| Usage
|
Language
|
Letters
|
Notes
|
| Alphabet extension
|
Kazakh (2018 alphabet)
|
Áá /æ/, Ǵǵ /ʁ/, Ńń /ŋ/, Óó /œ/, Ýý /ʊw, w/, Úú /ʉ/
|
The earlier 2017 alphabet used the base letter followed by ʼ.[4]
|
| Alveopalatal consonant
|
Adyghe (BGN/PCGN 2012 romanization)
|
Śś /ɕ/, Źź /ʑ/
|
Unaccented Ss and Zz stand for /s/ and /z/.[5]
|
| Serbian
|
Ćć /tɕ/
|
Unaccented Cc stands for /ts/.[6]
|
| Diphthong
|
Icelandic
|
Áá /au/, Óó /ou/
|
The modern alphabet was established in the 19th century, but it is based on a standard from 12th century.[7]
|
| Disambiguation of homographs
|
Spanish
|
Áá /ˈa/, Éé /ˈe/, Íí /ˈi/, Óó /ˈo/, Úú /ˈu/
|
Used for differentiating pairs of words that would otherwise be spelled exactly the same.[8] See also the Spanish section on Stress further down in this table.
|
| Falling-rising (dipping) tone
|
Min Dong (Fuzhou dialect, Foochow romanization)
|
Áá /a˨˩˨, ɑ˨˩˨/, Á̤á̤ /ɛ˨˩˨, a˨˩˨/, Éé /ɛi˨˩˨/, É̤é̤ /œ˨˩˨/, Íí /i˨˩˨/, Óó /ou˨˩˨/, Ó̤ó̤ /o˨˩˨, ɔ˨˩˨/, Úú /u˨˩˨/, Ṳ́ṳ́ /y˨˩˨/
|
Note that the letters here that contain ◌̤ are not precomposed characters.
|
| Following glottal stop
|
Alekano
|
Áá /ɑʔ/, Éé /eʔ/, Íí /iʔ/, Óó /ɤʔ/, Úú /ɯʔ/
|
The acute simply marks that the vowel is followed by a glottal stop. Unaccented vowels have the same vowel quality as the accented ones.[9]
|
| Following /n/
|
Arabic (ISO 233 romanization)
|
Áá /an/, Íí /in/, Úú /un/
|
The acute accent is used for transcribing doubled vowel diacritics in the Arabic script, indicating a following /n/.[10][11]
|
| Front version of back vowel
|
Albanian (Bashkimi alphabet)
|
Éé /e/
|
In the now obsolete Bashkimi alphabet, Ee stood for the central (not back!) vowel /ə/, while Éé stood for the front vowel /e/ (or more precisely [ɛ]).[12]
|
| North Sami (eastern dialect,[13]1979 orthography)
|
Áá /a/
|
Unaccented Aa stands for /ɑ/. See also North Sami (western dialect) in the section Long vowel below.
|
| High tone
|
Heiltsuk-Oowekyala (Heiltsuk dialect, official orthography and Rath's orthography)
|
Áá /á/, Éé /ə́/, Íí /í/, Ḷ́ḷ́ /ĺ̩/, Ṃ́ṃ́ /ḿ̩/, Ṇ́ṇ́ /ń̩/, Úú /ú/
|
It is currently slightly unclear what quality the vowels have, and if Éé is really used in the official orthography. See Languagegeek and Bella Bella Community School. Note that Ṃ́ṃ́ and Ṇ́ṇ́ are not precomposed characters.
|
| Navajo
|
Áá /ɑ́/, Ą́ą́ /ɑ̃́/, Éé /é/, Ę́ę́ /ẽ́/, Íí /í/, Į́į́ /ĩ́/, Óó /ó/, Ǫ́ǫ́ /ṍ/
|
Some claim that Navajo has pitch accent rather than tone. Note that Ą́ą́, Ę́ę́, Į́į́, Ǫ́ǫ́ are not precomposed characters.[14]
|
| Yoruba (Nigerian Yoruba alphabet)
|
Áá /á/, Éé /é/, Ẹ́ẹ́ /ɛ́/, Íí /í/, Ńń /ŋ̍ˊ/, Óó /ó/, Ọ́ọ́ /ɔ́/, Úú /ú/[15]
|
|
| Long vowel
|
Croatian, Serbian
|
Áá /ǎː/, Éé /ěː/, Íí /ǐː/, Óó /ǒː/, Ŕŕ /ř̩ː/, Úú /ǔː/
|
The acute accent marks that these vowels are long and have rising pitch. These letters are not used in the standard orthography of Croatian or Serbian, but in linguistic materials.[16]
|
| Czech
|
Áá /aː/, Éé /ɛː/, Íí /iː/, Óó /oː/, Úú /uː/, Ýý /iː/
|
Íí and Ýý both represent the same phoneme in Standard Czech, but Íí may mark that the previous consonant is palatal, which Ýý does not.[17]
|
| Darī (BGN/PCGN 2007 romanization)
|
Áá /ɑː/
|
The sound value of this letter is a little unclear. The BGN/PCGN 2007 romanization specifies is as "long \aa\ as in car, fall", but Wikipedia does not mention any long vowels in Darī. Āā is also used for a long vowel in the BGN/PCGN 2007 romanization, but it is unclear if it stands for a different vowel quality, or if it's merely used for transcribing a different Arabic character with the same sound.[18]
|
| Hungarian
|
Áá /aː/, Éé /eː/, Íí /iː/, Óó /oː/, Úú /uː/
|
See also Double Acute Accent.
|
| Irish Gaelic
|
Áá /aː/, Éé /eː/, Íí /iː/, Óó /oː/, Úú /uː/
|
|
| North Sami (western dialect,[13]1979 orthography)
|
Áá /ɑː/
|
See also North Sami (eastern dialect), at the section Front version of back vowel above.
|
| Pashto (BGN/PCGN 2007 romanization)
|
The sound value of this letter is a little unclear. The BGN/PCGN 2007 romanization specifies is as "long \aa\ as in car, fall", but Wikipedia does not mention any long vowels in Pashto. Āā is also used for a long vowel in the BGN/PCGN 2007 romanization, but it is unclear if it stands for a different vowel quality, or if it's merely used for transcribing a different Arabic character with the same sound.[19]
|
| Slovak
|
Áá /aː/, Éé /eː/, Íí /iː/, Ĺĺ /l̩ː/, Óó /oː/, Ŕŕ /r̩ː/, Úú /uː/, Ýý /iː/
|
|
| Slovene (orthography with dynamic accentuation)
|
Áá /ˈaː/, Éé /ˈeː/, Íí /ˈiː/, Óó /ˈoː/, Ŕŕ /ˈəɾ/, Úú /ˈuː/
|
The acute accent marks that the vowel is stressed and long, and that Éé and Óó are mid-close rather than mid-open. These letters are not used in the standard orthography of Slovene, but in language materials.[20]
|
| Slovene (orthography with tonal accentuation)
|
Áá /áː/, Éé /ɛ́ː/, Ẹ́ẹ́ /éː/, Íí /íː/, Óó /ɔ́ː/, Ọ́ọ́ /óː/, Úú /úː/
|
The acute accent marks that these vowels are long and have high pitch. These letters are not used in the standard orthography of Slovene, but in language materials.[20]
|
| Lowered vowel
|
Portuguese
|
Áá /ˈa/, Éé /ˈɛ/, Óó /ˈɔ/
|
The acute also marks stress. See the Portuguese section on Stress further down in this table.
|
| Monophthong
|
Kazakh (Kazinform's romanization)
|
Éé /e/
|
Unaccented Ee stands for /jɪ/.[4]
|
| Palatal consonant
|
Polish
|
Ćć /tɕ/, Dź dź /d͡ʑ/, Ńń /ɲ/, Śś /ɕ/, Źź /ʑ/
|
Polish uses kreska instead of acute accent.
|
| Raised vowel
|
Icelandic
|
Íí /i/, Ýý /i/
|
Unaccented Ii and Yy both stand for /ɪ/.[21]
|
| Polish
|
Óó /u/
|
Historically it comes from long /oː/.[22] Polish uses kreska instead of acute accent.
|
| Rising tone
|
Fon
|
Áá [ǎ], Éé [ě], Ɛ́ɛ́ [ɛ̌], Íí [ǐ], Óó [ǒ], Ɔ́ɔ́ [ɔ̌], Úú [ǔ]
|
The rising tone is not phonemic in Fon, but it is still marked with an acute accent. Tones are however not always marked at all.[23] Note that Ɛ́ɛ́ and Ɔ́ɔ́ are not precomposed characters.
|
| Mandarin (Pinyin romanization)
|
Áá /a˧˥/, Éé /ə˧˥/, Íí /i˧˥/, Óó /ə˧˥/, Úú /u˧˥/, Ǘǘ /y˧˥/
|
Pinyin was created in the 1950s, and its tone marks were based on the Bopomofo phonetic notation.[24] Note that these tone values are based on the Beijing dialect.[25]
|
| Min Nan (Pe̍h-ōe-jī orthography)
|
Áá /a˥˩/, Áⁿ áⁿ /ã˥˩/, Éé /e˥˩/, Éⁿ éⁿ /ẽ˥˩/, Íí /i˥˩/, Íⁿ íⁿ /ĩ˥˩/, Ḿḿ /m̩˥˩/, Ńg ńg /ŋ̍˥˩/, Óó /ə˥˩/, Óⁿ óⁿ /ɔ̃˥˩/, Ó͘ó͘ /ɔ˥˩/, Úú /u˥˩/, Úⁿ úⁿ /u˥˩/
|
There is much variation in the tones and vowel qualities between different dialects of Min Nan. The vowel qualities here seem to be an approximation between the dialects,[26] while the tones here are as they are pronounced in Taipei (which is why they are falling though traditionally this toneme is classified as rising).[27]
|
| Vietnamese
|
Áá /aː˧˥/, Ắắ /a˧˥/, Ấấ /ə˧˥/, Éé /ɛ˧˥/, Ếế /e˧˥/, Íí /i˧˥/, Óó /ɔ˧˥/, Ốố /o˧˥/, Ớớ /əː˧˥/, Úú /u˧˥/, Ứứ /ɨ˧˥/, Ýý /i˧˥/
|
There are many exceptions to the phonemic values of these letters.[28]
|
| Stress
|
Catalan
|
Éé /ˈe/, Íí /ˈi/, Óó /ˈo/, Úú /ˈu/
|
The rules for when stress is to be marked in Catalan are quite complex. The acute accent also distinguishes stressed /e o/ from /ɛ ɔ/,[29] see Grave Accent, Catalan section on Grave Accent in Natlangs.
|
| Portuguese
|
Áá /ˈa/, Éé /ˈɛ/, Íí /ˈi/, Óó /ˈɔ/, Úú /ˈu/
|
The acute accent also shows that Áá, Éé, Óó are lowered vowels, as their unaccented versions stand for /ˈɐ, ˈe, ˈo/ in stressed syllables. In unstressed syllables the two realizations of each vowel are in complementary distribution. All of this applies to oral vowels only, nasals vowels (marked by a following Mm or Nn) having different rules.[30]
|
| Spanish
|
Áá /ˈa/, Éé /ˈe/, Íí /ˈi/, Óó /ˈo/, Úú /ˈu/, Ýý /ˈi/
|
The acute is only used for marking stress when it's not the last syllable of the word that is stressed.[8] Ýý is only used in some proper nouns.[31] See also the Spanish section on Disambiguation of homographs further up in this table.
|
| Swedish
|
Éé /ˈeː/
|
Éé is not really a part of the Swedish alphabet, but it is used in many loanwords and surnames. It is used word-finally to indicate a stressed (and therefore long) /e/. These Éé occur where the vowel would usually be unstressed.[32]
|
| Welsh
|
Áá /ˈa/, Éé /ˈɛ/, Íí /ˈɪ/, Óó /ˈɔ/, Úú /ˈɨ̞, ˈɪ/, Ẃẃ /ˈʊ/, Ýý /ˈɨ̞, ˈɪ/
|
The acute accent is sometimes used in a wordfinal syllable to mark that it is stressed.[33] Regarding Úú and Ýý: The first pronunciation given is used in northern dialects and the second in southern dialects.[34] Letters with diacritics do not count as separate letters in Welsh.[35]
|
| Other
|
Icelandic
|
Éé /jɛ/, Úú /u/
|
Éé was introduced in the 20th century.[7] Unaccented Uu stands for /ʏ/.[21]
|
| Malagasy
|
Áá, Éé, Íí, Óó, Ýý
|
There are three different usages of the acute accent in Malagasy. One is in old dictionaries, possibly for marking stress. Another is in the Bara dialect. A third use is in French names, or French-spelled Malagasy names.[36]
|
