Macron
From FrathWiki
Jump to navigationJump to search
The macron originated in Greco-Roman poetry, where it was used for marking long syllables. It's use has since been extended to marking long vowels.[1]
Macron in Unicode
| ¯ | ˉ | ◌̄ | Ā | ā | Ǟ | ǟ | Ǡ | ǡ | Ǣ | ǣ | Ē | ē |
| U+00AF | U+02C9 | U+0304 | U+0100 | U+0101 | U+01DE | U+01DF | U+01E0 | U+01E1 | U+01E2 | U+01E3 | U+0112 | U+0113 |
| Macron | Modifier Letter Macron | Combining Macron | Latin Capital Letter A With Macron | Latin Small Letter A With Macron | Latin Capital Letter A With Diaeresis And Macron | Latin Small Letter A With Diaeresis And Macron | Latin Capital Letter A With Dot Above And Macron | Latin Small Letter A With Dot Above And Macron | Latin Capital Letter Ae With Macron | Latin Small Letter Ae With Macron | Latin Capital Letter E With Macron | Latin Small Letter E With Macron |
| Note: May be confused with Overline, ‾ (U+203E); Combining Double Macron, ◌͞◌ (U+035E); or Superscript Minus, ⁻ (U+207B). | ||||||||||||
| Ḕ | ḕ | Ḗ | ḗ | Ḡ | ḡ | Ī | ī | Ḹ | ḹ | Ō | ō | Ǭ |
| U+1E14 | U+1E15 | U+1E16 | U+1E17 | U+1E20 | U+1E21 | U+012A | U+012B | U+1E38 | U+1E39 | U+014C | U+014D | U+01EC |
| Latin Capital Letter E With Macron And Grave | Latin Small Letter E With Macron And Grave | Latin Capital Letter E With Macron And Acute | Latin Small Letter E With Macron And Acute | Latin Capital Letter G With Macron | Latin Small Letter G With Macron | Latin Capital Letter I With Macron | Latin Small Letter I With Macron | Latin Capital Letter L With Dot Below And Macron | Latin Small Letter L With Dot Below And Macron | Latin Capital Letter O With Macron | Latin Small Letter O With Macron | Latin Capital Letter O With Ogonek And Macron |
| ǭ | Ṑ | ṑ | Ṓ | ṓ | Ȫ | ȫ | Ȭ | ȭ | Ȱ | ȱ | Ṝ | ṝ |
| U+01ED | U+1E50 | U+1E51 | U+1E52 | U+1E53 | U+022A | U+022B | U+022C | U+022D | U+0230 | U+0231 | U+1E5C | U+1E5D |
| Latin Small Letter O With Ogonek And Macron | Latin Capital Letter O With Macron And Grave | Latin Small Letter O With Macron And Grave | Latin Capital Letter O With Macron And Acute | Latin Small Letter O With Macron And Acute | Latin Capital Letter O With Diaeresis And Macron | Latin Small Letter O With Diaeresis And Macron | Latin Capital Letter O With Tilde And Macron | Latin Small Letter O With Tilde And Macron | Latin Capital Letter O With Dot Above And Macron | Latin Small Letter O With Dot Above And Macron | Latin Capital Letter R With Dot Below And Macron | Latin Small Letter R With Dot Below And Macron |
| Ū | ū | Ṻ | ṻ | Ǖ | ǖ | Ȳ | ȳ | |||||
| U+016A | U+016B | U+1E7A | U+1E7B | U+01D5 | U+01D6 | U+0232 | U+0233 | |||||
| Latin Capital Letter U With Macron | Latin Small Letter U With Macron | Latin Capital Letter U With Macron And Diaeresis | Latin Small Letter U With Macron And Diaeresis | Latin Capital Letter U With Diaeresis And Macron | Latin Small Letter U With Diaeresis And Macron | Latin Capital Letter Y With Macron | Latin Small Letter Y With Macron | |||||
Macron in Natlangs
| Use | Language | Letters | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|
| Alphabet extension | Amharic (BGN/PCGN 1967 transliteration) | Āā /ə/, Ēē /e/, Īī /i/ | It's a little unclear which vowel phoneme is transliterated with which letter. If the vowels to the left are correct, then unaccented Aa, Ee, Ii should probably stand for /a, ə, ɨ/.[2] |
| Alveolar consonant | Pashto (Yaqubi romanization) | J̄j̄ /dz/ | Unaccented Jj stands for /dʒ/.[3] Note that J̄j̄ are not precomposed characters. |
| Dental consonant | Pashto (Yaqubi romanization) | T̄t̄ /t/ | Unaccented Tt stands for /ʈ/.[3] Note that T̄t̄ are not precomposed characters. |
| Disambiguation in transliteration | Darī (Yaqubi romanization and BGN/PCGN 2007 romanization) | S̄s̄ /s/, Z̄z̄ /z/ | Darī and Pashto use several Arabic characters that are pronounced the same. In the Yaqubi romanization Ss and S̱s̱ are both used for /s/; and Zz, Z̄z̄, Ẕẕ, D͟z d͟z are all used for /z/. The BGN/PCGN 2007 uses Ss and Şş for /s/; and Zz, Z̄z̄, Ẕẕ, Z̧z̧ for /z/.[3] Note that S̄s̄, Z̄z̄ are not precomposed characters. |
| Pashto (Yaqubi romanization and BGN/PCGN 2007 romanization) | |||
| Fricative consonant | Arabic (Hans Wehr romanization) | ḡ /ɣ~ɡ/ | ḡ replaced ġ in the fourth edition of this transliteration scheme.[4] The pronunciation of this letter varies depending on dialect.[5] Hans Wehr transliteration does not include capital letters.[4] Macron below is used similarly together with other consonants in Hans Wehr. |
| Arabic (ISO/R 233 romanization) | Ḡḡ /ɣ~ɡ/ | The pronunciation of this letter varies depending on dialect.[5] Macron below is used similarly together with other consonants in ISO/R 233. | |
| High tone | Mandarin (Pinyin romanization) | Āā /a˥/, Ēē /ə˥/, Īī /i˥/, Ōō /ə˥/, Ūū /u˥/, Ǖǖ /y˥/ | Note that these tone values are based on the Beijing dialect.[6] |
| Long vowel | Arabic (DIN 31635 romanization, ISO/R 233 romanization) | Āā /aː/, Īī /iː/, Ūū /uː/ | |
| Arabic (ISO 233 romanization) | Āā /aː/, W̄w̄, Ȳȳ | ||
| Arabic (Hans Wehr romanization) | ā /aː/, ē /eː/, ī /iː/, ō /oː/, ū /uː/ | ē and ō are only found in loan words. This romanization does not include capital letters.[4] | |
| Cook Islands Māori | Āā /aː/, Ēē /eː/, Īī /iː/, Ōō /oː/, Ūū /uː/ | The unaccented vowels stand for /a, e, i, o, u/ respectively. Long vowels are not always consistently marked.[7] | |
| Croatian | Āā /aː/, Ēē /eː/, Īī /iː/, Ōō /oː/, R̄r̄ /r̩ː/, Ūū /uː/ | The macron marks a long vowel without pitch accent. These letters are not used in the standard orthography of Croatian, but in linguistic materials.[8] | |
| Darī (Yaqubi romanization and BGN/PCGN 2007 romanization) | Āā /ɑː/, Ēē /eː/, Īī /iː/, Ōō /oː/, Ūū /uː/ | The sound values of these vowels are a little unclear. The BGN/PCGN 2007 romanization specifies some of these as long vowels and some as diphthongs, but Wikipedia does not mention any long vowels in Darī, and the diphthongs it mentions are not the same as the ones mentioned by BGN/PCGN.[9] | |
| Hawaiian | Āā /aː/, Ēē /eː/, Īī /iː/, Ōō /oː/, Ūū /uː/ | The unaccented vowels stand for /a~ɐ~ə, ɛ~e, i, o, u/ respectively.[10] | |
| Japanese (Hepburn romanization) | Āā /aː/, Ēē /eː/, Īī /iː/, Ōō /oː/, Ūū /uː/ | In traditional Hepburn Āā, Ēē, Īī are only used in loanwords, Aa aa, Ee ee, Ii ii being used otherwise. In modified Hepburn, only Īī is restricted to loanwords. In both systems the following also applies:
There are many deviations from these principles though. For example, a circumflex may be seen used instead of a macron due to keyboard/word processor limitations, accents may be entirely restricted to Uu and/or Oo, /oː/ may variously be romanized as Ou ou, Oo oo, Oh oh regardless of kana spelling, or marking of vowel length may be entirely absent.[11] | |
| Latgalian | Āā /ɑː/, Ēē /eː/, Īī /iː/, Ōō /oː/, Ūū /uː/ | ||
| Latvian | Āā /ɑː/, Ēē /eː, æː/, Īī /iː/, Ūū /uː/ | ||
| Livonian | Āā /ɑː/, Ǟǟ /æː/, Ēē /ɛː/, Īī /iː/, Ōō /oː/, Ȱȱ /ʊː/, Ȭȭ /ɨː/, Ūū /uː/ | ||
| Māori | Āā /aː/, Ēē /eː/, Īī /iː/, Ōō /oː/, Ūū /uː/ | In the early history of Māori writing, vowel length was inconsistently marked, and various methods for marking it existed. But nowadays the macron has become the established way of indicating vowel length.[12] | |
| Niuean | The unaccented vowels stand for /a, e, i, o, u/ respectively. Long vowels are not always consistently marked.[13] A doubled vowel letter stands for two vowels in hiatus.[14] | ||
| Pashto (Yaqubi romanization and BGN/PCGN 2007 romanization) | Āā /ɑː/, Ēē /eː/, Īī /iː/, Ōō /oː/, Ūū /uː/ | The sound values of these vowels are a little unclear. The BGN/PCGN 2007 romanization specifies some of these as long vowels and some as diphthongs, but Wikipedia does not mention any long vowels in Pashto, and the diphthongs it mentions are not the same as the ones mentioned by BGN/PCGN.[15] | |
| Rapa Nui | Āā /aː/, Ēē /eː/, Īī /iː/, Ōō /oː/, Ūū /uː/ | The unaccented vowels stand for /a, e, i, o, u/ respectively.[16] | |
| Samoan | The unaccented vowels stand for /a, ɛ, ɪ, ɔ, ʊ/ respectively.[17] | ||
| Serbian | Āā /aː/, Ēē /eː/, Īī /iː/, Ōō /oː/, R̄r̄ /r̩ː/, Ūū /uː/ | The macron marks a long vowel without pitch accent. These letters are not used in the standard orthography of Serbian, but in linguistic materials.[8] | |
| Tahitian | Āā /aː~ɑː/, Ēē /eː/, Īī /iː/, Ōō /oː/, Ūū /uː/ | The unaccented vowels stand for /a, e, i, o~ɔ, u/ respectively. Older people seldom use the macron.[18] | |
| Tokelauan | Āā /aː/, Ēē /eː/, Īī /iː/, Ōō /oː/, Ūū /uː/ | The unaccented vowels stand for /a, e, i, o, u/ respectively. Most Tokelauan writers do not distinguish between short and long vowels in writing.[19] | |
| Mid tone | Min Dong (Fuzhou dialect, Foochow romanization) | Āā /a˧, ɑ˧/, Ā̤ā̤ /ɛ˧, a˧/, Ēē /ɛi˧/, Ē̤ē̤ /œ˧/, Īī /i˧/, Ōō /ou˧/, Ō̤ō̤ /o˧, ɔ˧/, Ūū /u˧/, Ṳ̄ṳ̄ /y˧/ | Note that the letters here that contain ◌̤ are not precomposed characters. |
| Min Nan (Pe̍h-ōe-jī orthography) | Āā /a˧/, Āⁿ āⁿ /ã˧/, Ēē /e˧/, Ēⁿ ēⁿ /ẽ˧/, Īī /i˧/, Īⁿ īⁿ /ĩ˧/, M̄m̄ /m̩˧/, N̄g n̄g /ŋ̍˧/, Ōō /ə˧/, Ōⁿ ōⁿ /ɔ̃˧/, Ō͘ō͘ /ɔ˧/, Ūū /u˧/, Ūⁿ ūⁿ /u˧/ | There is much variation in the tones and vowel qualities between different dialects of Min Nan. The vowel qualities here seem to be an approximation between the dialects,[20] while the tones here are as they are pronounced in Taipei.[21] M̄m̄, N̄n̄ and Ō͘ō͘ are not precomposed letters. | |
| Monophthong | Kazakh (2021 alphabet) | Ūū /ʊ/ | Unaccented Uu stands for /ʊw/ and /w/.[22] |
| Other | Fon | Āā /a/, Ēē /e/, Ɛ̄ɛ̄ /ɛ/, Īī /i/, Ōō /o/, Ɔ̄ɔ̄ /ɔ/, Ūū /u/ | The macron stands for a "neutral" tone, but it is unclear what that is. It is not phonemic though. Tones are not always marked at all either.[23] Note that Ɛ̄ɛ̄ and Ɔ̄ɔ̄ are not precomposed characters. |
Macron in Phonetic Transcription
| Use | Transcription system | Characters | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|
| Mid tone | International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) | ◌̄ | Used on top of vowels (or syllabic consonants). Alternatively, one may use the high tone bar (˧) instead, placing it after the affected syllable. |
Macron in Conlangs
| Usage | Language | Creator | Letters | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Long vowel | Qwynegold (Qwadralónia dialect) | Qwynegold | Āā /aː/, Ēē /eː, e̞ː/, Īī /ɪː, iː/, Ōō /o̜ː, oː/, Ūū /u̜ː, uː/, Ȳȳ /ʏː, yː/, Ā̈ā̈ /æː, ɛː/, Ō̈ō̈ /øː, œː/ | There are no precomposed forms of Ā̈ā̈, Ō̈ō̈. |
See Also
- Natlang Uses of Diacritics in the Latin Alphabet
- Macron Below
- Transliteration of Arabic (Pedersen, Thomas. 2008.) has a concise list of comparisons between DIN 31635, ISO 233, ISO/R 233, UNGEGN, ALA-LC, and The Encyclopedia of Islam romanizations of Arabic.
References
- ↑ Macron at Wikipedia.
- ↑ Romanization of Amharic (PDF). See also Amharic at Wikipedia.
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 BGN/PCGN National Romanization System for Afghanistan (PDF). See also Dari or Pashto at Wikipedia.
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 Hans Wehr transliteration at Wikipedia.
- ↑ 5.0 5.1 Arabic alphabet, Table of basic letters at Wikipedia.
- ↑ Mandarin Chinese, Tones at Wikipedia.
- ↑ Cook Islands Māori, Writing system and pronunciation at Wikipedia.
- ↑ 8.0 8.1 Serbo-Croatian phonology, Pitch accent at Wikipedia.
- ↑ Compare BGN/PCGN National Romanization System for Afghanistan (PDF) and Dari at Wikipedia.
- ↑ Hawaiian language, Orthography, Macron and Hawaiian language, Phonology, Vowels at Wikipedia.
- ↑ All facts, except about accents being restricted to Oo/Uu only, are from Hepburn romanization, Long vowels at Wikipedia.
- ↑ Māori language, Long vowels at Wikipedia.
- ↑ Niuean language, Orthography, Alphabet at Wikipedia.
- ↑ Niuean language, Phonology, Vowels at Wikipedia.
- ↑ Compare BGN/PCGN National Romanization System for Afghanistan (PDF) and Pashto phonology at Wikipedia.
- ↑ Rapa Nui (Vananga rapa nui) at Omniglot.
- ↑ Samoan language, Phonology at Wikipedia.
- ↑ Tahitian language, Phonology at Wikipedia.
- ↑ Tokelauan language, Orthography and alphabet at Wikipedia.
- ↑ Pe̍h-ōe-jī, Current system at Wikipedia.
- ↑ Taiwanese Hokkien, Tones at Wikipedia.
- ↑ Kazakh alphabets at Wikipedia. See also Kazakh language, Phonology at Wikipedia.
- ↑ Fon language, Tone marking at Wikipedia. See also Fon language, Tone for a short overview of the tonal system of Fon.
