Caron: Difference between revisions
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! Letters | ! Letters | ||
! Notes | ! Notes | ||
|- | |||
| Alphabet extension | |||
| [[Wikipedia:Pashto|Pashto]] (Yaqubi romanization) | |||
| Čč /tʃ/, Ěě /ə/, Šš /ʃ/, Š̱š̱ /ʂ/, Žž /ʒ/, Ẕ̌ẕ̌ /ʐ/ | |||
| Cc, Ee, Ss, S̱s̱, Zz, Ẕẕ without caron stand for /ts, e, s, s, z, z/ respectively.<ref name=pashto>[https://geonames.nga.mil/gns/html/Romanization/Afghan_Romanization_System_Approved_from_27th_BGN_PCGN_Conference.pdf BGN/PCGN National Romanization System for Afghanistan] (PDF). See also [[Wikipedia:Pashto_phonology|Pashto phonology]] at Wikipedia.</ref> | |||
|- | |- | ||
| Change of [[Wikipedia:Manner_of_articulation|manner of articulation]] | | Change of [[Wikipedia:Manner_of_articulation|manner of articulation]] | ||
| Line 48: | Line 53: | ||
| This is a raised non-sonorant trill. Unaccented Rr stands for /r/.<ref name=czech_consonants>[[Wikipedia:Czech_language#Consonants|Czech language, Consonants]] at Wikipedia.</ref> | | This is a raised non-sonorant trill. Unaccented Rr stands for /r/.<ref name=czech_consonants>[[Wikipedia:Czech_language#Consonants|Czech language, Consonants]] at Wikipedia.</ref> | ||
|- | |- | ||
| Falling-rising (dipping) [[Wikipedia:Tone_(linguistics)|tone]] | | Disambiguation in transliteration | ||
| [[Wikipedia:Amharic|Amharic]] (BGN/PCGN 1967 transliteration) | |||
| Šš /s/ | |||
| The [[Wikipedia:Geʽez_script|Geʽez]] script has two types of characters that are both pronounced /s/ in Amharic due to sound mergers. These may be transliterated with Ss and Šš. The caron may also be dropped though.<ref name=amharic>[https://geonames.nga.mil/gns/html/Romanization/ROMANIZATION%20OF%20AMHARIC.pdf Romanization of Amharic] (PDF).</ref> | |||
|- | |||
| rowspan=2 | Falling-rising (dipping) [[Wikipedia:Tone_(linguistics)|tone]] | |||
| [[Wikipedia:Fon_language|Fon]] | |||
| Ǎǎ [a᷉], Ěě [e᷉], Ɛ̌ɛ̌ [ɛ᷉], Ǐǐ [i᷉], Ǒǒ [o᷉], Ɔ̌ɔ̌ [ɔ᷉], Ǔǔ [u᷉] | |||
| The falling-rising tone is not phonemic in Fon, but it is still marked with a caron. Tones are however not always marked at all.<ref name=fon>[[Wikipedia:Fon_language#Tone_marking|Fon language, Tone marking]] at Wikipedia. See also [[Wikipedia:Fon_language#Tone|Fon language, Tone]] for a short overview of the tonal system of Fon.</ref> Note that Ɛ̌ɛ̌ and Ɔ̌ɔ̌ are not precomposed characters. | |||
|- | |||
| [[Wikipedia:Mandarin_Chinese|Mandarin]] ([[Wikipedia:Pinyin|Pinyin]] romanization) | | [[Wikipedia:Mandarin_Chinese|Mandarin]] ([[Wikipedia:Pinyin|Pinyin]] romanization) | ||
| Ǎǎ /a˨˩˦/, Ěě /ə˨˩˦/, Ǐǐ /i˨˩˦/, Ǒǒ /ə˨˩˦/, Ǔǔ /u˨˩˦/, Ǚǚ /y˨˩˦/ | | Ǎǎ /a˨˩˦/, Ěě /ə˨˩˦/, Ǐǐ /i˨˩˦/, Ǒǒ /ə˨˩˦/, Ǔǔ /u˨˩˦/, Ǚǚ /y˨˩˦/ | ||
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| In Slovak handwriting ď, ľ and ť have an actual caron instead of an apostrophe.<ref name=slovak>[[Wikipedia:Slovak_language#Orthography|Slovak language, Orthography]] at Wikipedia.</ref> | | In Slovak handwriting ď, ľ and ť have an actual caron instead of an apostrophe.<ref name=slovak>[[Wikipedia:Slovak_language#Orthography|Slovak language, Orthography]] at Wikipedia.</ref> | ||
|- | |- | ||
| rowspan= | | rowspan=9 | [[Wikipedia:Postalveolar_consonant|Postalveolar consonant]] | ||
| [[Wikipedia:Akkadian_language|Akkadian]] (DMG-umschrift transliteration), [[Wikipedia:Egyptian_language|Ancient Egyptian]] ([[Wikipedia:Transliteration_of_Ancient_Egyptian#Uniliteral_signs|traditional transliteration]]) | |||
| Šš /ʃ/ | |||
| Because Akkadian<ref name=akkadian_phonetics>[[Wikipedia:Akkadian_language#Phonetics_and_phonology|Akkadian language, Phonetics and phonology]] at Wikipedia.</ref> and Ancient Egyptian<ref name=egyptian_phonetics>[[Wikipedia:Egyptian_language#Phonology|Egyptian language, Phonology]] at Wikipedia.</ref> are extinct languages, the exact pronunciation can't be known for sure; so the phonemic representation here might not be entirely accurate. | |||
|- | |||
| [[Wikipedia:Arabic_language|Arabic]] ([[Wikipedia:DIN_31635|DIN 31635]] romanization, [[Wikipedia:ISO_233#ISO/R_233:1961|ISO/R 233]] romanization) | |||
| Čč /t͡ʃ/, Ǧǧ /d͡ʒ~ʒ~ɡ/, Šš /ʃ/, Žž /ʒ~zˤ/ | |||
| Čč and Žž represent the letters چ and ز which are not Arabic letters, but can be used in Arabic texts for transcribing sounds found in other languages.<ref name=che>[[Wikipedia:Che_(Persian_letter)|Che (Persian letter)]] at Wikipedia.</ref><ref name=zhe>[[Wikipedia:Že|Že]] at Wikipedia.</ref> | |||
|- | |||
| [[Wikipedia:Arabic_language|Arabic]] ([[Wikipedia:ISO_233|ISO 233]] romanization) | |||
| Ǧǧ /d͡ʒ~ʒ~ɡ/, Šš /ʃ/ | |||
| | |||
|- | |||
| [[Wikipedia:Arabic_language|Arabic]] ([[Wikipedia:Hans_Wehr_transliteration|Hans Wehr]] romanization) | |||
| ǧ /d͡ʒ~ʒ~ɡ/, š /ʃ/, ž /ʒ~zˤ/ | |||
| ǧ was replaced by j in the fourth edition of this romanization scheme.<ref name=hans_wehr>[[Wikipedia:Hans_Wehr_transliteration|Hans Wehr transliteration]] at Wikipedia.</ref> ž represents the letter ز which is not an Arabic letter, but can be used in Arabic texts for transcribing sounds found in other languages.<ref name=zhe/> Hans Wehr romanization does not include capital letters.<ref name=hans_wehr/> | |||
|- | |||
| [[Wikipedia:Czech_language|Czech]], [[Wikipedia:Latgalian_language|Latgalian]], [[Wikipedia:Latvian_language|Latvian]] | | [[Wikipedia:Czech_language|Czech]], [[Wikipedia:Latgalian_language|Latgalian]], [[Wikipedia:Latvian_language|Latvian]] | ||
| Čč /tʃ/, Šš /ʃ/, Žž /ʒ/ | | Čč /tʃ/, Šš /ʃ/, Žž /ʒ/ | ||
| Unaccented Cc stands for /ts/ in Czech, Latvian and Latgalian. | | Unaccented Cc stands for /ts/ in Czech, Latvian and Latgalian. | ||
|- | |||
| [[Wikipedia:Dari|Darī]] (Yaqubi romanization) | |||
| Čč /tʃ/, Šš /ʃ/, Žž /ʒ/ | |||
| Unaccented Ss, Zz stand for /s, z/ respectively.<ref name=dari>[https://geonames.nga.mil/gns/html/Romanization/Afghan_Romanization_System_Approved_from_27th_BGN_PCGN_Conference.pdf BGN/PCGN National Romanization System for Afghanistan] (PDF). See also [[Wikipedia:Dari#Phonology|Dari]] at Wikipedia.</ref> | |||
|- | |- | ||
| [[Wikipedia:Livonian_language|Livonian]] | | [[Wikipedia:Livonian_language|Livonian]] | ||
| Šš /ʃ/, Žž /ʒ/ | | Šš /ʃ/, Žž /ʒ/ | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |||
| [[Wikipedia:Northern_Sami|North Sami]] (1979 orthography) | |||
| Čč {{IPA|/tʃ/}}, Šš {{IPA|/ʃ/}}, Žž {{IPA|/dʒ/}} | |||
| Unaccented Cc stands for {{IPA|/ts/}}, and unaccented Zz for {{IPA|/dz/}}. | |||
|- | |- | ||
| [[Wikipedia:Slovak_language|Slovak]] | | [[Wikipedia:Slovak_language|Slovak]] | ||
| Čč /tʃ/, DŽdž /dʒ/, Šš /ʃ/, Žž /ʒ/ | | Čč /tʃ/, DŽdž /dʒ/, Šš /ʃ/, Žž /ʒ/ | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |||
| rowspan=2 | [[Wikipedia:Retroflex_consonant|Retroflex consonant]] | |||
| [[Wikipedia:Adyghe_language|Adyghe]] (BGN/PCGN 2012 romanization) | |||
| Čč /ʈʂ/ | |||
| There is no simple Cc in the BGN/PCGN 2012 romanization, but there is a Ch ch which represents /tʃ/.<ref name=adyghe>[https://geonames.nga.mil/gns/html/Romanization/ROMANIZATION%20OF%20ADYGHE.pdf Romanization of Adyghe] (PDF). See also [[Wikipedia:Adyghe_language#Alphabet|Adyghe language, Alphabet]] at Wikipedia.</ref> | |||
|- | |||
| [[Wikipedia:Serbian_language|Serbian]] | |||
| Čč /ʈʂ/, DŽ Dž dž /ɖʐ/, Šš /ʂ/, Žž /ʐ/ | |||
| These sounds are often transcribed as postalveolar /tʃ, dʒ, ʃ, ʒ/.<ref name=serbian>[[Wikipedia:Gaj's_Latin_alphabet#Letters|Gaj's Latin Alphabet, Letters]] at Wikipedia.</ref> DŽ is only used in all-caps text, and is consider the capital letter. Dž is used when only the first letter of a word is capitalized, and it is referred to as ''titlecase''.<ref name=titlecase>[[Wikipedia:Gaj's_Latin_alphabet#Digraphs|Gaj's Latin alphabet, Digraphs]] at Wikipedia.</ref> | |||
|- | |- | ||
| [[Wikipedia:Uvular_consonant|Uvular consonant]] | | [[Wikipedia:Uvular_consonant|Uvular consonant]] | ||
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| Ǧǧ /ɢ/, Ǧv ǧv /ɢʷ/, X̌x̌ /χ/, X̌v x̌v /χʷ/ | | Ǧǧ /ɢ/, Ǧv ǧv /ɢʷ/, X̌x̌ /χ/, X̌v x̌v /χʷ/ | ||
| Note that X̌x̌ is not a precomposed letter. | | Note that X̌x̌ is not a precomposed letter. | ||
|} | |||
== Caron in Phonetic Transcription == | |||
{| class="wikitable" | |||
|+ Uses of caron | |||
! Use | |||
! Transcription system | |||
! Notes | |||
|- | |||
| Rising [[Wikipedia:Tone_(linguistics)|tone]] | |||
| [[IPA|International Phonetic Alphabet]] (IPA) | |||
| Used on top of vowels (or syllabic consonants). | |||
|} | |} | ||
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*[[Natlang_Uses_of_Diacritics_in_the_Latin_Alphabet|Natlang Uses of Diacritics in the Latin Alphabet]] | *[[Natlang_Uses_of_Diacritics_in_the_Latin_Alphabet|Natlang Uses of Diacritics in the Latin Alphabet]] | ||
*[[Breve]] | *[[Breve]] | ||
*[http://transliteration.eki.ee/pdf/Arabic_2.2.pdf Transliteration of Arabic] (Pedersen, Thomas. 2008.) has a concise list of comparisons between DIN 31635, ISO 233, ISO/R 233, UNGEGN, ALA-LC, and The Encyclopedia of Islam romanizations of Arabic. | |||
== References == | == References == | ||
Latest revision as of 05:03, 13 July 2021
Caron is also known as háček or haček. It originated from dot above in Czech orthography.[1] Note that the caron is easily confused with the similar looking breve ˘, especially in small font sizes.
Caron in Unicode
| ˇ | ◌̌ | Ǎ | ǎ | Č | č | Ď | ď | DŽ | Dž | dž | Ě | ě |
| U+02C7 | U+030C | U+01CD | U+01CD | U+010C | U+010D | U+010E | U+010F | U+01C4 | U+01C5 | U+01C6 | U+011A | U+011B |
| Caron | Combining Caron | Latin Letter Capital A With Caron | Latin Letter Small A With Caron | Latin Capital Letter C With Caron | Latin Small Letter C With Caron | Latin Capital Letter D With Caron | Latin Small Letter D With Caron | Latin Capital Letter Dz With Caron | Latin Capital Letter D With Small Letter Z With Caron | Latin Small Letter Dz With Caron | Latin Capital Letter E With Caron | Latin Small Letter E With Caron |
| Note: May be confused with Modifier Letter Down Arrowhead, ˅ (U+02C5). | Note: The caron looks actually like an apostrophe placed to the right of the ascender of the d. | |||||||||||
| Ǧ | ǧ | Ȟ | ȟ | Ǐ | ǐ | ǰ | Ǩ | ǩ | Ľ | ľ | Ň | ň |
| U+01E6 | U+01E7 | U+021E | U+021F | U+01CF | U+01D0 | U+01F0 | U+01E8 | U+01E9 | U+013D | U+013E | U+0147 | U+0148 |
| Latin Capital Letter G With Caron | Latin Small Letter G With Caron | Latin Capital Letter H With Caron | Latin Small Letter H With Caron | Latin Capital Letter I With Caron | Latin Small Letter I With Caron | Latin Small Letter J With Caron | Latin Capital Letter K With Caron | Latin Small Letter K With Caron | Latin Capital Letter L With Caron | Latin Small Letter L With Caron | Latin Capital Letter N With Caron | Latin Small Letter N With Caron |
| Note: The caron looks actually like an apostrophe placed to the right of the ascender of the Ll. | ||||||||||||
| Ǒ | ǒ | Ř | ř | Š | š | Ṧ | ṧ | Ť | ť | Ǔ | ǔ | Ǚ |
| U+01D1 | U+01D2 | U+0158 | U+0159 | U+0160 | U+0161 | U+1E66 | U+1E67 | U+0164 | U+0165 | U+01D3 | U+01D4 | U+01D9 |
| Latin Capital Letter O With Caron | Latin Small Letter O With Caron | Latin Capital Letter R With Caron | Latin Small Letter R With Caron | Latin Capital Letter S With Caron | Latin Small Letter S With Caron | Latin Capital Letter S With Caron And Dot Above | Latin Small Letter S With Caron And Dot Above | Latin Capital Letter T With Caron | Latin Small Letter T With Caron | Latin Capital Letter U With Caron | Latin Small Letter U With Caron | Latin Capital Letter U With Diaeresis And Caron |
| Note: The caron looks actually like an apostrophe placed to the right of the ascender of the t. | ||||||||||||
| ǚ | Ž | ž | Ǯ | ǯ | ||||||||
| U+01DA | U+017D | U+017E | U+01EE | U+01EF | ||||||||
| Latin Small Letter U With Diaeresis And Caron | Latin Capital Letter Z With Caron | Latin Small Letter Z With Caron | Latin Capital Letter Ezh With Caron | Latin Small Letter Ezh With Caron | ||||||||
Caron in Natlangs
| Usage | Language | Letters | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|
| Alphabet extension | Pashto (Yaqubi romanization) | Čč /tʃ/, Ěě /ə/, Šš /ʃ/, Š̱š̱ /ʂ/, Žž /ʒ/, Ẕ̌ẕ̌ /ʐ/ | Cc, Ee, Ss, S̱s̱, Zz, Ẕẕ without caron stand for /ts, e, s, s, z, z/ respectively.[2] |
| Change of manner of articulation | Czech | Řř /r̝/ | This is a raised non-sonorant trill. Unaccented Rr stands for /r/.[3] |
| Disambiguation in transliteration | Amharic (BGN/PCGN 1967 transliteration) | Šš /s/ | The Geʽez script has two types of characters that are both pronounced /s/ in Amharic due to sound mergers. These may be transliterated with Ss and Šš. The caron may also be dropped though.[4] |
| Falling-rising (dipping) tone | Fon | Ǎǎ [a᷉], Ěě [e᷉], Ɛ̌ɛ̌ [ɛ᷉], Ǐǐ [i᷉], Ǒǒ [o᷉], Ɔ̌ɔ̌ [ɔ᷉], Ǔǔ [u᷉] | The falling-rising tone is not phonemic in Fon, but it is still marked with a caron. Tones are however not always marked at all.[5] Note that Ɛ̌ɛ̌ and Ɔ̌ɔ̌ are not precomposed characters. |
| Mandarin (Pinyin romanization) | Ǎǎ /a˨˩˦/, Ěě /ə˨˩˦/, Ǐǐ /i˨˩˦/, Ǒǒ /ə˨˩˦/, Ǔǔ /u˨˩˦/, Ǚǚ /y˨˩˦/ | Pinyin was created in the 1950s, and its tone marks were based on the Bopomofo phonetic notation.[6] Note that these tone values are based on the Beijing dialect.[7] | |
| Palatal phoneme | Czech | Ďď /ɟ/, Ěě /(j)ɛ/, Ňň /ɲ/, Ťť /c/ | Ěě stands for an /ɛ/ that makes a previous Dd, Nn, Tt be /ɟ, ɲ, c/, a previous Bb, Ff, Pp, Vv be /bj, fj, pj, vj/, and a previous Mm /mɲ/. This letter is not found in other positions.[8] |
| Slovak | Ďď /ɟ/, Ľľ /ʎ/, Ňň /ɲ/, Ťť /c/ | In Slovak handwriting ď, ľ and ť have an actual caron instead of an apostrophe.[9] | |
| Postalveolar consonant | Akkadian (DMG-umschrift transliteration), Ancient Egyptian (traditional transliteration) | Šš /ʃ/ | Because Akkadian[10] and Ancient Egyptian[11] are extinct languages, the exact pronunciation can't be known for sure; so the phonemic representation here might not be entirely accurate. |
| Arabic (DIN 31635 romanization, ISO/R 233 romanization) | Čč /t͡ʃ/, Ǧǧ /d͡ʒ~ʒ~ɡ/, Šš /ʃ/, Žž /ʒ~zˤ/ | Čč and Žž represent the letters چ and ز which are not Arabic letters, but can be used in Arabic texts for transcribing sounds found in other languages.[12][13] | |
| Arabic (ISO 233 romanization) | Ǧǧ /d͡ʒ~ʒ~ɡ/, Šš /ʃ/ | ||
| Arabic (Hans Wehr romanization) | ǧ /d͡ʒ~ʒ~ɡ/, š /ʃ/, ž /ʒ~zˤ/ | ǧ was replaced by j in the fourth edition of this romanization scheme.[14] ž represents the letter ز which is not an Arabic letter, but can be used in Arabic texts for transcribing sounds found in other languages.[13] Hans Wehr romanization does not include capital letters.[14] | |
| Czech, Latgalian, Latvian | Čč /tʃ/, Šš /ʃ/, Žž /ʒ/ | Unaccented Cc stands for /ts/ in Czech, Latvian and Latgalian. | |
| Darī (Yaqubi romanization) | Čč /tʃ/, Šš /ʃ/, Žž /ʒ/ | Unaccented Ss, Zz stand for /s, z/ respectively.[15] | |
| Livonian | Šš /ʃ/, Žž /ʒ/ | ||
| North Sami (1979 orthography) | Čč /tʃ/, Šš /ʃ/, Žž /dʒ/ | Unaccented Cc stands for /ts/, and unaccented Zz for /dz/. | |
| Slovak | Čč /tʃ/, DŽdž /dʒ/, Šš /ʃ/, Žž /ʒ/ | ||
| Retroflex consonant | Adyghe (BGN/PCGN 2012 romanization) | Čč /ʈʂ/ | There is no simple Cc in the BGN/PCGN 2012 romanization, but there is a Ch ch which represents /tʃ/.[16] |
| Serbian | Čč /ʈʂ/, DŽ Dž dž /ɖʐ/, Šš /ʂ/, Žž /ʐ/ | These sounds are often transcribed as postalveolar /tʃ, dʒ, ʃ, ʒ/.[17] DŽ is only used in all-caps text, and is consider the capital letter. Dž is used when only the first letter of a word is capitalized, and it is referred to as titlecase.[18] | |
| Uvular consonant | Heiltsuk-Oowekyala (Heiltsuk dialect, official orthography and Rath's orthography) | Ǧǧ /ɢ/, Ǧv ǧv /ɢʷ/, X̌x̌ /χ/, X̌v x̌v /χʷ/ | Note that X̌x̌ is not a precomposed letter. |
Caron in Phonetic Transcription
| Use | Transcription system | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| Rising tone | International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) | Used on top of vowels (or syllabic consonants). |
See Also
- Natlang Uses of Diacritics in the Latin Alphabet
- Breve
- Transliteration of Arabic (Pedersen, Thomas. 2008.) has a concise list of comparisons between DIN 31635, ISO 233, ISO/R 233, UNGEGN, ALA-LC, and The Encyclopedia of Islam romanizations of Arabic.
References
- ↑ Caron, Origin at Wikipedia.
- ↑ BGN/PCGN National Romanization System for Afghanistan (PDF). See also Pashto phonology at Wikipedia.
- ↑ Czech language, Consonants at Wikipedia.
- ↑ Romanization of Amharic (PDF).
- ↑ Fon language, Tone marking at Wikipedia. See also Fon language, Tone for a short overview of the tonal system of Fon.
- ↑ Pinyin, History after 1949 at Wikipedia.
- ↑ Mandarin Chinese, Tones at Wikipedia.
- ↑ Czech orthography, Letter Ě at Wikipedia.
- ↑ Slovak language, Orthography at Wikipedia.
- ↑ Akkadian language, Phonetics and phonology at Wikipedia.
- ↑ Egyptian language, Phonology at Wikipedia.
- ↑ Che (Persian letter) at Wikipedia.
- ↑ 13.0 13.1 Že at Wikipedia.
- ↑ 14.0 14.1 Hans Wehr transliteration at Wikipedia.
- ↑ BGN/PCGN National Romanization System for Afghanistan (PDF). See also Dari at Wikipedia.
- ↑ Romanization of Adyghe (PDF). See also Adyghe language, Alphabet at Wikipedia.
- ↑ Gaj's Latin Alphabet, Letters at Wikipedia.
- ↑ Gaj's Latin alphabet, Digraphs at Wikipedia.
