Caron: Difference between revisions

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! Letters
! Letters
! Notes
! Notes
|-
| Alphabet extension
| [[Wikipedia:Pashto|Pashto]] (Yaqubi romanization)
| Čč /tʃ/, Ěě /ə/, Šš /ʃ/, Š̱š̱ /ʂ/, Žž /ʒ/, Ẕ̌ẕ̌ /ʐ/
| Cc, Ee, Ss, S̱s̱, Zz, Ẕẕ without caron stand for /ts, e, s, s, z, z/ respectively.<ref name=pashto>[https://geonames.nga.mil/gns/html/Romanization/Afghan_Romanization_System_Approved_from_27th_BGN_PCGN_Conference.pdf BGN/PCGN National Romanization System for Afghanistan] (PDF). See also [[Wikipedia:Pashto_phonology|Pashto phonology]] at Wikipedia.</ref>
|-
|-
| Change of [[Wikipedia:Manner_of_articulation|manner of articulation]]
| Change of [[Wikipedia:Manner_of_articulation|manner of articulation]]
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| This is a raised non-sonorant trill. Unaccented Rr stands for /r/.<ref name=czech_consonants>[[Wikipedia:Czech_language#Consonants|Czech language, Consonants]] at Wikipedia.</ref>
| This is a raised non-sonorant trill. Unaccented Rr stands for /r/.<ref name=czech_consonants>[[Wikipedia:Czech_language#Consonants|Czech language, Consonants]] at Wikipedia.</ref>
|-
|-
| Falling-rising (dipping) [[Wikipedia:Tone_(linguistics)|tone]]  
| Disambiguation in transliteration
| [[Wikipedia:Amharic|Amharic]] (BGN/PCGN 1967 transliteration)
| Šš /s/
| The [[Wikipedia:Geʽez_script|Geʽez]] script has two types of characters that are both pronounced /s/ in Amharic due to sound mergers. These may be transliterated with Ss and Šš. The caron may also be dropped though.<ref name=amharic>[https://geonames.nga.mil/gns/html/Romanization/ROMANIZATION%20OF%20AMHARIC.pdf Romanization of Amharic] (PDF).</ref>
|-
| rowspan=2 | Falling-rising (dipping) [[Wikipedia:Tone_(linguistics)|tone]]
| [[Wikipedia:Fon_language|Fon]]
| Ǎǎ [a᷉], Ěě [e᷉], Ɛ̌ɛ̌ [ɛ᷉], Ǐǐ [i᷉], Ǒǒ [o᷉], Ɔ̌ɔ̌ [ɔ᷉], Ǔǔ [u᷉]
| The falling-rising tone is not phonemic in Fon, but it is still marked with a caron. Tones are however not always marked at all.<ref name=fon>[[Wikipedia:Fon_language#Tone_marking|Fon language, Tone marking]] at Wikipedia. See also [[Wikipedia:Fon_language#Tone|Fon language, Tone]] for a short overview of the tonal system of Fon.</ref> Note that Ɛ̌ɛ̌ and Ɔ̌ɔ̌ are not precomposed characters.
|-
| [[Wikipedia:Mandarin_Chinese|Mandarin]] ([[Wikipedia:Pinyin|Pinyin]] romanization)
| [[Wikipedia:Mandarin_Chinese|Mandarin]] ([[Wikipedia:Pinyin|Pinyin]] romanization)
| Ǎǎ /a˨˩˦/, Ěě /ə˨˩˦/, Ǐǐ /i˨˩˦/, Ǒǒ /ə˨˩˦/, Ǔǔ /u˨˩˦/, Ǚǚ /y˨˩˦/
| Ǎǎ /a˨˩˦/, Ěě /ə˨˩˦/, Ǐǐ /i˨˩˦/, Ǒǒ /ə˨˩˦/, Ǔǔ /u˨˩˦/, Ǚǚ /y˨˩˦/
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| In Slovak handwriting ď, ľ and ť have an actual caron instead of an apostrophe.<ref name=slovak>[[Wikipedia:Slovak_language#Orthography|Slovak language, Orthography]] at Wikipedia.</ref>
| In Slovak handwriting ď, ľ and ť have an actual caron instead of an apostrophe.<ref name=slovak>[[Wikipedia:Slovak_language#Orthography|Slovak language, Orthography]] at Wikipedia.</ref>
|-
|-
| rowspan=7 | [[Wikipedia:Postalveolar_consonant|Postalveolar consonant]]
| rowspan=9 | [[Wikipedia:Postalveolar_consonant|Postalveolar consonant]]
| [[Wikipedia:Akkadian_language|Akkadian]] (DMG-umschrift transliteration), [[Wikipedia:Egyptian_language|Ancient Egyptian]] ([[Wikipedia:Transliteration_of_Ancient_Egyptian#Uniliteral_signs|traditional transliteration]])
| [[Wikipedia:Akkadian_language|Akkadian]] (DMG-umschrift transliteration), [[Wikipedia:Egyptian_language|Ancient Egyptian]] ([[Wikipedia:Transliteration_of_Ancient_Egyptian#Uniliteral_signs|traditional transliteration]])
| Šš /ʃ/
| Šš /ʃ/
| Because Akkadian<ref name=akkadian_phonetics>[[Wikipedia:Akkadian_language#Phonetics_and_phonology|Akkadian language, Phonetics and phonology]] at Wikipedia.</ref> and Ancient Egyptian<ref name=egyptian_phonetics>[[Wikipedia:Egyptian_language#Phonology|Egyptian language, Phonology]] at Wikipedia.</ref> are extinct languages, the exact pronunciation can't be known for sure; so the phonemic representation here might not be entirely accurate.
| Because Akkadian<ref name=akkadian_phonetics>[[Wikipedia:Akkadian_language#Phonetics_and_phonology|Akkadian language, Phonetics and phonology]] at Wikipedia.</ref> and Ancient Egyptian<ref name=egyptian_phonetics>[[Wikipedia:Egyptian_language#Phonology|Egyptian language, Phonology]] at Wikipedia.</ref> are extinct languages, the exact pronunciation can't be known for sure; so the phonemic representation here might not be entirely accurate.
|-
|-
| [[Wikipedia:Arabic_language|Arabic]] ([[Wikipedia:DIN_31635|DIN 31635]] romanization)
| [[Wikipedia:Arabic_language|Arabic]] ([[Wikipedia:DIN_31635|DIN 31635]] romanization, [[Wikipedia:ISO_233#ISO/R_233:1961|ISO/R 233]] romanization)
| Čč /t͡ʃ/, Ǧǧ /d͡ʒ~ʒ~ɡ/, Šš /ʃ/, Žž /ʒ~zˤ/
| Čč /t͡ʃ/, Ǧǧ /d͡ʒ~ʒ~ɡ/, Šš /ʃ/, Žž /ʒ~zˤ/
| Čč and Žž represent the letters چ and ز which are not Arabic letters, but can be used in Arabic texts for transcribing sounds found in other languages.<ref name=che>[[Wikipedia:Che_(Persian_letter)|Che (Persian letter)]] at Wikipedia.</ref><ref name=zhe>[[Wikipedia:Že|Že]] at Wikipedia.</ref>
| Čč and Žž represent the letters چ and ز which are not Arabic letters, but can be used in Arabic texts for transcribing sounds found in other languages.<ref name=che>[[Wikipedia:Che_(Persian_letter)|Che (Persian letter)]] at Wikipedia.</ref><ref name=zhe>[[Wikipedia:Že|Že]] at Wikipedia.</ref>
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| Čč /tʃ/, Šš /ʃ/, Žž /ʒ/
| Čč /tʃ/, Šš /ʃ/, Žž /ʒ/
| Unaccented Cc stands for /ts/ in Czech, Latvian and Latgalian.
| Unaccented Cc stands for /ts/ in Czech, Latvian and Latgalian.
|-
| [[Wikipedia:Dari|Darī]] (Yaqubi romanization)
| Čč /tʃ/, Šš /ʃ/, Žž /ʒ/
| Unaccented Ss, Zz stand for /s, z/ respectively.<ref name=dari>[https://geonames.nga.mil/gns/html/Romanization/Afghan_Romanization_System_Approved_from_27th_BGN_PCGN_Conference.pdf BGN/PCGN National Romanization System for Afghanistan] (PDF). See also [[Wikipedia:Dari#Phonology|Dari]] at Wikipedia.</ref>
|-
|-
| [[Wikipedia:Livonian_language|Livonian]]
| [[Wikipedia:Livonian_language|Livonian]]
| Šš /ʃ/, Žž /ʒ/
| Šš /ʃ/, Žž /ʒ/
|
|
|-
| [[Wikipedia:Northern_Sami|North Sami]] (1979 orthography)
| Čč {{IPA|/tʃ/}}, Šš {{IPA|/ʃ/}}, Žž {{IPA|/dʒ/}}
| Unaccented Cc stands for {{IPA|/ts/}}, and unaccented Zz for {{IPA|/dz/}}.
|-
|-
| [[Wikipedia:Slovak_language|Slovak]]
| [[Wikipedia:Slovak_language|Slovak]]
| Čč /tʃ/, DŽdž /dʒ/, Šš /ʃ/, Žž /ʒ/
| Čč /tʃ/, DŽdž /dʒ/, Šš /ʃ/, Žž /ʒ/
|
|
|-
| rowspan=2 | [[Wikipedia:Retroflex_consonant|Retroflex consonant]]
| [[Wikipedia:Adyghe_language|Adyghe]] (BGN/PCGN 2012 romanization)
| Čč /ʈʂ/
| There is no simple Cc in the BGN/PCGN 2012 romanization, but there is a Ch ch which represents /tʃ/.<ref name=adyghe>[https://geonames.nga.mil/gns/html/Romanization/ROMANIZATION%20OF%20ADYGHE.pdf Romanization of Adyghe] (PDF). See also [[Wikipedia:Adyghe_language#Alphabet|Adyghe language, Alphabet]] at Wikipedia.</ref>
|-
| [[Wikipedia:Serbian_language|Serbian]]
| Čč /ʈʂ/, DŽ Dž dž /ɖʐ/, Šš /ʂ/, Žž /ʐ/
| These sounds are often transcribed as postalveolar /tʃ, dʒ, ʃ, ʒ/.<ref name=serbian>[[Wikipedia:Gaj's_Latin_alphabet#Letters|Gaj's Latin Alphabet, Letters]] at Wikipedia.</ref> DŽ is only used in all-caps text, and is consider the capital letter. Dž is used when only the first letter of a word is capitalized, and it is referred to as ''titlecase''.<ref name=titlecase>[[Wikipedia:Gaj's_Latin_alphabet#Digraphs|Gaj's Latin alphabet, Digraphs]] at Wikipedia.</ref>
|-
|-
| [[Wikipedia:Uvular_consonant|Uvular consonant]]
| [[Wikipedia:Uvular_consonant|Uvular consonant]]
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| Ǧǧ /ɢ/, Ǧv ǧv /ɢʷ/, X̌x̌ /χ/, X̌v x̌v /χʷ/
| Ǧǧ /ɢ/, Ǧv ǧv /ɢʷ/, X̌x̌ /χ/, X̌v x̌v /χʷ/
| Note that X̌x̌ is not a precomposed letter.
| Note that X̌x̌ is not a precomposed letter.
|}
== Caron in Phonetic Transcription ==
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Uses of caron
! Use
! Transcription system
! Notes
|-
| Rising [[Wikipedia:Tone_(linguistics)|tone]]
| [[IPA|International Phonetic Alphabet]] (IPA)
| Used on top of vowels (or syllabic consonants).
|}
|}


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*[[Natlang_Uses_of_Diacritics_in_the_Latin_Alphabet|Natlang Uses of Diacritics in the Latin Alphabet]]
*[[Natlang_Uses_of_Diacritics_in_the_Latin_Alphabet|Natlang Uses of Diacritics in the Latin Alphabet]]
*[[Breve]]
*[[Breve]]
*[http://transliteration.eki.ee/pdf/Arabic_2.2.pdf Transliteration of Arabic] (Pedersen, Thomas. 2008.) has a concise list of comparisons between DIN 31635, ISO 233, ISO/R 233, UNGEGN, ALA-LC, and The Encyclopedia of Islam romanizations of Arabic.


== References ==
== References ==

Latest revision as of 05:03, 13 July 2021

Caron is also known as háček or haček. It originated from dot above in Czech orthography.[1] Note that the caron is easily confused with the similar looking breve ˘, especially in small font sizes.

Caron in Unicode

Characters with Caron
ˇ ◌̌ Ǎ ǎ Č č Ď ď DŽ Dž dž Ě ě
U+02C7 U+030C U+01CD U+01CD U+010C U+010D U+010E U+010F U+01C4 U+01C5 U+01C6 U+011A U+011B
Caron Combining Caron Latin Letter Capital A With Caron Latin Letter Small A With Caron Latin Capital Letter C With Caron Latin Small Letter C With Caron Latin Capital Letter D With Caron Latin Small Letter D With Caron Latin Capital Letter Dz With Caron Latin Capital Letter D With Small Letter Z With Caron Latin Small Letter Dz With Caron Latin Capital Letter E With Caron Latin Small Letter E With Caron
Note: May be confused with Modifier Letter Down Arrowhead, ˅ (U+02C5). Note: The caron looks actually like an apostrophe placed to the right of the ascender of the d.
Ǧ ǧ Ȟ ȟ Ǐ ǐ ǰ Ǩ ǩ Ľ ľ Ň ň
U+01E6 U+01E7 U+021E U+021F U+01CF U+01D0 U+01F0 ​ U+01E8 U+01E9 U+013D U+013E U+0147 U+0148
Latin Capital Letter G With Caron Latin Small Letter G With Caron Latin Capital Letter H With Caron Latin Small Letter H With Caron Latin Capital Letter I With Caron Latin Small Letter I With Caron Latin Small Letter J With Caron Latin Capital Letter K With Caron Latin Small Letter K With Caron Latin Capital Letter L With Caron Latin Small Letter L With Caron Latin Capital Letter N With Caron Latin Small Letter N With Caron
Note: The caron looks actually like an apostrophe placed to the right of the ascender of the Ll.
Ǒ ǒ Ř ř Š š Ṧ ṧ Ť ť Ǔ ǔ Ǚ
U+01D1 U+01D2 U+0158 U+0159 U+0160 U+0161 U+1E66 U+1E67 U+0164 U+0165 U+01D3 U+01D4 U+01D9
Latin Capital Letter O With Caron Latin Small Letter O With Caron Latin Capital Letter R With Caron Latin Small Letter R With Caron Latin Capital Letter S With Caron Latin Small Letter S With Caron Latin Capital Letter S With Caron And Dot Above Latin Small Letter S With Caron And Dot Above Latin Capital Letter T With Caron Latin Small Letter T With Caron Latin Capital Letter U With Caron Latin Small Letter U With Caron Latin Capital Letter U With Diaeresis And Caron
Note: The caron looks actually like an apostrophe placed to the right of the ascender of the t.
ǚ Ž ž Ǯ ǯ
U+01DA U+017D U+017E U+01EE U+01EF
Latin Small Letter U With Diaeresis And Caron Latin Capital Letter Z With Caron Latin Small Letter Z With Caron Latin Capital Letter Ezh With Caron Latin Small Letter Ezh With Caron

Caron in Natlangs

Uses of Caron
Usage Language Letters Notes
Alphabet extension Pashto (Yaqubi romanization) Čč /tʃ/, Ěě /ə/, Šš /ʃ/, Š̱š̱ /ʂ/, Žž /ʒ/, Ẕ̌ẕ̌ /ʐ/ Cc, Ee, Ss, S̱s̱, Zz, Ẕẕ without caron stand for /ts, e, s, s, z, z/ respectively.[2]
Change of manner of articulation Czech Řř /r̝/ This is a raised non-sonorant trill. Unaccented Rr stands for /r/.[3]
Disambiguation in transliteration Amharic (BGN/PCGN 1967 transliteration) Šš /s/ The Geʽez script has two types of characters that are both pronounced /s/ in Amharic due to sound mergers. These may be transliterated with Ss and Šš. The caron may also be dropped though.[4]
Falling-rising (dipping) tone Fon Ǎǎ [a᷉], Ěě [e᷉], Ɛ̌ɛ̌ [ɛ᷉], Ǐǐ [i᷉], Ǒǒ [o᷉], Ɔ̌ɔ̌ [ɔ᷉], Ǔǔ [u᷉] The falling-rising tone is not phonemic in Fon, but it is still marked with a caron. Tones are however not always marked at all.[5] Note that Ɛ̌ɛ̌ and Ɔ̌ɔ̌ are not precomposed characters.
Mandarin (Pinyin romanization) Ǎǎ /a˨˩˦/, Ěě /ə˨˩˦/, Ǐǐ /i˨˩˦/, Ǒǒ /ə˨˩˦/, Ǔǔ /u˨˩˦/, Ǚǚ /y˨˩˦/ Pinyin was created in the 1950s, and its tone marks were based on the Bopomofo phonetic notation.[6] Note that these tone values are based on the Beijing dialect.[7]
Palatal phoneme Czech Ďď /ɟ/, Ěě /(j)ɛ/, Ňň /ɲ/, Ťť /c/ Ěě stands for an /ɛ/ that makes a previous Dd, Nn, Tt be /ɟ, ɲ, c/, a previous Bb, Ff, Pp, Vv be /bj, fj, pj, vj/, and a previous Mm /mɲ/. This letter is not found in other positions.[8]
Slovak Ďď /ɟ/, Ľľ /ʎ/, Ňň /ɲ/, Ťť /c/ In Slovak handwriting ď, ľ and ť have an actual caron instead of an apostrophe.[9]
Postalveolar consonant Akkadian (DMG-umschrift transliteration), Ancient Egyptian (traditional transliteration) Šš /ʃ/ Because Akkadian[10] and Ancient Egyptian[11] are extinct languages, the exact pronunciation can't be known for sure; so the phonemic representation here might not be entirely accurate.
Arabic (DIN 31635 romanization, ISO/R 233 romanization) Čč /t͡ʃ/, Ǧǧ /d͡ʒ~ʒ~ɡ/, Šš /ʃ/, Žž /ʒ~zˤ/ Čč and Žž represent the letters چ and ز which are not Arabic letters, but can be used in Arabic texts for transcribing sounds found in other languages.[12][13]
Arabic (ISO 233 romanization) Ǧǧ /d͡ʒ~ʒ~ɡ/, Šš /ʃ/
Arabic (Hans Wehr romanization) ǧ /d͡ʒ~ʒ~ɡ/, š /ʃ/, ž /ʒ~zˤ/ ǧ was replaced by j in the fourth edition of this romanization scheme.[14] ž represents the letter ز which is not an Arabic letter, but can be used in Arabic texts for transcribing sounds found in other languages.[13] Hans Wehr romanization does not include capital letters.[14]
Czech, Latgalian, Latvian Čč /tʃ/, Šš /ʃ/, Žž /ʒ/ Unaccented Cc stands for /ts/ in Czech, Latvian and Latgalian.
Darī (Yaqubi romanization) Čč /tʃ/, Šš /ʃ/, Žž /ʒ/ Unaccented Ss, Zz stand for /s, z/ respectively.[15]
Livonian Šš /ʃ/, Žž /ʒ/
North Sami (1979 orthography) Čč /tʃ/, Šš /ʃ/, Žž /dʒ/ Unaccented Cc stands for /ts/, and unaccented Zz for /dz/.
Slovak Čč /tʃ/, DŽdž /dʒ/, Šš /ʃ/, Žž /ʒ/
Retroflex consonant Adyghe (BGN/PCGN 2012 romanization) Čč /ʈʂ/ There is no simple Cc in the BGN/PCGN 2012 romanization, but there is a Ch ch which represents /tʃ/.[16]
Serbian Čč /ʈʂ/, DŽ Dž dž /ɖʐ/, Šš /ʂ/, Žž /ʐ/ These sounds are often transcribed as postalveolar /tʃ, dʒ, ʃ, ʒ/.[17] DŽ is only used in all-caps text, and is consider the capital letter. Dž is used when only the first letter of a word is capitalized, and it is referred to as titlecase.[18]
Uvular consonant Heiltsuk-Oowekyala (Heiltsuk dialect, official orthography and Rath's orthography) Ǧǧ /ɢ/, Ǧv ǧv /ɢʷ/, X̌x̌ /χ/, X̌v x̌v /χʷ/ Note that X̌x̌ is not a precomposed letter.

Caron in Phonetic Transcription

Uses of caron
Use Transcription system Notes
Rising tone International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) Used on top of vowels (or syllabic consonants).

See Also

References

  1. ↑ Caron, Origin at Wikipedia.
  2. ↑ BGN/PCGN National Romanization System for Afghanistan (PDF). See also Pashto phonology at Wikipedia.
  3. ↑ Czech language, Consonants at Wikipedia.
  4. ↑ Romanization of Amharic (PDF).
  5. ↑ Fon language, Tone marking at Wikipedia. See also Fon language, Tone for a short overview of the tonal system of Fon.
  6. ↑ Pinyin, History after 1949 at Wikipedia.
  7. ↑ Mandarin Chinese, Tones at Wikipedia.
  8. ↑ Czech orthography, Letter Ě at Wikipedia.
  9. ↑ Slovak language, Orthography at Wikipedia.
  10. ↑ Akkadian language, Phonetics and phonology at Wikipedia.
  11. ↑ Egyptian language, Phonology at Wikipedia.
  12. ↑ Che (Persian letter) at Wikipedia.
  13. ↑ 13.0 13.1 Že at Wikipedia.
  14. ↑ 14.0 14.1 Hans Wehr transliteration at Wikipedia.
  15. ↑ BGN/PCGN National Romanization System for Afghanistan (PDF). See also Dari at Wikipedia.
  16. ↑ Romanization of Adyghe (PDF). See also Adyghe language, Alphabet at Wikipedia.
  17. ↑ Gaj's Latin Alphabet, Letters at Wikipedia.
  18. ↑ Gaj's Latin alphabet, Digraphs at Wikipedia.


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