūū /uː/ | ||
| Latvian | Āā /ɑː/, Ēē /eː/ and /æː/, Īī /iː/, Ūū /uː/ | ||
| Livonian | Āā /ɑː/, Ǟǟ /æː/, Ēē /ɛː/, Īī /iː/, Ōō /oː/, Ȱȱ /ʊː/, Ȭȭ /ɨː/, Ūū /u/ | ||
| Mid tone | Min Nan (Pe̍h-ōe-jī orthography) | Āā /a˧/, Āⁿ āⁿ /ã˧/, Ēē /e˧/, Ēⁿ ēⁿ /ẽ˧/, Īī /i˧/, Īⁿ īⁿ /ĩ˧/, M̄m̄ /m̩˧/, N̄g n̄g /ŋ̍˧/, Ōō /ə˧/, Ōⁿ ōⁿ /ɔ̃˧/, Ō͘ō͘ /ɔ˧/, Ūū /u˧/, Ūⁿ ūⁿ /u˧/ | There is much variation in the tones and vowel qualities between different dialects of Min Nan. The vowel qualities here seem to be an approximation between the dialects,[4] while the tones here are as they are pronounced in Taipei.[5] |
See Also
References
- ↑ Macron at Wikipedia.
- ↑ Mandarin Chinese, Tones at Wikipedia.
- ↑ Serbo-Croatian phonology, Pitch accent at Wikipedia.
- ↑ Pe̍h-ōe-jī, Current system at Wikipedia.
- ↑ Taiwanese Hokkien, Tones at Wikipedia.
