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==Consonants==
<center>{{CURRENTDAYNAME}} {{CURRENTDAY}} {{CURRENTMONTHNAME}} {{CURRENTYEAR}}. [[Help:Free Unicode fonts|Свобõднинос Фонтнос]] • [[Help:Editing|Editing]] • [[FrathWiki:Naming conventions|Naming Conventions]] • [[Help:How does one start a page|Куин сыздаветё сивуаен]] • [[Help:Contents|Апу]]</center>
This is the consonant system in the IPA consonant table:


{| {{prettytable}}
|- style="vertical-align: center; font-size: x-small; height: 3em"
| style="font-size: 90%;" |
! style="width: 4em;" | Bilabial
! style="width: 4em;" | Labio-<br/>dental
! style="width: 4em;" | Dental
! style="width: 4em;" | Alveolar
! style="width: 4em;" | Post-<br/>alveolar
! style="width: 4em;" | Palatal
! style="width: 4em;" | Velar
|- style="font-size: 120%;"
! style="font-size: x-small; text-align:left" | Plosive
| <center>{{IPA|p}} {{IPA|b}}</center>
|
| colspan="3" |<center>{{IPA|t}} {{IPA|d}}</center>
| <center></center>
| <center>{{IPA|k}} {{IPA|ɡ}}</center>
|- style="font-size: 120%;"
! style="font-size: x-small; text-align:left" | Nasal
| <center>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;{{IPA|m}}</center>
| <center>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[{{IPA|ɱ}}] <small>1</small></center>
| colspan="3" |<center>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;{{IPA|n}}</center>
|
| <center>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[{{IPA|ŋ}}] <small>2</small></center>
|- style="font-size: 120%;"
! style="font-size: x-small; text-align:left" | Vibrant
| <center>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</center>
|
| colspan="3" | <center>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;{{IPA|r}}</center>


|
<center>
|
<!--
| <center>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</center>
|- style="font-size: 120%;"
! style="font-size: x-small; text-align:left" | Fricative
| <center></center>
| <center>{{IPA|f}} {{IPA|v}}</center>
| <center></center>
| <center>{{IPA|s}} {{IPA|z}}</center>
| <center>{{IPA|ʃ}} {{IPA|ʒ}}</center>
| <center>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</center>
| <center>{{IPA|x}}&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</center>
|- style="font-size: 120%;"
! style="font-size: x-small; text-align:left" | Affricate
|
|
|
| <center>{{IPA|ʦ}}&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</center>
| <center>{{IPA|ʧ}} {{IPA|ʤ}}</center>
| <center>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</center>
| <center>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</center>
| &nbsp;
|- style="font-size: 120%;"
! style="font-size: x-small; text-align:left" | Approximant
| <center>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</center>
| <center>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</center>
| colspan="3" | <center>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</center>
| <center>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;{{IPA|j}}</center>
| <center>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;{{IPA|w}}</center>
| <center>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</center>
|- style="font-size: 120%;"
! style="font-size: x-small; text-align:left" | Lateral approximant
|
|
| colspan="3" | <center>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;{{IPA|l}}</center>
| <center>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</center>
| <center>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</center>
| 
|}


*<small>1: Allophone of {{IPA|[m]}} before labiodental consonants</small>
START OF THE TWO-COLUMN PART
*<small>2: Allophone of {{IPA|[n]}} before velar consonant</small>


===Palatalization===
-->
{| style="border: 0; background-color: #ffffff" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="10"
| style="width: 50%; vertical-align: top; border:1px solid #8898BF; background-color: #F0F5FF" |
<!--


Some consonants come in pair with a ''palatalized'' counterpart:
Introduction


{|
--><div style="background-color:#A8D3FF; font-size:1px; height:8px; border-bottom:1px solid #8898BF;"></div>
! Non-palatalized consonant
<div style="float:right; margin:8px; margin-top:5px"> [[Image:Exquisite-khelpcenter.png|48px]] </div>
! Palatalized counterpart
<div style="font: 13pt Verdana; font-weight:bold; padding:5px; border-bottom:1px solid #AAAAAA;">Frathwikijád dénum okátjavy!</div>
|-
<div style="font-size:9pt; padding:5px">
| k || č
[[Image:Conflag sim.png|left]][[FrathWiki:Goals|Пäмарес ФратУйкиал]] õљокост заммел информакционнесел ракенатсаста келнесеста, ракенатнасаста мäлманесеста, õнт закнасал келтĕденеста. ФратУйкика õљокостын '''{{NUMBEROFARTICLES}}''' сивуаељий, ктõрољий õљокостын свобõдниносос бёњÿцосса.
|-
| g || dž
|-
| s || š
|-
| z || ž
|-
| t || č
|-
| d || dž
|}
 
This phenomenon, called '''palatalization''', is very common, usually (but not always) when one of these consonants comes in contact with the semivowel {{IPA|[j]}}. It's very important, because it occurs many times in noun declension.
 
==Vowels==
 
 
{| cellspacing="0px" cellpadding=0 style="text-align:left; background:transparent;"
|- style="text-align:center; font-size:smaller;"
| style="width:70px; text-align:right;" |
| style="width:60px;" | '''Front'''
| style="width:60px;" | '''Near-front'''
| style="width:60px;" | '''Central'''
| style="width:60px;" | '''Near-back'''
| style="width:60px;" | '''Back'''
|-
| style="height:30px; font-size:smaller; text-align:right;" | '''Close'''
| style="height:210px;" colspan=5 rowspan=7 | <div style="position:relative;"><div style="background:transparent; position:absolute; top:0px; left:0px;">
{| style="position:relative; width:300px; height:210px; text-align:right; background:transparent;"
|-
| style="width:300px; height:210px; text-align:center; background:transparent;" |
 
<!-- CLOSE VOWELS -->
<div style="position:absolute; left:5%; width:2.33em; top:2%; height:1.33em; font-size:120%; background:white;">
{{IPA|i(:)}}</div>
<div style="position:absolute; left:40%; width:3em; top:2%; height:1.33em; font-size:120%; background:white;">
{{IPA|ɨ(:)}}</div>
<div style="position:absolute; left:83%; width:3em; top:2%; height:1.33em; font-size:120%; background:white;">
{{IPA|u(:)}}</div>
 
<!-- NEAR-CLOSE VOWELS -->
 
<!-- CLOSE-MID VOWELS -->
<div style="position:absolute; left:17%; width:2.66em; top:30%; height:1.33em; font-size:120%; background:white;">
{{IPA|e(:)}}</div>
<div style="position:absolute; left:75%; width:2.66em; top:30%; height:1.33em; font-size:120%; background:white;">
{{IPA|o(:)}}</div>
 
 
<!-- NEAR-OPEN VOWELS -->
 
<!-- OPEN VOWELS -->
<div style="position:absolute; left:44%; width:2.66em; top:86%; height:1.33em; font-size:120%; background:white;">
{{IPA|a(:)}}</div>
|}
</div></div>
|-
| style="height:30px; font-size:smaller; text-align:right;" |
|-
| style="height:30px; font-size:smaller; text-align:right;" | '''Close-mid'''
|-
| style="height:30px; font-size:smaller; text-align:right;" | '''Mid'''
|-
| style="height:30px; font-size:smaller; text-align:right;" | '''Open-mid'''
|-
| style="height:30px; font-size:smaller; text-align:right;" |
|-
| style="height:30px; font-size:smaller; text-align:right;" | '''Open'''
|}
 
==Nouns==
 
===Declension===
{| {{prettytable}}
!colspan=3|Singular
|-
| Case||Consonant||Vowel
|-
| Nominative || - || -
|-
| Genitive || -u || -w
|-
| Dative || -a || -ja
|-
| Accusative || -o || -wo
|-
| Instrumental || -en || -jen
|-
| Locative || -ot || -jot
|-
| Adlative || -ás || -jás
|-
| Delative || -ád || -jád
|}
 
If a noun already ends with '''-u''', the genitive ending in the singular melds with this vowel and becomes '''-ú'''.
 
* mázu (''house'') ‣ mázú
 
{| {{prettytable}}
!colspan=3|Plural
|-
| Case||Consonant||Vowel
|-
| Nominative || -y || -j
|-
| Genitive || -yw || -ju
|-
| Dative || -ya || -jay
|-
| Accusative || -yo || -joy
|-
| Instrumental || -yen || -jeyn
|-
| Locative || -yt || -jyt
|-
| Adlative || -ýs || -jýs
|-
| Delative || -ýd || -jýd
|}
 
The dual number indicates a pair of things. It has a lesser number of endings, only four, with consonant and vowel counteparts.
 
{| {{prettytable}}
!colspan=3|Dual
|-
| Case||Consonant||Vowel
|-
| Nominative<br>Accusative || -et || -t
|-
| Genitive<br>Dative<br>Adlative|| -etu || -ču
|-
| Instrumental<br>Delative<br>|| -etyn || -čyn
|-
| Locative || -ec || -ciw
|}
 
Examples:
 
{| {{prettytable}}
!colspan=4|''stuv = village, town''
|-
!Case
!Singular
!Plural
!Dual
|-
| Nominative || stuv || stuv'''y'''|| stuv'''et'''
|-
| Genitive || stuv'''u''' || stuv'''yw'''|| stuv'''etu'''
|-
| Dative || stuv'''a''' || stuv'''ya'''|| stuv'''etu'''
|-
| Accusative || stuv'''o''' || stuv'''yo'''|| stuv'''et'''
|-
| Instrumental || stuv'''en''' || stuv'''yen'''|| stuv'''etyn'''
|-
| Locative || stuv'''ot''' || stuv'''yt'''|| stuv'''ec'''
|-
| Adlative || stuv'''ás''' || stuv'''ýs'''|| stuv'''etu'''
|-
| Delative || stuv'''ád''' || stuv'''ýd'''|| stuv'''etyn'''
|}
 
{| {{prettytable}}
!colspan=4|''mila = woman''
|-
!Case
!Singular
!Plural
!Dual
|-
| Nominative || mila || mila'''j'''|| mila'''t'''
|-
| Genitive || mila'''w''' || mila'''ju'''|| mila'''ču'''
|-
| Dative || mila'''ja''' || mila'''jay'''|| mila'''ču'''
|-
| Accusative || mila'''wo''' || mila'''joy'''|| mila'''t'''
|-
| Instrumental || mila'''jen''' || mila'''jeyn'''|| mila'''čyn'''
|-
| Locative || mila'''jot''' || mila'''jyt'''|| mila'''ciw'''
|-
| Adlative || mila'''jás''' || mila'''jýs'''|| mila'''ču'''
|-
| Delative || mila'''jád''' || mila'''jýd'''|| mila'''čyn'''
|}
 
====Palatalized declension====
 
Some nouns, even if they end with a consonant, follow the vowel declension pattern. In this case their last consonant undergoes ''palatalization'', except for the nominative and genitive in the singular, and for all cases in dual. If there is a long vowel, when palatalization occurs, the vowel gets short.
 
{| {{prettytable}}
!colspan=4|''krís = king''
|-
!Case
!Singular
!Plural
!Dual
|-
| Nominative || krís|| kriš'''y'''|| krís'''et'''
|-
| Genitive || krís'''u''' || kriš'''u'''|| krís'''etu'''
|-
| Dative || kriš'''a''' || kriš'''ay'''|| krís'''etu'''
|-
| Accusative || krís'''wo''' || kriš'''oy'''|| krís'''et'''
|-
| Instrumental || kriš'''en''' || kriš'''eyn'''|| krís'''etyn'''
|-
| Locative || kriš'''ot''' || kriš'''yt'''|| krís'''ec'''
|-
| Adlative || kriš'''ás''' || kriš'''ýs'''|| krís'''etu'''
|-
| Delative || kriš'''ád''' || kriš'''ýd'''|| krís'''etyn'''
|}
 
Other nouns which undergo palatalization are: '''ák''' (''water'' ‣ plur. ačy), '''héd''' (''mother'' ‣ plur. hedžy), '''lók''' (''head'' ‣ plur. ločy), '''nát''' (''father'' ‣ plur. načy), '''pýk''' (''house'' ‣ plur. pyčy), '''úk''' (''name'' ‣ plur. učy)
 
==Article==
There is only the form for the definite article (''the''): '''ó'''. It has to be declined according to its noun.
 
{| {{prettytable}}
!colspan=4| ''ó = the''
|-
! Case||Singular||Plural ||Dual
|-
| Nominative || ó || ony || ont
|-
| Genitive || onu || onju || onču
|-
| Dative || ona || onja || onču
|-
| Accusative || ono || onjo || ont
|-
| Instrumental || onen || onjen || ontyn
|-
| Locative || onot || onyt || onec
|-
| Adlative || onás || onýs || onču
|-
| Delative || onád || onýd || ontyn
|}
 
==Adjectives==
The adjectives must agree with their nouns in number and case, but only in attributive position. In prepositive position adjectives are not declined:
 
* Attributive position: ''nom.'': dén mila (''a good woman''), ''gen.'': dénu milaw (''of a good woman'')
* Prepositive position: ó mila dén ér (''the woman is good''), ony milaj dén eruk (''the women are good'')
 
===Declension===
 
The adjectival declension follows the nominal declension's pattern, with the distinction between consonant and vowel endings. Adjectives always come before their nouns, except for participles, that can occur after.
 
If the adjective comes before a nouns which is definited, it melds with the article, and it uses the '''''definite adjectival declension'''''.
 
* Dén mila: ''a good woman''
* Dénon mila: ''the good woman''
* Dényenon milajeyn: ''with the good women''
 
Here there are samples from two adjectives:
 
{| {{prettytable}}
!colspan=4|''dén = good''
|-
!Case
!Singular
!Plural
!Dual
|-
| Nominative || dén'''on''' || dény'''jon'''|| dénet'''on'''
|-
| Genitive || dénu'''n''' || dényw'''on'''|| dénetu'''n'''
|-
| Dative || déna'''n''' || dénya'''jon'''|| dénetu'''n'''
|-
| Accusative || déno'''n''' || dényo'''jon'''|| dénet'''on'''
|-
| Instrumental || dénen'''on''' || dényen'''on'''|| dénetyn'''on'''
|-
| Locative || dénot'''on''' || dényt'''on'''|| dénec'''on'''
|-
| Adlative || dénás'''on''' || dénýs'''on'''|| dénetu'''n'''
|-
| Delative || dénád'''on''' || dénýd'''on'''|| dénetyn'''on'''
|}
 
{| {{prettytable}}
!colspan=4|''pana = high''
|-
!Case
!Singular
!Plural
!Dual
|-
| Nominative || pana'''n''' || panaj'''on'''|| panat'''on'''
|-
| Genitive || panaw'''on''' || panaju'''n'''|| panaču'''n'''
|-
| Dative || panaja'''n''' || panajay'''n'''|| panaču'''n'''
|-
| Accusative || panawo'''n''' || panajoy'''n'''|| panat'''on'''
|-
| Instrumental || panajen'''on''' || panajeyn'''on'''|| panačyn'''on'''
|-
| Locative || panajot'''on''' || panajyt'''on'''|| panaciw'''on'''
|-
| Adlative || panajás'''on''' || panajýs'''on'''|| panaču'''n'''
|-
| Delative || panajád'''on''' || panajýd'''on'''|| panačyn'''on'''
|}
 
If the adjective falls after the noun, it never use the definite declension, and the article appears before the noun:
 
* ó mila okeláv = ''the woman who loved''
 
===Comparison===
 
There are two degrees of comparison: the ''comparative'' form and the ''superlative'' form:
 
They are formed by adding prefixes to the normal form of the adjective:
*Comparative: add '''pu-''' (mantaining the ''-''): dén ‣ '''pu-dén'''
*Superlative: add '''saj-''' (mantaining the ''-''): dén ‣ '''saj-dén'''
 
The second term of the comparison for comparative form is introduced by ''ča'':
* lak mila pu-lán '''ča''' šik ér: ''this woman is more beautiful than that one''
 
==Pronouns==
 
===Personal===
These are the forms of personal pronouns:
 
{|border="1" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" style="margin: 0.5em 1em 0.5em 0; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaa solid; border-collapse: collapse;"
! Case !! I !! You (thou) || He || She || It
|-
| Nom. || kí || to || za || hí || héj
|-
| Gen. || kiju || tow || zaw || hiju || heju
|-
| Dat. || kija || toja || zaja || hija|| heja
|-
| Acc. || kijo || tó || zao || hijo || hejo
|-
| Instr. || kijen || tojen || zajen || hijen || hejen
|-
| Loc. || kijot || tojot || zajot || hijot || hejot
|-
| Adl. || kijás || tojás || zajás || hijás || hejás
|-
| Del. || kijád || tojád || zajád || hijád || hejád
|}
 
{|border="1" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" style="margin: 0.5em 1em 0.5em 0; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaa solid; border-collapse: collapse;"
! Case !! We !! You (plur.) || They (m) || They (f) || They (mixed)
|-
| Nom. || vój || rí || zí || bí || mí
|-
| Gen. || voju || riju || ziju || biju || miju
|-
| Dat. || vojay || rijay || zijay || bijay || mijay
|-
| Acc. || vojo || rijo || zijo || bijo || mijo
|-
| Instr. || vojen || rijen || zijen || bijen || mijen
|-
| Loc. || vojyt || rijyt || zijyt || bijyt || mijyt
|-
| Adl. || vojýs || rijýs || zijýs || bijýs || mijýs
|-
| Del. || vojýd || rijýd || zijýd || bijýd || mijýd
|}
 
{|border="1" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" style="margin: 0.5em 1em 0.5em 0; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaa solid; border-collapse: collapse;"
! Case !! We two !! You two || They two
|-
| Nom. || vóje || rije || mije
|-
| Gen. || vojču || ríjču || mijču
|-
| Dat. || vojču || ríjču || mijču
|-
| Acc. || voje || rije || mije
|-
| Instr. || vojčyn || rijčyn || mijčyn
|-
| Loc. || vojciw || rijciw || mijciw
|-
| Adl. || vojču || ríjču || mijču
|-
| Del. || vojčyn || rijčyn || mijčyn
|}
 
===Relative===
These are the forms of the relative pronoun:
 
{| {{prettytable}}
!colspan=4|''ksé = that, which, who''
|-
!Case
!Singular
!Plural
!Dual
|-
| Nominative || ksé || kší || kset
|-
| Genitive || ksew || kšú || kseču
|-
| Dative || kšá || kšáy || kseču
|-
| Accusative || ksewo || kšóy || kset
|-
| Instrumental || kšén || kšéyn || ksečyn
|-
| Locative || kšót || kšýt || kseciw
|-
| Adlative || kšás || kšýs || kseču
|-
| Delative || kšád || kšýd || ksečyn
|}
 
These forms are used more rarely than in English, because in relative sentences participles are more actively used.
 
==Verbs==
Verbs have a rich system of conjugation. There are one infinitival form, 3 participles, 4 moods and at least 5 tenses in the indicative mood. Verbs do conjugate according to the person, with different endings for each person, in singular, plural and dual. Each form has a passive counterpart, because there is a separated passive conjugation.
 
Verbs are divided in two conjugation patterns, depending on their infinitival endings:
* 1st conjugation = '''-uč'''
* 2nd conjugation = '''-or'''
 
By dropping these endings we'll get the verbal root, basis of verbal conjugation.


===Infinitive===
Кÿцöекеммё ÿчастненекетё апуосса! Кöннекетё мутнанонокотё тäмёнесен сивуанесен õнт сыздавненекетё ÿшинесен. Читейетё апуађанћнасан сивуанесен лернненекетё, куин кирйаненекетё сивуанесен тÿк. Браукшашатё апуан, кöннекетё прошавнонокотё бёйштанћосса сивуаке ''[[FrathWiki:Idle chatter|Off-Topic Discussions]]''.
This is the infinitival form, that you'll find in dictionaries.
</div>
| style="width: 50%; vertical-align: top; border:1px solid #D8BC6C; background-color: #fff4d5" |


We'll use two sample verbs, to show the conjugation:
<div style="background-color:#FAD97D; font-size:1px; height:8px; border-bottom:1px solid #D8BC6C;"></div>
<div style="float:right; margin:5px; margin-top:5px">[[Image:Crystal Clear app wp.png|48px]]</div>
<div style="font: 13pt Verdana; font-weight:bold; padding:5px; border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;">Закнас</div>
:[[:Category:Linguistics|Келтĕден]]
:[[:Category:Conlangs|Ракенатнас келнес]]
:[[:Category:Conscripts|Ракенатнас алфабетнас]]
:[[:Category:Conworlds|Ракенатнас мäлманес]]
:[[Conlang comparison|Келмас ферглĕйк]]
:[[Our Father|Кайал Ипа]]
:[[List of mailing lists|Листа и-мейлнесел]]
:[[FrathWiki:Templates|Темплейтнес]]
:[http://tech.groups.yahoo.com/group/frathwiki/ ФратУйки Yahooка]
<div style="font-size:9pt; padding:4px; margin:1px 4px;">


{| border="1" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" style="margin: 0.5em 1em 0.5em 0; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaa solid; border-collapse: collapse;"
</div>
! to Love
! to Eat
|-
|-
|Keluč
<!--
|Setor
|}


===Participles===
FrathWiki müyneske kelneske
Verbs have three participles: present participle, past participle, and future participle, which doesn't exist in English, but express the same meaning of the other two participles but in the future.


{|border="1" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" style="margin: 0.5em 1em 0.5em 0; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaa solid; border-collapse: collapse;"
-->
! Present !! Past !! Future
| colspan="2" style="border:1px solid #97BF87; background-color: #F0FFF3" |
|-
<div style="background-color:#AADDAA; font-size:1px; height:8px; border-bottom:1px solid #97BF87;"></div>
| kel'''áv''' || '''o'''kel'''áv''' || '''te'''kel'''áv'''
<div style="float:right; margin:8px; margin-top:5px"> [[Image:Nuvola apps kdmconfig.png|48px]] </div>
<div style="font: 13pt Verdana; font-weight:bold; padding:5px; border-bottom:1px solid #AAAAAA;">FrathWiki мÿынеске келнеске</div>
<div style="font-size:9pt; padding:5px">
[[Main Page/Carune|Carune (Carune)]] • [[Main Page/Dooma|Dooma (Dooma)]] • [[Main Page/Kazujisha|Kazujisha (Kazujisha)]] • [[Main Page in Nytal|Nytal (Nytal)]] • [[Main Page/Tauro-Piscean|Tauro-Piscean (Täropiskes'um)]] • [[Main Page/Thorsutian|Thorsutian (Torsutë)]] • [[Main Page in Satirocitan|Satirocitan (Satirocitan)]] • [[Meen Peedx|Tower Orthography (Tawyr Oorthaagryfii)]] • [[Main Page/Espiritolan|Espiritolan (Espiritolà)]]
</div>
|-
|-
| set'''áv''' || '''o'''set'''áv''' || '''te'''set'''áv'''
<!--
|}
'''Bold text'''
 
The past participle has an active meaning; '''osetáv''' doesn't mean ''that has been eaten'', but ''which has eaten''.
 
The vowel in the ''-áv'' ending gets short when declined:
 
* nom. keláv (''loving'') ‣ gen. kelavu (''of loving'')
 
Participles are very important in the construction of relative sentences.
 
===Indicative===
The indicative mood is the mood of reality, that shows happenings, tales, indications, etc. It has 5 tenses. Two tenses are simple, three tenses add prefixes.
 
====Present====
{|border="1" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" style="margin: 0.5em 1em 0.5em 0; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaa solid; border-collapse: collapse;"
! Person !! Keluč !! Setor
|-
| 1st sing. || kel'''u''' || set'''u'''
|-
| 2nd sing. || kel'''uc''' || set'''ec'''
|-
| 3rd sing. || kel'''e''' || set'''e'''
|-
| 1st plu. || kel'''un''' || set'''en'''
|-
| 2nd plu. || kel'''uj''' || set'''ej'''
|-
| 3rd plu. || kel'''uk''' || set'''ek'''
|-
| 1st dual || kel'''une''' || set'''ene'''
|-
| 2nd dual || kel'''uje''' || set'''eje'''
|-
| 3rd dual || kel'''uke''' || set'''eke'''
|}
 
====Past====
The past tense marks an action, occured in the past. It is formed by adding the infix '''-uv-''' for the 1st conjugation or '''-ev''' for the 2nd conjugation, and then the present endings of the 2nd conjugation, except for the 3rd person in singular, which adds nothing.
 
{|border="1" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" style="margin: 0.5em 1em 0.5em 0; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaa solid; border-collapse: collapse;"
! Person !! Keluč !! Setor
|-
| 1st sing. || kel'''uvu''' || set'''evu'''
|-
| 2nd sing. || kel'''uvec''' || set'''evec'''
|-
| 3rd sing. || kel'''uv''' || set'''ev'''
|-
| 1st plu. || kel'''uven''' || set'''even'''
|-
| 2nd plu. || kel'''uvej''' || set'''evej'''
|-
| 3rd plu. || kel'''uvek''' || set'''evek'''
|-
| 1st dual || kel'''uvene''' || set'''evene'''
|-
| 2nd dual || kel'''uveje''' || set'''eveje'''
|-
| 3rd dual || kel'''uveke''' || set'''eveke'''
|}
 
====Future====
The future tense marks an action, which will occur in the future. It is formed by adding the infix '''-us-''' for the 1st conjugation or '''-es''' for the 2nd conjugation, and then the present endings of the 2nd conjugation, and by adding the prefix ''te(k)-'' before the main root.
 
{|border="1" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" style="margin: 0.5em 1em 0.5em 0; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaa solid; border-collapse: collapse;"
! Person !! Keluč !! Setor
|-
| 1st sing. || '''te'''kel'''usu''' || '''te'''set'''esu'''
|-
| 2nd sing. || '''te'''kel'''usec''' || '''te'''set'''esec'''
|-
| 3rd sing. || '''te'''kel'''use''' || '''te'''set'''ese'''
|-
| 1st plu. || '''te'''kel'''usen''' || '''te'''set'''esen'''
|-
| 2nd plu. || '''te'''kel'''usej''' || '''te'''set'''esej'''
|-
| 3rd plu. || '''te'''kel'''usek''' || '''te'''set'''esek'''
|-
| 1st dual || '''te'''kel'''usene''' || '''te'''set'''esene'''
|-
| 2nd dual || '''te'''kel'''useje''' || '''te'''set'''eseje'''
|-
| 3rd dual || '''te'''kel'''useke''' || '''te'''set'''eseke'''
|}
 
====Plusquamperfect====
The plusquamperfect tense marks an action, occured in the past of another past action. It is formed by adding the prefix '''o(k)-''' to the forms of the past tense.
 
{|border="1" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" style="margin: 0.5em 1em 0.5em 0; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaa solid; border-collapse: collapse;"
! Person !! Keluč !! Setor
|-
| 1st sing. || '''o'''kel'''uvu''' || '''o'''set'''evu'''
|-
| 2nd sing. || '''o'''kel'''uvec''' || '''o'''set'''evec'''
|-
| 3rd sing. || '''o'''kel'''uv''' || '''o'''set'''ev'''
|-
| 1st plu. || '''o'''kel'''uven''' || '''o'''set'''even'''
|-
| 2nd plu. || '''o'''kel'''uvej''' || '''o'''set'''evej'''
|-
| 3rd plu. || '''o'''kel'''uvek''' || '''o'''set'''evek'''
|-
| 1st dual || '''o'''kel'''uvene''' || '''o'''set'''evene'''
|-
| 2nd dual || '''o'''kel'''uveje''' || '''o'''set'''eveje'''
|-
| 3rd dual || '''o'''kel'''uveke''' || '''o'''set'''eveke'''
|}
 
====Future in the past====
The future in the past tense marks an action, occured in the future of another past action.  It is formed by adding the prefix '''o(k)-''' to the forms of the future tense.
 
{|border="1" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" style="margin: 0.5em 1em 0.5em 0; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaa solid; border-collapse: collapse;"
! Person !! Keluč !! Setor
|-
| 1st sing. || '''o'''tekelusu || '''o'''tesetesu
|-
| 2nd sing. || '''o'''tekelusec || '''o'''tesetesec
|-
| 3rd sing. || '''o'''tekeluse || '''o'''tesetese
|-
| 1st plu. || '''o'''tekelusen || '''o'''tesetesen
|-
| 2nd plu. || '''o'''tekelusej || '''o'''tesetesej
|-
| 3rd plu. || '''o'''tekelusek || '''o'''tesetesek
|-
| 1st dual || '''o'''tekelusene || '''o'''tesetesene
|-
| 2nd dual || '''o'''tekeluseje || '''o'''teseteseje
|-
| 3rd dual || '''o'''tekeluseke || '''o'''teseteseke
|}
 
===Subjunctive===
The subjunctive mood is the mood of doubt, uncertainty, possibility, etc. It is very used in subordinate clauses. It has 3 tenses. Two tenses are simple, one tense adds prefixes. Subjunctive is marked by the infixed vowel '''-a-''', which replaces the '''-e/u-''' alternance in the indicative.
 
====Present====
{|border="1" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" style="margin: 0.5em 1em 0.5em 0; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaa solid; border-collapse: collapse;"
! Person !! Keluč !! Setor
|-
| 1st sing. || kel'''a''' || set'''a'''
|-
| 2nd sing. || kel'''ac''' || set'''ac'''
|-
| 3rd sing. || kel'''a''' || set'''a'''
|-
| 1st plu. || kel'''an''' || set'''an'''
|-
| 2nd plu. || kel'''aj''' || set'''aj'''
|-
| 3rd plu. || kel'''ak''' || set'''ak'''
|-
| 1st dual || kel'''ane''' || set'''ane'''
|-
| 2nd dual || kel'''aje''' || set'''aje'''
|-
| 3rd dual || kel'''ake''' || set'''ake'''
|}
 
====Past====
The past tense marks a possible, uncertain action, which could occur in the past. It is formed by adding the infix '''-av-''' for the 1st and 2nd conjugation, and then the present endings of the 2nd conjugation, except for the 3rd person in singular, which adds nothing.
 
{|border="1" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" style="margin: 0.5em 1em 0.5em 0; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaa solid; border-collapse: collapse;"
! Person !! Keluč !! Setor
|-
| 1st sing. || kel'''avu''' || set'''avu'''
|-
| 2nd sing. || kel'''avec''' || set'''avec'''
|-
| 3rd sing. || kel'''av''' || set'''av'''
|-
| 1st plu. || kel'''aven''' || set'''aven'''
|-
| 2nd plu. || kel'''avej''' || set'''avej'''
|-
| 3rd plu. || kel'''avek''' || set'''avek'''
|-
| 1st dual || kel'''avene''' || set'''avene'''
|-
| 2nd dual || kel'''aveje''' || set'''aveje'''
|-
| 3rd dual || kel'''aveke''' || set'''aveke'''
|}
 
====Future====
The future tense marks a possible, uncertain action, which can occur in the future. It is formed by adding the infix '''-as-''' for the 1st and 2nd conjugation, and then the present endings of the 2nd conjugation, and by adding the prefix ''te(k)-'' before the main root.
 
{|border="1" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" style="margin: 0.5em 1em 0.5em 0; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaa solid; border-collapse: collapse;"
! Person !! Keluč !! Setor
|-
| 1st sing. || '''te'''kel'''asu''' || '''te'''set'''asu'''
|-
| 2nd sing. || '''te'''kel'''asec''' || '''te'''set'''asec'''
|-
| 3rd sing. || '''te'''kel'''ase''' || '''te'''set'''ase'''
|-
| 1st plu. || '''te'''kel'''asen''' || '''te'''set'''asen'''
|-
| 2nd plu. || '''te'''kel'''asej''' || '''te'''set'''asej'''
|-
| 3rd plu. || '''te'''kel'''asek''' || '''te'''set'''asek'''
|-
| 1st dual || '''te'''kel'''asene''' || '''te'''set'''asene'''
|-
| 2nd dual || '''te'''kel'''aseje''' || '''te'''set'''aseje'''
|-
| 3rd dual || '''te'''kel'''aseke''' || '''te'''set'''aseke'''
|}
 
===Obtative===
The obtative is the mood of whish, probability, will. It is very used in subordinate clauses. It has 3 tenses. Two tenses are simple, one tense adds prefixes. Obtative is marked by the infixed vowel '''-i-''', which replaces the '''-e/u-''' alternance in the indicative.
 
====Present====
{|border="1" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" style="margin: 0.5em 1em 0.5em 0; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaa solid; border-collapse: collapse;"
! Person !! Keluč !! Setor
|-
| 1st sing. || kel'''i''' || set'''i'''
|-
| 2nd sing. || kel'''ic''' || set'''ic'''
|-
| 3rd sing. || kel'''i''' || set'''i'''
|-
| 1st plu. || kel'''in''' || set'''in'''
|-
| 2nd plu. || kel'''ij''' || set'''ij'''
|-
| 3rd plu. || kel'''ik''' || set'''ik'''
|-
| 1st dual || kel'''ine''' || set'''ine'''
|-
| 2nd dual || kel'''ije''' || set'''ije'''
|-
| 3rd dual || kel'''ike''' || set'''ike'''
|}
 
====Past====
The past tense marks a wish, a probability, which could occur in the past. It is formed by adding the infix '''-iv-''' for the 1st and 2nd conjugation, and then the present endings of the 2nd conjugation, except for the 3rd person in singular, which adds nothing.
 
{|border="1" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" style="margin: 0.5em 1em 0.5em 0; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaa solid; border-collapse: collapse;"
! Person !! Keluč !! Setor
|-
| 1st sing. || kel'''ivu''' || set'''ivu'''
|-
| 2nd sing. || kel'''ivec''' || set'''ivec'''
|-
| 3rd sing. || kel'''iv''' || set'''iv'''
|-
| 1st plu. || kel'''iven''' || set'''iven'''
|-
| 2nd plu. || kel'''ivej''' || set'''ivej'''
|-
| 3rd plu. || kel'''ivek''' || set'''ivek'''
|-
| 1st dual || kel'''ivene''' || set'''ivene'''
|-
| 2nd dual || kel'''iveje''' || set'''iveje'''
|-
| 3rd dual || kel'''iveke''' || set'''iveke'''
|}
 
====Future====
The future tense marks a wish, a probability, which can occur in the future. It is formed by adding the infix '''-is-''' for the 1st and 2nd conjugation, and then the present endings of the 2nd conjugation, and by adding the prefix ''te(k)-'' before the main root.
 
{|border="1" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" style="margin: 0.5em 1em 0.5em 0; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaa solid; border-collapse: collapse;"
! Person !! Keluč !! Setor
|-
| 1st sing. || '''te'''kel'''isu''' || '''te'''set'''isu'''
|-
| 2nd sing. || '''te'''kel'''isec''' || '''te'''set'''isec'''
|-
| 3rd sing. || '''te'''kel'''ise''' || '''te'''set'''ise'''
|-
| 1st plu. || '''te'''kel'''isen''' || '''te'''set'''isen'''
|-
| 2nd plu. || '''te'''kel'''isej''' || '''te'''set'''isej'''
|-
| 3rd plu. || '''te'''kel'''isek''' || '''te'''set'''isek'''
|-
| 1st dual || '''te'''kel'''isene''' || '''te'''set'''isene'''
|-
| 2nd dual || '''te'''kel'''iseje''' || '''te'''set'''iseje'''
|-
| 3rd dual || '''te'''kel'''iseke''' || '''te'''set'''iseke'''
|}
 
===Imperative===
The imperative mood is the mood of orders. It has only one tense with special endings.
 
{|border="1" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" style="margin: 0.5em 1em 0.5em 0; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaa solid; border-collapse: collapse;"
! Person !! Keluč !! Setor
|-
| 1st sing. || - || -
|-
| 2nd sing. || kel || set
|-
| 3rd sing. || kel'''a''' || set'''a'''
|-
| 1st plu. || kel'''jen''' || set'''jen'''
|-
| 2nd plu. || kel'''ač''' || set'''ač'''
|-
| 3rd plu. || kel'''ak''' || set'''ak'''
|-
| 1st dual || kel'''jene''' || set'''jene'''
|-
| 2nd dual || kel'''ače''' || set'''ače'''
|-
| 3rd dual || kel'''ake''' || set'''ake'''
|}
 
===Passive declension===
Verbs form their passive counterparts by adding a suffix, not as in English. So there is a separated passive declension:
 
* ''He opens the door'': ono erkowo pále
* ''The door is opened by him'': ó erko zajen pále'''s'''
 
The passive form is formed by adding the suffix '''-s''' after a vowel, and '''-is''' after a consonant.
 
Examples: The present tense:
 
{|border="1" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" style="margin: 0.5em 1em 0.5em 0; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaa solid; border-collapse: collapse;"
! Person !! Keluč !! Setor
|-
| 1st sing. || kelu'''s''' || setu'''s'''
|-
| 2nd sing. || keluc'''is''' || setec'''is'''
|-
| 3rd sing. || kele'''s''' || sete'''s'''
|-
| 1st plu. || kelun'''is''' || seten'''is'''
|-
| 2nd plu. || keluj'''is''' || setej'''is'''
|-
| 3rd plu. || keluk'''is''' || setek'''is'''
|-
| 1st dual || kelune'''s''' || setene'''s'''
|-
| 2nd dual || keluje'''s''' || seteje'''s'''
|-
| 3rd dual || keluke'''s''' || seteke'''s'''
|}
 
The agent of the passive sentence is expressed by the ''instrumental case'':
 
* ''The pen was broken by his mother'': ó póliec '''zawnen hedžen''' okrujzuvis
 
Participles takes different endings to form their passive counterparts:
 
{|border="1" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" style="margin: 0.5em 1em 0.5em 0; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaa solid; border-collapse: collapse;"
! Present !! Past !! Future
|-
| kel'''át''' || '''o'''kel'''át''' || '''te'''kel'''át'''
|-
| set'''át''' || '''o'''set'''át''' || '''te'''set'''át'''
|}
 
They follow the declension of palatalizated nouns with vowel shortening of the final vowel:
 
* osetát (''eaten'') ‣ osetačy (plur.)
 
===Verb Ervuč (to Be)===
The verb '''ervuč''' (''to Be'') is irregular. These are its forms:
 
{|border="1" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" style="margin: 0.5em 1em 0.5em 0; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaa solid; border-collapse: collapse;"
! ''Indicative'' !! Present !! Past !! Future !! Plusquamperfect !! Future in the past
|-
| 1st sing. || eru || ervu || tekersu || okervu || otekersu
|-
| 2nd sing. || erc || ervec || tekersec  || okervec || otekersec
|-
| 3rd sing. || ér || erev  || tekerse  || okerev || otekerse
|-
| 1st plu. || ern || erven || tekersen  || okerven || otekersen
|-
| 2nd plu. || ery || ervej || tekersej  || okervej || otekersej
|-
| 3rd plu. || eruk || ervek || tekersek  || okervek || otekersek
|-
| 1st dual || erne || ervene || tekersene  || okervene || otekersene
|-
| 2nd dual || erje || erveje  || tekerseje  || okerveje || otekerseje
|-
| 3rd dual || eruke || erveke || tekerseke  || okerveke || otekerseke
|}
 
{|border="1" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" style="margin: 0.5em 1em 0.5em 0; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaa solid; border-collapse: collapse;"
! ''Subjunctive'' !! Present !! Past !! Future
|-
| 1st sing. || era || eravu || tekerasu
|-
| 2nd sing. || erac || eravec || tekerasec
|-
| 3rd sing. || era || erav  || tekerase
|-
| 1st plu. || eran || eraven || tekerasen
|-
| 2nd plu. || eraj || eravej || tekerasej
|-
| 3rd plu. || erak || eravek || tekerasek
|-
| 1st dual || erane || eravene || tekerasene
|-
| 2nd dual || eraje || eraveje  || tekeraseje
|-
| 3rd dual || erake || eraveke || tekeraseke
|}
 
{|border="1" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" style="margin: 0.5em 1em 0.5em 0; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaa solid; border-collapse: collapse;"
! ''Ottative'' !! Present !! Past !! Future
|-
| 1st sing. || eri || erivu || tekerisu
|-
| 2nd sing. || eric || erivec || tekerisec
|-
| 3rd sing. || eri || eriv  || tekerise
|-
| 1st plu. || erin || eriven || tekerisen
|-
| 2nd plu. || erij || erivej || tekerisej
|-
| 3rd plu. || erik || erivek || tekerisek
|-
| 1st dual || erine || erivene || tekerisene
|-
| 2nd dual || erije || eriveje  || tekeriseje
|-
| 3rd dual || erike || eriveke || tekeriseke
|}
 
{|border="1" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" style="margin: 0.5em 1em 0.5em 0; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaa solid; border-collapse: collapse;"
! ''Imperative'' !! Present 
|-
| 1st sing. || -
|-
| 2nd sing. || ér 
|-
| 3rd sing. || era
|-
| 1st plu. || erjen
|-
| 2nd plu. || érč
|-
| 3rd plu. || erak
|-
| 1st dual || erjene
|-
| 2nd dual || erče
|-
| 3rd dual || erake
|}
 
The participles are:
 
{|border="1" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" style="margin: 0.5em 1em 0.5em 0; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaa solid; border-collapse: collapse;"
! Present !! Past !! Future
|-
| eráv || okeráv || tekeráv
|}
 
===Verb Esor (to Have)===
The verb '''esor''' (''to Have'') is irregular. These are its forms:
 
{|border="1" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" style="margin: 0.5em 1em 0.5em 0; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaa solid; border-collapse: collapse;"
! ''Indicative'' !! Present !! Past !! Future !! Plusquamperfect !! Future in the past
|-
| 1st sing. || esu || esvu || tekesesu || okesvu || otekesesu
|-
| 2nd sing. || esec || esvec || tekesesec  || okesvec || otekesesec
|-
| 3rd sing. || és || esev  || tekesese  || okesev || otekesese
|-
| 1st plu. || esn || esven || tekesesen  || okesven || otekesesen
|-
| 2nd plu. || esy || esvej || tekesesej  || okesvej || otekesesej
|-
| 3rd plu. || esuk || esvek || tekesesek  || okesvek || otekesesek
|-
| 1st dual || esne || esvene || tekesesene  || okesvene || otekesesene
|-
| 2nd dual || esje || esveje  || tekeseseje  || okesveje || otekeseseje
|-
| 3rd dual || esuke || esveke || tekeseseke  || okesveke || otekeseseke
|}
 
{|border="1" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" style="margin: 0.5em 1em 0.5em 0; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaa solid; border-collapse: collapse;"
! ''Subjunctive'' !! Present !! Past !! Future
|-
| 1st sing. || esa || esavu || tekesasu
|-
| 2nd sing. || esac || esavec || tekesasec
|-
| 3rd sing. || esa || esav  || tekesase
|-
| 1st plu. || esan || esaven || tekesasen
|-
| 2nd plu. || esaj || esavej || tekesasej
|-
| 3rd plu. || esak || esavek || tekesasek
|-
| 1st dual || esane || esavene || tekesasene
|-
| 2nd dual || esaje || esaveje  || tekesaseje
|-
| 3rd dual || esake || esaveke || tekesaseke
|}
 
{|border="1" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" style="margin: 0.5em 1em 0.5em 0; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaa solid; border-collapse: collapse;"
! ''Ottative'' !! Present !! Past !! Future
|-
| 1st sing. || esi || esivu || tekesisu
|-
| 2nd sing. || esic || esivec || tekesisec
|-
| 3rd sing. || esi || esiv  || tekesise
|-
| 1st plu. || esin || esiven || tekesisen
|-
| 2nd plu. || esij || esivej || tekesisej
|-
| 3rd plu. || esik || esivek || tekesisek
|-
| 1st dual || esine || esivene || tekesisene
|-
| 2nd dual || esije || esiveje  || tekesiseje
|-
| 3rd dual || esike || esiveke || tekesiseke
|}
 
{|border="1" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" style="margin: 0.5em 1em 0.5em 0; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaa solid; border-collapse: collapse;"
! ''Imperative'' !! Present 
|-
| 1st sing. || -
|-
| 2nd sing. || és 
|-
| 3rd sing. || esa
|-
| 1st plu. || esjen
|-
| 2nd plu. || esač
|-
| 3rd plu. || esak
|-
| 1st dual || esjene
|-
| 2nd dual || esače
|-
| 3rd dual || esake
|}
 
The participles are:
 
{|border="1" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" style="margin: 0.5em 1em 0.5em 0; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaa solid; border-collapse: collapse;"
! Present !! Past !! Future
|-
| esáv || okesáv || tekesáv
|}
 
The most important feature of this verb is that its behaviour is different from its English countepart's one. The possession is expressed by another construction: The owned object is in the ''nominative case'' (i.e. it becomes the sentence's subject), then the verbs agree with it and the owner is declined in ''dative case''. This occurs both for proper or aquired possession.
 
* Lók bánya čésya és: ''All human beings have a head'' (lit.: A head to all human beings has)
* Póliec kija és: ''I have a pen'' (lit.: A pen to me has)
 
==Word formation==
 
===Noun → Noun===
 
* To form a noun which refers to someone who sells something, the ending '''-jaš''' is added. This ending could palatalize the last consonant of palatalizable nouns, losing the [j]:
 
- Tále (''book'') ‣ tálejaš (''bookseller'')
 
* To form a noun which refers to the place, where someone is sold, the ending '''-(o)rám''' (from ''rámek'', shop) is added:
 
- Tále (''book'') ‣ tálerám (''bookshop'')
 
===Noun → Adjective===
* One of the most common endings to change a noun into ist corrispective adjective is '''-ár'''. If the noun already ends with ''-r'', the ending changes in '''-ál'''. When attached to a noun which usually undergoes palatalization with vowel shortening, these phenomena occur.
 
- čés (''human being'') ‣ čésár (''human'')<br>
- úk (''noun'') ‣ učár (''nominal'')
 
* The adjectival ending for nouns, ending in a vowel, is '''-jer'''.
 
- mila (''woman'') ‣ milajer (''feminine'')
 
==Syntax==
===Word order===
The main word order is '''SOV''', thus the parts of a sentences are placed so: '''''Subject''''' - '''''Object''''' - '''''Verb'''''. Usually the verb is placed at the end of the sentence, after all objects.
 
* ''<span style="color:red">The woman</span> <span style="color:green">sees</span> <span style="color:blue">the man</span>'': <span style="color:red">Ó mila</span> <span style="color:blue">ono mono</span> <span style="color:green">sálje</span> (<span style="color:red">S</span><span style="color:blue"></span>O<span style="color:green">V</span>)
 
===Relative clause===
The relative clauses are built in two ways:
* With the relative pronoun '''ksé''':
- ''The child (that) you saw'': ó píku, ksewo sáljevec.<br>
- ''Do you see the man, who I gave a pen?'': ono mono sáljec, kšá pólieco kálevu?
 
This costruction is quite similar to the English one, except for the fact that the relative pronoun can't be dropped.
 
* With '''participles''' (this is the most common way):
 
If the subject of the main clause and the one of the relative clause are the same, the participle simply replaces the pronoun, according to tense.
 
- ''The child who plays'': ó píku klásáv (ó píku ksé kláse, ''more inusual'')<br>
- ''The man who gave me a book'': ó mon, okáláv kija tálewo.
 
The participle has to agree with the noun in number and case, even if it remains the subject of the sentences.
 
- ''This is the house of the man, who gave me the book'': héj pýk onu monu és, okálavu kija ono tálewo
 
If the subject of the two clauses is different, participles are used anyway, with a particular construction:
 
- ''The woman, who I gave a pen'': ó mila, kí okáláv hija pólieco.
 
The construction is:
 
- [''Main clause''], SUBJECT + PARTICIPLE (''in agree with subject'') + PRONOUN (''in agree with the relator of the main clause, but with the case required by the participle'')
 
Usually passive participles are used to revert a relative clause with different subject:
 
* ''The child, whom I see'': ó píku, kí sáljáv zao ‣ ''The child, which is seen by me'': ó píku, sálját kijen.
 
Participles are conjugated in tense, according to the tense of the sentence:
 
-''The man that will see you'': ó mon tesáljáv tó<br>
-''The man that sees you'': ó mon sáljáv tó<br>
-''The man that saw you'': ó mon osáljáv tó
 
==Lexycon==
 
* atčut: ''to come'' (''irr.'': pres. aču, ''verbal root'': átj-)
* ák (''plur.'': ačy): ''water''
* bál: ''sky''
* bán: ''all''
* erko: ''door''
* héd (''plur.'': hedžy): ''mother''
* krujzuč: ''to break''
* lók (''plur.'': ločy): ''head''
* mila: ''woman''
* mon: ''man''
* páluč: ''to open''
* pana: ''high''
* píku: ''child''
* póliec: ''pen''
* pýk (''plur.'': pyčy): ''house''
* twák (''plur.'': twačy): ''work''
* twákor: ''to work'' (''irr.'': ''verbal root'': twač-)
* úk (''plur.'': učy): ''name''
* žanej: ''street''
 
===Irregular verbs===
*'''átčut''' (''to come''), verbal root: ''átj-''
- ''Present'': aču, ačec, ače, ačun, ačuj, ačuk, ačune, ačuje, ačuke<br>
- ''Past'': átjuvu, átjuvec, átjuv...<br>
- ''Future'': tekátjusu, tekátjusec, tekátjuse...<br>
(''the rest of the verb adapts to the verbal root'')<br>

Revision as of 09:25, 9 August 2009

Saturday 21 September 2024. Свобõднинос Фонтнос • Editing • Naming Conventions • Куин сыздаветё сивуаен • Апу


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