Circumflex: Difference between revisions

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== Circumflex in Unicode ==
== Circumflex in Unicode ==
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Precomposed Letters with Circumflex
|+ Characters with Circumflex
| style="font-size:180%" | ^ || style="font-size:180%" | ˆ || style="font-size:180%" | ◌̂ || style="font-size:180%" | Â || style="font-size:180%" | â || style="font-size:180%" | Ấ || style="font-size:180%" | ấ || style="font-size:180%" | Ầ || style="font-size:180%" | ầ || style="font-size:180%" | Ẩ || style="font-size:180%" | ẩ || style="font-size:180%" | Ẫ || style="font-size:180%" | ẫ
| style="font-size:180%" | ^ || style="font-size:180%" | ˆ || style="font-size:180%" | ◌̂ || style="font-size:180%" | Â || style="font-size:180%" | â || style="font-size:180%" | Ấ || style="font-size:180%" | ấ || style="font-size:180%" | Ầ || style="font-size:180%" | ầ || style="font-size:180%" | Ẩ || style="font-size:180%" | ẩ || style="font-size:180%" | Ẫ || style="font-size:180%" | ẫ
|-
|-
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! Notes
! Notes
|-
|-
| [[Wikipedia:Central_vowel|Central vowel]]
| rowspan=3 | [[Wikipedia:Central_vowel|Central vowel]]
| [[Wikipedia:Moldovan_language|Moldovan]], [[Wikipedia:Romanian_language|Romanian]]
| [[Wikipedia:Moldovan_language|Moldovan]]
| Ââ /ɨ/, Îî /ɨ/
| Ââ /ɨ/, Îî /ɨ/
| Ââ and Îî both stand for the same sound, but Ââ is used word-internally, and Îî initially and finally. Exceptions are compound words and proper nouns.<ref name=romanian>[[Wikipedia:Romanian_alphabet#Special_letters|Romanian alphabet, Special letters]] at Wikipedia.</ref>
| Ââ and Îî both stand for the same sound, but Ââ is used word-internally, and Îî initially and finally. Exceptions are compound words and proper nouns.<ref name=romanian>[[Wikipedia:Romanian_alphabet#Special_letters|Romanian alphabet, Special letters]] at Wikipedia.</ref>
|-
| [[Wikipedia:Pashto|Pashto]] (BGN/PCGN 2007 romanization)
| Êê /ə/
| Unaccented Ee stands for /e/.<ref name=pashto>Compare [https://geonames.nga.mil/gns/html/Romanization/Afghan_Romanization_System_Approved_from_27th_BGN_PCGN_Conference.pdf BGN/PCGN National Romanization System for Afghanistan] (PDF) and [[Wikipedia:Pashto_phonology|Pashto phonology]] at Wikipedia.</ref>
|-
| [[Wikipedia:Romanian_language|Romanian]]
| Ââ /ɨ/, Îî /ɨ/
| Ââ and Îî both stand for the same sound, but Ââ is used word-internally, and Îî initially and finally. Exceptions are compound words and proper nouns.<ref name=romanian/>
|-
|-
| [[Wikipedia:Diphthong|Diphthong]]
| [[Wikipedia:Diphthong|Diphthong]]
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|
|
|-
|-
| Long vowel with low [[Wikipedia:Pitch_accent|pitch]]
| Disambiguation of [[Wikipedia:Homograph|homographs]]
| [[Wikipedia:Turkish_language|Turkish]]
| Ââ /a/, Îî /i/, Ûû /u/
| The circumflex may optionally be used on Aa, Ii and Uu for distinguishing words that would otherwise be homographs.<ref name=turkish_homographs>[[Wikipedia:Turkish_alphabet#Distinctive_features|Turkish alphabet, Distinctive features]] at Wikipedia.</ref> See also the Turkish sections on Long vowel and on Palatal phoneme further down in this table.
|-
| rowspan=4 | [[Wikipedia:Vowel_length|Long vowel]]
| [[Wikipedia:Arabic_language|Arabic]] ([[Wikipedia:ISO_233|ISO 233]] romanization)
| Ââ /aː/
| This letter is only found in the sequence ʾÂ ʾâ which is used for transcribing آ /ʔaː/.<ref name=alif_maddah_1>Pedersen, Thomas. 2008. [http://transliteration.eki.ee/pdf/Arabic_2.2.pdf Transliteration of Arabic].</ref><ref name=alif_maddah>[[Wikipedia:Arabic_diacritics#Maddah|Arabic diacritics, Maddah]] at Wikipedia.</ref>
|-
| [[Wikipedia:Japanese_language|Japanese]] ([[Wikipedia:Nihon-shiki romanization|Nihon-siki]] romanization)
| Ââ /aː/, Êê /eː/, Îî /iː/, Ôô /oː/, Ûû /uː/
| This is the official way of spelling the long vowels, but it is not always followed. See the note about Japanese on [[Macron#Macron_in_Natlangs|Macron]].
|-
| [[Wikipedia:Turkish_language|Turkish]]
| Ââ /aː/, Îî /iː/, Ûû /uː/
| Îî is just a long /iː/, while the circumflex on Ââ and Ûû may mark that the vowel is long and/or that the previous consonant is not velar.<ref name=turkish>[[Wikipedia:Turkish_alphabet#Letters|Turkish alphabet, Letters]] at Wikipedia,</ref> see Palatal phoneme below. Ââ, Îî and Ûû are not counted as distinct letters in the Turkish alphabet. See also Disambiguation of homographs further up in this table.
|-
| [[Wikipedia:Welsh_language|Welsh]]
| Ââ /ɑː/, Êê /eː/, Îî /iː/, Ôô /oː/, Ûû /ɨː, iː/, Ŵŵ /uː/, Ŷŷ /ɨː, iː/
| Vowel length is not marked when it is predictable.<ref name=welsh>[[Wikipedia:Welsh_orthography#Diacritics|Welsh orthography, Diacritics]] at Wikipedia.</ref> Regarding Ûû and Ŷŷ: The first pronunciation given is used in northern dialects and the second in southern dialects.<ref name=welsh_letters>[[Wikipedia:Welsh_orthography#Letter_names_and_sound_values|Welsh orthography, Letter names and sounds values]] at Wikipedia.</ref> Letters with diacritics do not count as separate letters in Welsh.<ref name=welsh_alphabet>[[Wikipedia:Welsh_orthography|Welsh orthography]] at Wikipedia.</ref>
|-
| [[Wikipedia:Vowel_length|Long vowel]] with low [[Wikipedia:Pitch_accent|pitch]]
| [[Wikipedia:Slovene_language|Slovene]] (orthography with tonal accentuation)
| [[Wikipedia:Slovene_language|Slovene]] (orthography with tonal accentuation)
| Ââ /àː/, Êê /ɛ̀ː/, Ệệ /èː/, Îî /ìː/, Ôô /ɔ̀ː/, Ộộ /òː/, Ûû /ùː/
| Ââ /àː/, Êê /ɛ̀ː/, Ệệ /èː/, Îî /ìː/, Ôô /ɔ̀ː/, Ộộ /òː/, Ûû /ùː/
| [[Inverted_Breve|Inverted breve]] may be used instead of circumflex. These letters are not used in the standard orthography of Slovene, but in language materials.<ref name=slovene>[[Wikipedia:Slovene_language#Prosody|Slovene language, Prosody]] at Wikipedia.</ref>
| [[Inverted_Breve|Inverted breve]] may be used instead of circumflex. These letters are not used in the standard orthography of Slovene, but in language materials.<ref name=slovene>[[Wikipedia:Slovene_language#Prosody|Slovene language, Prosody]] at Wikipedia.</ref>
|-
|-
| rowspan=2 | Raised vowel
| [[Wikipedia:Palatal_consonant|Palatal]] phoneme
| [[Wikipedia:Turkish_language|Turkish]]
| Ââ /a(ː)/, Ûû /u(ː)/
| The circumflex on these vowels marks that a previous Gg, Kk, Ll stand for /ɟ, c, l/ instead of /ɡ, k, ɫ/, and/or that the vowel is long.<ref name=turkish/> See also the Turkish sections on Long vowel and on Disambiguation of homographs further up in this table.
|-
| rowspan=3 | Raised vowel
| [[Wikipedia:Portuguese_language|Portuguese]]
| Ââ /ˈɐ/, Êê /ˈe/, Ôô /ˈo/
| The circumflex marks the vowels as being stressed and having a raised realization (rather than /a, ɛ, ɔ/). It also marks the vowel as being oral, unless it is followed by Mm or Nn and second consonant, in which case they are nasalized. Another exception is that Êê followed by a wordfinal Mm is also nasalized.<ref name=portuguese>[[Wikipedia:Portuguese_orthography#Diacritics|Portuguese orthography, Diacritics]] at Wikipedia.</ref>
|-
| [[Wikipedia:Slovene_language|Slovene]] (orthography with dynamic accentuation)
| [[Wikipedia:Slovene_language|Slovene]] (orthography with dynamic accentuation)
| Êê /ˈeː/, Ôô /ˈoː/
| Êê /ˈeː/, Ôô /ˈoː/
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| Ââ /ə˧/, Ấấ /ə˧˥/, Ầầ /ə̤˨˩/, Ẩẩ /ə˧˩˧/, Ẫẫ /əˀ˧˥/, Ậậ /ə̰ʔ˧˨/, Êê /e˧/, Ếế /e˧˥/, Ềề /e̤˨˩/, Ểể /e˧˩˧/, Ễễ /eˀ˧˥/, Ệệ /ḛʔ˧˨/, Ôô /o˧/, Ốố /o˧˥/, Ồồ /o̤˨˩/, Ổổ /o˧˩˧/, Ỗỗ /oˀ˧˥/, Ộộ /o̰ʔ˧˨/
| Ââ /ə˧/, Ấấ /ə˧˥/, Ầầ /ə̤˨˩/, Ẩẩ /ə˧˩˧/, Ẫẫ /əˀ˧˥/, Ậậ /ə̰ʔ˧˨/, Êê /e˧/, Ếế /e˧˥/, Ềề /e̤˨˩/, Ểể /e˧˩˧/, Ễễ /eˀ˧˥/, Ệệ /ḛʔ˧˨/, Ôô /o˧/, Ốố /o˧˥/, Ồồ /o̤˨˩/, Ổổ /o˧˩˧/, Ỗỗ /oˀ˧˥/, Ộộ /o̰ʔ˧˨/
| Generally, unaccented Aa, Ee, Oo stand for /aː, ɛ, ɔ/. There are many exceptions to the phonemic value of all these letters though.<ref name=vietnamese>[[Wikipedia:Vietnamese_orthography#Pronunciation|Vietnamese orthography, Pronunciation]] at Wikipedia.</ref>
| Generally, unaccented Aa, Ee, Oo stand for /aː, ɛ, ɔ/. There are many exceptions to the phonemic value of all these letters though.<ref name=vietnamese>[[Wikipedia:Vietnamese_orthography#Pronunciation|Vietnamese orthography, Pronunciation]] at Wikipedia.</ref>
|-
| Rising [[Wikipedia:Tone_(linguistics)|tone]]
| [[Wikipedia:Min_Nan|Min Nan]] ([[Wikipedia:Pe̍h-ōe-jī|Pe̍h-ōe-jī]] orthography)
| Ââ /a˨˦/, Âⁿ âⁿ /ã˨˦/, Êê /e˨˦/, Êⁿ êⁿ /ẽ˨˦/, Îî /i˨˦/, Îⁿ îⁿ /ĩ˨˦/, M̂m̂ /m̩˨˦/, N̂g n̂g /ŋ̍˨˦/, Ôô /ə˨˦/, Ôⁿ ôⁿ /ɔ̃˨˦/, Ô͘ô͘ /ɔ˨˦/, Ûû /u˨˦/, Ûⁿ ûⁿ /u˨˦/
| There is much variation in the tones and vowel qualities between different dialects of Min Nan. The vowel qualities here seem to be an approximation between the dialects,<ref name=min_nan_vowels>[[Wikipedia:Pe̍h-ōe-jī#Current_system|Pe̍h-ōe-jī, Current system]] at Wikipedia.</ref> while the tones here are as they are pronounced in Taipei.<ref name=min_nan_tones>[[Wikipedia:Taiwanese_Hokkien#Tones|Taiwanese Hokkien, Tones]] at Wikipedia.</ref>
|-
| rowspan=2 | Rising-falling (peaking) [[Wikipedia:Tone_(linguistics)|tone]]
| [[Wikipedia:Fon_language|Fon]]
| Ââ [a᷈], Êê [e᷈], Ɛ̂ɛ̂ [ɛ᷈], Îî [i᷈], Ôô [o᷈], Ɔ̂ɔ̂ [ɔ᷈], Ûû [u᷈]
| The rising-falling tone is not phonemic in Fon, but it is still marked with a circumflex. Tones are however not always marked at all.<ref name=fon>[[Wikipedia:Fon_language#Tone_marking|Fon language, Tone marking]] at Wikipedia. See also [[Wikipedia:Fon_language#Tone|Fon language, Tone]] for a short overview of the tonal system of Fon.</ref> Note that Ɛ̂ɛ̂ and Ɔ̂ɔ̂ are not precomposed characters.
|-
| [[Wikipedia:Eastern_Min|Min Dong]] ([[Wikipedia:Fuzhou_dialect|Fuzhou]] dialect, [[Wikipedia:Foochow_Romanized|Foochow]] romanization)
| Ââ /a˨˦˨, ɑ˨˦˨/, Â̤â̤ /ɛ˨˦˨, a˨˦˨/, Êê /ɛi˨˦˨/, Ê̤ê̤ /œ˨˦˨/, Îî /i˨˦˨/, Ôô /ou˨˦˨/, Ô̤ô̤ /o˨˦˨, ɔ˨˦˨/, Ûû /u˨˦˨/, Ṳ̂ṳ̂ /y˨˦˨/
| Note that the letters here that contain ◌̤ are not precomposed characters.
|-
| [[Wikipedia:Stress_(linguistics)|Stress]]
| [[Wikipedia:Portuguese_language|Portuguese]]
| Ââ /ˈɐ/, Êê /ˈe/, Ôô /ˈo/
| See the note on Portuguese in Raised vowel further up in this table.
|-
| rowspan=3 | Other
| [[Wikipedia:Dari|Darī]] (Yaqubi romanization)
| Ââ
| Darī distinguishes /a/ and /ɑ/, but it is unclear what Ââ is used for.<ref name=afghan_transliteration>[https://geonames.nga.mil/gns/html/Romanization/Afghan_Romanization_System_Approved_from_27th_BGN_PCGN_Conference.pdf BGN/PCGN National Romanization System for Afghanistan] (PDF). See also [[Wikipedia:Dari#Phonology|Dari]] or [[Wikipedia:Pashto_phonology|Pashto phonology]] at Wikipedia.</ref>
|-
| [[Wikipedia:Malagasy_language|Malagasy]]
| Ââ /a/, Êê /e/, Ôô /o/
| Â and Ê are single letter words in Malagasy. The circumflex on these words is not obligatory, and it does not really have any significance, as these letters are pronounced just the same unaccented. Ôô is distinguished from Oo which stands for /u/. Ôô is used only in some dialects, and in loan words, where it is not obligatory when not needed for disambiguation.<ref name=malagasy>[[Wikipedia:Malagasy_language#Diacritics|Malagasy language, Diacritics]] at Wikipedia.</ref>
|-
| [[Wikipedia:Pashto|Pashto]] (Yaqubi romanization)
| Ââ
| Pashto distinguishes /a/ and /ɑ/, but it is unclear what Ââ is used for.<ref name=afghan_transliteration/>
|}
== Circumflex in Phonetic Transcription ==
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Uses of circumflex
! Use
! Transcription system
! Notes
|-
| Falling [[Wikipedia:Tone_(linguistics)|tone]]
| [[IPA|International Phonetic Alphabet]] (IPA)
| Used on top of vowels (or syllabic consonants).
|}
== Circumflex in Conlangs ==
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Uses of Circumflex
! Usage
! Language
! Creator
! Letters
! Notes
|-
| Alphabet extension
| [[Esperanto]]
| [[L._L._Zamenhof|Ludwig Lazarus Zamenhof]]
| Ĥĥ /x/
| Unaccented Hh stands for /h/.
|-
| [[Wikipedia:Postalveolar_consonant|Postalveolar consonant]]
| [[Esperanto]]
| [[L._L._Zamenhof|Ludwig Lazarus Zamenhof]]
| Ĉĉ /t͡ʃ/, Ĝĝ /d͡ʒ/, Ĵĵ /ʒ/, Ŝŝ /ʃ/
| The unaccented versions of these letters are: Cc /t͡s/, Gg /ɡ/, Jj /j/, Ss /s/, meaning that some of the sounds these letters represent do not only change their point, but also their manner, of articulation.
|-
| [[Wikipedia:Stress_(linguistics)|Stressed]] [[Wikipedia:Vowel_length|long]] vowel
| [[Liu]] (external romanization)
| [[User:Qwynegold|Qwynegold]]
| Ââ /ˈaː/, Êê /ˈeː/, Îî /ˈiː/, Ôô /ˈoː/, Ûû /ˈuː/
| In the native script, the corresponding diacritic would only be used when the syllable lacked an onset, because stress would otherwise be marked on the first consonant. But the romanization marks stress on vowels only, for simplicity's sake.
|-
| Stridulant vowel
| [[Hapoish]] (external romanization)
| [[User:Khemehekis|Khemehekis]]
| Ââ, Êê, Îî, Ôô, Ûû
| Stridulant vowels are a phonation similar to creaky voice, wherein a vowel is spoken while stridulating one's apo, a uvula-like structure in the back of the mouths of the Reds, which resembles a three-leaf clover.
|-
|}
|}


Latest revision as of 06:13, 13 July 2021

The circumflex comes from the Greek alphabet where it marked pitch. It was originally a combination of acute and grave accent.[1] Note that the circumflex is easily confused with the similar looking inverted breve ◌̑.

Circumflex in Unicode

Characters with Circumflex
^ ˆ ◌̂ Â â Ấ ấ Ầ ầ Ẩ ẩ Ẫ ẫ
U+005E U+02C6 U+0302 U+00C2 U+00E2 U+1EA4 U+1EA5 U+1EA6 U+1EA7 U+1EA8 U+1EA9 U+1EAA U+1EAB
Circumflex Accent Modifier Letter Circumflex Accent Combining Circumflex Accent Latin Capital Letter A With Circumflex Latin Small Letter A With Circumflex Latin Capital Letter A With Circumflex And Acute Latin Small Letter A With Circumflex And Acute Latin Capital Letter A With Circumflex And Grave Latin Small Letter A With Circumflex And Grave Latin Capital Letter A With Circumflex And Hook Above Latin Small Letter A With Circumflex And Hook Above Latin Capital Letter A With Circumflex And Tilde Latin Small Letter A With Circumflex And Tilde
Note: May be confused with Modifier Letter Up Arrowhead, ˄ (U+02C4); or Up Arrowhead, ⌃ (U+2303).
Ậ ậ Ĉ ĉ Ê ê Ế ế Ề ề Ể ể Ễ
U+1EAC U+1EAD U+0108 U+0109 U+00CA ​ U+00EA U+1EBE U+1EBF U+1EC0 U+1EC1 U+1EC2 U+1EC3 U+1EC4
Latin Capital Letter A With Circumflex And Dot Below Latin Small Letter A With Circumflex And Dot Below Latin Capital Letter C With Circumflex Latin Small Letter C With Circumflex ​ Latin Capital Letter E With Circumflex Latin Small Letter E With Circumflex Latin Capital Letter E With Circumflex And Acute Latin Small Letter E With Circumflex And Acute Latin Capital Letter E With Circumflex And Grave Latin Small Letter E With Circumflex And Grave Latin Capital Letter E With Circumflex And Hook Above Latin Small Letter E With Circumflex And Hook Above Latin Capital Letter E With Circumflex And Tilde
ễ Ệ ệ Ĝ ĝ Ĥ ĥ Î î Ĵ ĵ Ô ô
U+1EC5 U+1EC6 U+1EC7 U+011C U+011D U+0124 U+0125 U+00CE U+00EE U+0134 U+0135 U+00D4 U+00F4
Latin Small Letter E With Circumflex And Tilde Latin Capital Letter E With Circumflex And Dot Below Latin Small Letter E With Circumflex And Dot Below Latin Capital Letter G With Circumflex Latin Small Letter G With Circumflex Latin Capital Letter H With Circumflex Latin Small Letter H With Circumflex Latin Capital Letter I With Circumflex Latin Small Ltter I With Circumflex Latin Capital Letter J With Circumflex Latin Small Letter J With Circumflex Latin Capital Letter O With Circumflex Latin Small Letter O With Circumflex
Ố ố Ồ ồ Ổ ổ Ỗ ỗ Ộ ộ Ŝ ŝ Û
U+1ED0 U+1ED1 U+1ED2 U+1ED3 U+1ED4 U+1ED5 U+1ED6 U+1ED7 U+1ED8 U+1ED9 U+015C U+015D U+00DB
Latin Capital Letter O With Circumflex And Acute Latin Small Letter O With Circumflex And Acute Latin Capital Letter O With Circumflex And Grave Latin Small Letter O With Circumflex And Grave Latin Capital Letter O With Circumflex And Hook Above Latin Small Letter O With Circumflex And Hook Above Latin Capital Letter O With Circumflex And Tilde Latin Small Letter O With Circumflex And Tilde Latin Capital Letter O With Circumflex And Dot Below Latin Small Letter O With Circumflex And Dot Below Latin Capital Letter S With Circumflex Latin Small Letter S With Circumflex Latin Capital Letter U With Circumflex
û Ŵ ŵ Ŷ ŷ Ẑ ẑ
U+00FB ​ U+0174 U+0175 U+0176 U+0177 U+1E90 U+1E91
Latin Small Letter U With Circumflex Latin Capital Letter W With Circumflex Latin Small Letter W With Circumflex Latin Capital Letter Y With Circumflex Latin Small Letter Y With Circumflex Latin Capital Letter Z With Circumflex Latin Small Letter Z With Circumflex

Circumflex in Natlangs

Uses of Circumflex
Usage Language Letters Notes
Central vowel Moldovan Ââ /ɨ/, Îî /ɨ/ Ââ and Îî both stand for the same sound, but Ââ is used word-internally, and Îî initially and finally. Exceptions are compound words and proper nouns.[2]
Pashto (BGN/PCGN 2007 romanization) Êê /ə/ Unaccented Ee stands for /e/.[3]
Romanian Ââ /ɨ/, Îî /ɨ/ Ââ and Îî both stand for the same sound, but Ââ is used word-internally, and Îî initially and finally. Exceptions are compound words and proper nouns.[2]
Diphthong Slovak Ôô /u̯o/
Disambiguation of homographs Turkish Ââ /a/, Îî /i/, Ûû /u/ The circumflex may optionally be used on Aa, Ii and Uu for distinguishing words that would otherwise be homographs.[4] See also the Turkish sections on Long vowel and on Palatal phoneme further down in this table.
Long vowel Arabic (ISO 233 romanization) Ââ /aː/ This letter is only found in the sequence ʾÂ ʾâ which is used for transcribing آ /ʔaː/.[5][6]
Japanese (Nihon-siki romanization) Ââ /aː/, Êê /eː/, Îî /iː/, Ôô /oː/, Ûû /uː/ This is the official way of spelling the long vowels, but it is not always followed. See the note about Japanese on Macron.
Turkish Ââ /aː/, Îî /iː/, Ûû /uː/ Îî is just a long /iː/, while the circumflex on Ââ and Ûû may mark that the vowel is long and/or that the previous consonant is not velar.[7] see Palatal phoneme below. Ââ, Îî and Ûû are not counted as distinct letters in the Turkish alphabet. See also Disambiguation of homographs further up in this table.
Welsh Ââ /ɑː/, Êê /eː/, Îî /iː/, Ôô /oː/, Ûû /ɨː, iː/, Ŵŵ /uː/, Ŷŷ /ɨː, iː/ Vowel length is not marked when it is predictable.[8] Regarding Ûû and Ŷŷ: The first pronunciation given is used in northern dialects and the second in southern dialects.[9] Letters with diacritics do not count as separate letters in Welsh.[10]
Long vowel with low pitch Slovene (orthography with tonal accentuation) Ââ /àː/, Êê /ɛ̀ː/, Ệệ /èː/, Îî /ìː/, Ôô /ɔ̀ː/, Ộộ /òː/, Ûû /ùː/ Inverted breve may be used instead of circumflex. These letters are not used in the standard orthography of Slovene, but in language materials.[11]
Palatal phoneme Turkish Ââ /a(ː)/, Ûû /u(ː)/ The circumflex on these vowels marks that a previous Gg, Kk, Ll stand for /ɟ, c, l/ instead of /ɡ, k, ɫ/, and/or that the vowel is long.[7] See also the Turkish sections on Long vowel and on Disambiguation of homographs further up in this table.
Raised vowel Portuguese Ââ /ˈɐ/, Êê /ˈe/, Ôô /ˈo/ The circumflex marks the vowels as being stressed and having a raised realization (rather than /a, ɛ, ɔ/). It also marks the vowel as being oral, unless it is followed by Mm or Nn and second consonant, in which case they are nasalized. Another exception is that Êê followed by a wordfinal Mm is also nasalized.[12]
Slovene (orthography with dynamic accentuation) Êê /ˈeː/, Ôô /ˈoː/ The circumflex marks that these vowel are stressed, long, and mid-close instead of mid-open. These letters are not used in the standard orthography of Slovene, but in language materials.[11]
Vietnamese Ââ /ə˧/, Ấấ /ə˧˥/, Ầầ /ə̤˨˩/, Ẩẩ /ə˧˩˧/, Ẫẫ /əˀ˧˥/, Ậậ /ə̰ʔ˧˨/, Êê /e˧/, Ếế /e˧˥/, Ềề /e̤˨˩/, Ểể /e˧˩˧/, Ễễ /eˀ˧˥/, Ệệ /ḛʔ˧˨/, Ôô /o˧/, Ốố /o˧˥/, Ồồ /o̤˨˩/, Ổổ /o˧˩˧/, Ỗỗ /oˀ˧˥/, Ộộ /o̰ʔ˧˨/ Generally, unaccented Aa, Ee, Oo stand for /aː, ɛ, ɔ/. There are many exceptions to the phonemic value of all these letters though.[13]
Rising tone Min Nan (Pe̍h-ōe-jī orthography) Ââ /a˨˦/, Âⁿ âⁿ /ã˨˦/, Êê /e˨˦/, Êⁿ êⁿ /ẽ˨˦/, Îî /i˨˦/, Îⁿ îⁿ /ĩ˨˦/, M̂m̂ /m̩˨˦/, N̂g n̂g /ŋ̍˨˦/, Ôô /ə˨˦/, Ôⁿ ôⁿ /ɔ̃˨˦/, Ô͘ô͘ /ɔ˨˦/, Ûû /u˨˦/, Ûⁿ ûⁿ /u˨˦/ There is much variation in the tones and vowel qualities between different dialects of Min Nan. The vowel qualities here seem to be an approximation between the dialects,[14] while the tones here are as they are pronounced in Taipei.[15]
Rising-falling (peaking) tone Fon Ââ [a᷈], Êê [e᷈], Ɛ̂ɛ̂ [ɛ᷈], Îî [i᷈], Ôô [o᷈], Ɔ̂ɔ̂ [ɔ᷈], Ûû [u᷈] The rising-falling tone is not phonemic in Fon, but it is still marked with a circumflex. Tones are however not always marked at all.[16] Note that Ɛ̂ɛ̂ and Ɔ̂ɔ̂ are not precomposed characters.
Min Dong (Fuzhou dialect, Foochow romanization) Ââ /a˨˦˨, ɑ˨˦˨/, Â̤â̤ /ɛ˨˦˨, a˨˦˨/, Êê /ɛi˨˦˨/, Ê̤ê̤ /œ˨˦˨/, Îî /i˨˦˨/, Ôô /ou˨˦˨/, Ô̤ô̤ /o˨˦˨, ɔ˨˦˨/, Ûû /u˨˦˨/, Ṳ̂ṳ̂ /y˨˦˨/ Note that the letters here that contain ◌̤ are not precomposed characters.
Stress Portuguese Ââ /ˈɐ/, Êê /ˈe/, Ôô /ˈo/ See the note on Portuguese in Raised vowel further up in this table.
Other Darī (Yaqubi romanization) Ââ Darī distinguishes /a/ and /ɑ/, but it is unclear what Ââ is used for.[17]
Malagasy Ââ /a/, Êê /e/, Ôô /o/ Â and Ê are single letter words in Malagasy. The circumflex on these words is not obligatory, and it does not really have any significance, as these letters are pronounced just the same unaccented. Ôô is distinguished from Oo which stands for /u/. Ôô is used only in some dialects, and in loan words, where it is not obligatory when not needed for disambiguation.[18]
Pashto (Yaqubi romanization) Ââ Pashto distinguishes /a/ and /ɑ/, but it is unclear what Ââ is used for.[17]

Circumflex in Phonetic Transcription

Uses of circumflex
Use Transcription system Notes
Falling tone International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) Used on top of vowels (or syllabic consonants).

Circumflex in Conlangs

Uses of Circumflex
Usage Language Creator Letters Notes
Alphabet extension Esperanto Ludwig Lazarus Zamenhof Ĥĥ /x/ Unaccented Hh stands for /h/.
Postalveolar consonant Esperanto Ludwig Lazarus Zamenhof Ĉĉ /t͡ʃ/, Ĝĝ /d͡ʒ/, Ĵĵ /ʒ/, Ŝŝ /ʃ/ The unaccented versions of these letters are: Cc /t͡s/, Gg /ɡ/, Jj /j/, Ss /s/, meaning that some of the sounds these letters represent do not only change their point, but also their manner, of articulation.
Stressed long vowel Liu (external romanization) Qwynegold Ââ /ˈaː/, Êê /ˈeː/, Îî /ˈiː/, Ôô /ˈoː/, Ûû /ˈuː/ In the native script, the corresponding diacritic would only be used when the syllable lacked an onset, because stress would otherwise be marked on the first consonant. But the romanization marks stress on vowels only, for simplicity's sake.
Stridulant vowel Hapoish (external romanization) Khemehekis Ââ, Êê, Îî, Ôô, Ûû Stridulant vowels are a phonation similar to creaky voice, wherein a vowel is spoken while stridulating one's apo, a uvula-like structure in the back of the mouths of the Reds, which resembles a three-leaf clover.

See Also

References

  1. ↑ Circumflex, Pitch at Wikipedia.
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 Romanian alphabet, Special letters at Wikipedia.
  3. ↑ Compare BGN/PCGN National Romanization System for Afghanistan (PDF) and Pashto phonology at Wikipedia.
  4. ↑ Turkish alphabet, Distinctive features at Wikipedia.
  5. ↑ Pedersen, Thomas. 2008. Transliteration of Arabic.
  6. ↑ Arabic diacritics, Maddah at Wikipedia.
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 Turkish alphabet, Letters at Wikipedia,
  8. ↑ Welsh orthography, Diacritics at Wikipedia.
  9. ↑ Welsh orthography, Letter names and sounds values at Wikipedia.
  10. ↑ Welsh orthography at Wikipedia.
  11. ↑ 11.0 11.1 Slovene language, Prosody at Wikipedia.
  12. ↑ Portuguese orthography, Diacritics at Wikipedia.
  13. ↑ Vietnamese orthography, Pronunciation at Wikipedia.
  14. ↑ Pe̍h-ōe-jī, Current system at Wikipedia.
  15. ↑ Taiwanese Hokkien, Tones at Wikipedia.
  16. ↑ Fon language, Tone marking at Wikipedia. See also Fon language, Tone for a short overview of the tonal system of Fon.
  17. ↑ 17.0 17.1 BGN/PCGN National Romanization System for Afghanistan (PDF). See also Dari or Pashto phonology at Wikipedia.
  18. ↑ Malagasy language, Diacritics at Wikipedia.


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