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'''Qihep''' (in Qihep: ''Qixēp'' [{{IPA|ˌkʷiˈxeːp}}]) is a constructed fantasy language. It is an isolating language and uses a logographic script.
{| align="center"
|- align="center"
| [[File:Qihep welcome.png|250px]]
|- align="center"
| '''Ul la Qīxēp ā xūc vol dī tȳn la dōb topīk'''
|- align="center"
| ''Welcome, students of Qihep!''
|}
'''Qihep''' (in Qihep: ''Qīxēp'' [{{IPA|ˌkʷiːˈxeːp}}]) is a constructed fantasy language. It is an isolating language and uses a logographic script.


==Phonology==
==Phonology==
{{main|Qihep phonology}}


===Consonants===
==Script==
{{main|Qihep script}}


{| style="text-align: center; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1pt solid #c0c0c0;"
==Morphology==
!colspan=21 style="text-align:center; background: #efefef;"| Consonants
{{main|Qihep morphology}}
|- style="vertical-align: center; font-size: x-small; height: 2em"
| ||colspan=2| Bilabial ||colspan=2| Labio-<br>dental ||colspan=2| Dental ||colspan=2| Alveolar ||colspan=2| Post-<br>alveolar ||colspan=2| Palatal ||colspan=2| Velar ||colspan=2| Labialized<br>velar ||colspan=2| Labialized<br>velar
|-
|style="text-align: left; font-size: 95%;"| <small>Plosive</small> || {{IPA|p}} || {{IPA|b}} || || || || || {{IPA|t}} || {{IPA|d}} || || || || || {{IPA|k}} || {{IPA|g}} || {{IPA|kʷ}} || || {{IPA|(ʔ)}}<sup>1</sup>
|-
|style="text-align: left; font-size: 95%;"| <small>Nasal</small> || || {{IPA|m}} || || {{IPA|(ɱ)}}<sup>2</sup> || || || {{IPA|n}} || || || || || {{IPA|ɲ}} || || {{IPA|(ŋ)}}<sup>3</sup> || || || || ||
|-
|style="text-align: left; font-size: 95%;"| <small>Vibrant</small> || || || || || || || || {{IPA|r}} 
|-
|style="text-align: left; font-size: 95%;"| <small>Fricative</small> || || || {{IPA|f}} || {{IPA|v}}|| || || {{IPA|s}} || || {{IPA|ʃ}} ||  || || || {{IPA|x}} || || || || {{IPA|h}}
|-
|style="text-align: left; font-size: 95%;"| <small>Affricate</small> || || || || || || || {{IPA|ʦ}} || || {{IPA|ʧ}} || {{IPA|ʤ}} || || || || ||
|-
|style="text-align: left; font-size: 95%;"| <small>Approximants</small> || || || || || || || || || || || || {{IPA|j}} || || {{IPA|w}}  || || || || ||
|-
|style="text-align: left; font-size: 95%;"| <small>Lateral<br>approximants</small> || || || || || || || || {{IPA|l}} || || || || ||
|}


Note:
==Syntax==
*{{IPA|[ʔ]}}<sup>1</sup>is not recognised as an independent phoneme but it is inserted between two vowels, or between two identical consonants.
{{main|Qihep syntax}}


*{{IPA|[ɱ]}}<sup>2</sup> and {{IPA|[ŋ]}}<sup>3</sup> are considered '''allophones''' of the normal nasal phonemes in front of {{IPA|[f]}}/{{IPA|[v]}} and {{IPA|[k]}}/{{IPA|[g]}}/{{IPA|[kʷ]}} respectively.
==Lexycon==
===Dictionary===
{{main|Qihep-English dictionary}}


===Vowels===
===Everyday lexycon===
{| style="text-align: center; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1pt solid #c0c0c0;"
* '''Eh''': ''Hi, Hello''
!colspan=15 style="text-align:center; background: #efefef;"| Vowels
* '''Tū dōb des''': ''Good morning'' (lit. ''May the morning be good'')
|- style="vertical-align: left; font-size: x-small; height: 2em"
* '''Lū dōb des''': ''Good afternoon'' (lit. ''May the afternoon be good'')
| ||colspan=2| Front ||colspan=2|Near-<br>front ||colspan=2| Central ||colspan=2|Near-<br>back||colspan=2| Back
* '''Ān dōb des''': ''Good evening'' (lit. ''May the evening be good'')
|-
* '''Pū dōb des''': ''Good night'' (lit. ''May the night be good'')
|style="text-align: left; font-size: 95%;"| <small>Close</small> || || {{IPA|i(ː)}} || || || || || || ||  || {{IPA|u(ː)}}
* '''Ma fut uś ro''': ''Bye'' (lit. ''May you be fine'')
|-
* '''Ul (la) ma (la) dōb topīk''': ''Welcome'' (lit. ''I/we receive well you'')
|style="text-align: left; font-size: 95%;"| <small>Close mid</small> || || {{IPA|e(ː)}} || || || || || || || || {{IPA|o(ː)}}
* '''Ma dī ǵīv wūcin lo''': ''How are you?'' (lit. ''How is your life?'')
|-
** '''Dōb dā''': ''Well'' (lit. ''Good yes'')
|style="text-align: left; font-size: 95%;"| <small>Mid</small> || || || || || {{IPA|ə(ː)}} || || || || ||
** '''Dōb ńikqem''': ''Everything is fine'' (lit. ''Good everything'')
|-
** '''Ul uś sty''': ''I'm feeling fine''
|style="text-align: left; font-size: 95%;"| <small>Open</small> || || || || || {{IPA|a(ː)}} || || || ||
** '''Dōbdōb dā''': ''Very well'' (lit. ''Very good yes'')
|}
** '''Dōbśle dā''': ''So and so'' (lit. ''Good bad yes'')
** '''Śle dā''': ''Not well'', ''Bad'' (lit. ''Bad yes'')
* '''Ēp''': ''Thank you''
* '''Ēpēp''': ''Thank you very much''
** '''Tyk nanqem''': ''You're welcome'' (lit. ''This is nothing'')
* '''Ul ma vorka''': ''Please'' (lit. ''I pray you'')
* '''Ma ul udvīn ro''': ''I'm sorry'', ''Excuse me'' (lit. ''May you excuse me'')
* '''Ma wūcin ńīm lo''' or '''Wū ma dī ńīm lo''': ''What is your name?''
** '''Ul ... ńīm''' or '''Ul dī ńīm ...''': ''My name is ...''
* '''Ma wō rok smel ǵa lo''': ''How old are you?'' (lit. ''How many years have you grown?'')
** '''Ul ... rok smel ǵa''': ''I am ... years old'' (lit. ''I have grown ... years'')


Every vowel can be distinctively short and long.
===The days of the week - Śotsēd dī bultsēd la ===
 
No dipthongs are allowed. If two vowels are adiacent in a compound word, a glottal stop ({{IPA|[ʔ]}}) emerges to keep them separated.
 
===Transcription===
Qihep uses a logographic script, but it can be transcribed using the Latin script:


{|
{|
|'''Letter''' || a || ā || b || c || d || e || ē || f || g || ǵ || h || i || ī || j || k || l || m || n || ń || o || ō || p || q || r || s || ś || t || ts || u || ū || v || w || x || y || ȳ
!English || Qihep
|-
|-
|'''IPA''' || {{IPA|[a]}} || {{IPA|[aː]}} || {{IPA|[b]}} || {{IPA|[ʧ]}} || {{IPA|[d]}} || {{IPA|[e]}} || {{IPA|[eː]}} || {{IPA|[f]}} || {{IPA|[g]}} || {{IPA|[ʤ]}}|| {{IPA|[h]}} || {{IPA|[i]}} || {{IPA|[iː]}} || {{IPA|[j]}} || {{IPA|[k]}} || {{IPA|[l]}} || {{IPA|[m]}} || {{IPA|[n]}} || {{IPA|[ɲ]}}|| {{IPA|[o]}} || {{IPA|[oː]}} || {{IPA|[p]}} || {{IPA|[kʷ]}} || {{IPA|[r]}} || {{IPA|[s]}} || {{IPA|[ʃ]}} || {{IPA|[t]}} || {{IPA|[ʦ]}}|| {{IPA|[u]}} || {{IPA|[uː]}} || {{IPA|[v]}} || {{IPA|[w]}} || {{IPA|[x]}} || {{IPA|[ə]}} || {{IPA|[əː]}} ||
| ''Monday'' || '''Komśotsēd'''
|}
 
Transcription in Latin adopts the Qihep use of <u>underline</u>, when a word is written with logograms, which are used for their sound and not for their meaning. Underline is usually meant for foreign names or proper names.
 
* ''I am going to go to Rome'': '''ul <u>Rōma</u> fut bim fa vol'''
 
==Morphology==
Tipologically speaking, Qihep is an '''''isolating''''' language, that means its words never change nor add any additional ending to show number, gender, tense, aspect, etc.
 
Example:
 
''We followed that person'': '''Ul la nār vran ta śak fa'''
 
Analysing the sentence:
* '''Ul''': means ''I''
* '''la''': it's a grammatical particle which shows the idea of ''plural''
* '''nār''': means ''that''
* '''vran''': means ''person''
* '''ta''': it's a grammatical particle, conveying the idea of ''past''
* '''śak''': means ''follow''
* '''fa''': it's a grammatical particle, conveying the idea of ''action complete''
Grammar roles and complements are conveyed by the position in the sentence, by grammatical particles and by postpositions. Grammatical particles are not strictly needed and can be left out of the sentence if the meaning is clear from the context. For example, in the previous sentence, the particle '''ta''' can be easily omitted if it's clear that we are talking about the past.
 
Even if there is no strict morphology, Qihep words can be compounded to form new words and a complex derivational morphology does exist. For example:
 
* '''xep''', ''mouth'' + '''svūk''', ''sound'' → '''xepsvūk''', ''voice''
* '''troj''', ''to build'' + '''-kȳt''', noun for the result of the action → '''trojkȳt''', ''building''
 
===Nouns===
Nouns do not change for number or for gender.
 
Nouns denoting humans or animals can be linked to a definite gender by prefixing the terms '''tan''', ''male'' or '''res''', ''female'':
* '''vran''', ''human, person'' → '''tanvran''', ''man'', '''resvran''', ''woman''.
 
By '''reduplicating''' the nouns we can express the meaning of a collective noun:
* '''vran''', ''human, person'' → '''vranvran''', ''people'', ''population''
 
The particle '''la''' can be postponed after the nouns to express plurality, but it conveys also the idea of "''many''".
* '''vran(vran) la''', ''many people''
 
===Adjectives===
Nouns never flect in agreement with the noun they modify and do not change for number or for gender. They are always placed before the noun they modify.
 
They can be modified by the adverb '''ply''', ''very''.
 
By '''reduplicating''' the adjective we can express an intensive meaning, or roughly the meaning of ''really''.
 
====Comparative and superlative====
'''Comparative''' forms are expressed in two ways:
 
1 - by using the reduplicated adjective and marking the second compared object with the postposition '''fe''', ''with regard to'', ''in relation to''
 
* '''Ul la fe jūnjūn''', ''I am younger than you''
 
2 - by using the reduplicated adverb '''ply''', ''very'', placed before the adjective. The second compared object is marked with the postposition '''fe''', ''with regard to'', ''in relation to''.
 
* '''Rȳs tȳs fe plyply fī''', ''She is taller than him''
 
There is no real distinction between the two ways, and both can be used with no difference in meaning. Compound adjectives and derived adjectives tend to use the second form, while simple and basic adjectives tend to use the first form.
 
'''Superlative''' forms are expressed in the same ways as the comparative forms, with the second compared object is usually '''ńikmē''', '''ńikvran''', ''everyone'', '''ńikqem''', ''everything'', or '''ńik''' + any noun.
 
* '''Tȳs ńik ul la fe plyply fī''', ''He is the tallest among us''
 
===Pronouns===
====Personal pronouns====
Pronouns show a limited gender distinction and mandatorily use the grammar particle '''la''' for plural if they refer to plural forms.
{|{{prettytable}}
! Person || English || Form || Explanation
|-
|-
|''1<sup>st</sup>'' || ''I'' || '''ul''' ||
| ''Tuesday'' || '''Upśotsēd'''
|-
|-
|''2<sup>nd</sup>'' || ''you'' || '''ma''' ||
| ''Wednesday'' || '''Pyśotsēd'''
|-
|-
|''3<sup>rd</sup>'' || ''he'' || '''tȳn''' || <small>for humans or animals, male or without defining gender</small>
| ''Thursday'' || '''Dūśotsēd'''
|-
|-
|''3<sup>rd</sup>'' || ''she'' || '''rȳs''' || <small>for humans or animals, strictly for female</small>
| ''Friday'' || '''Krajśotsēd'''
|-
|-
|''3<sup>rd</sup>'' || ''it'' || '''qem''' || <small>for objects or small animals</small>
| ''Saturday'' || '''Natbultsēd'''
|-
|-
|''3<sup>rd</sup>'' || ''it'' || '''do''' || <small>indicates something undefined, object or idea, which it has already been talked about, ''aforementioned''</small>
| ''Sunday'' || '''Pōbultsēd'''
|}
|}


When referring to more people or objects, particle '''la''' is mandatorily postponed after the pronouns:
===The months of the year - Qārtsēd ===
* '''ul''', ''I'' → '''ul la''', ''we''


Pronouns do not change for case, as they do in English, but they express their role by using the position in the sentence:
{|
* '''ul tȳn nat piǵ kra''', ''I can't see him''
!English || Qihep || English || Qihep
* '''tȳn ul nat piǵ kra''', ''He can't see me''
 
====Possessive pronouns====
Possessive pronouns and adjectives do not exist as independent forms. To express their meaning the normal personal pronouns followed by the genitive particle are used:
 
* '''ul''', ''I'' + '''dī''', ''of'' = '''ul dī''', ''my, mine''
 
Example:
* '''Ul dī suk pūcin''', ''My hair is black''
 
====Interrogative pronouns====
There are two basic interrogative adjectives and pronouns
{|{{prettytable}}
! Form || English || Explanation
|-
|-
| '''wē''' || ''who'', ''which'' || <small>for humans and animals</small>
| ''January'' || '''komqārtsēd''' || ''July'' || '''gōqārtsēd'''  
|-
|-
| '''wū''' || ''what'', ''which'', ''where'' || <small>for objects and small animals, it can also express location with locative verbs</small>
| ''February'' || '''kōqārtsēd''' || ''August'' || '''gōgōqārtsēd'''
|}
 
* '''Ma wē ta piǵ fa lo''', ''Who did you see?''
* '''Tȳn la wū skyt sty lo''', ''What are they doing?''
* '''Rȳs wū stā sty lo''', ''Where is she?''
 
Other interrogative pronouns are formed by adding specific nouns:
{|{{prettytable}}
| '''wū''' + '''meś''', ''place'' || = '''wūmeś''' || ''where'', ''in which place''
|-
|-
| '''wū''' + '''tsēd''', ''time'' || = '''wūtsēd''' || ''when'', ''in which period''
| ''March'' || '''klojqārtsēd''' || ''September'' || '''epīkqārtsēd'''
|-
|-
| '''wū''' + '''dān''', ''moment'' || = '''wūdān''' || ''when'', ''in which moment''
| ''April'' || '''āvqārtsēd''' || ''October'' || '''lisqārtsēd'''
|-
|-
| '''wū''' + '''cin''', ''way'' || = '''wūcin''' || ''how'', ''in which way''
| ''May'' || '''rasesqārtsēd''' || ''November'' || '''lēdqārtsēd'''
|-
|-
| '''wū''' + '''prīc''', ''reason'' || = '''wūprīc''' || ''why'', ''for which reason''
| ''Juny'' || '''srīqārtsēd''' || ''December'' || '''krajqārtsēd'''
|-
| '''wū''' + '''tsel''', ''purpose'' || = '''wūtsel''' || ''why'', ''for which purpose''
|}
|}


====Demonstrative pronouns====
===The seasons of the year - Roktsēd===
There are three demonstrative adjectives and pronouns
{|
{|{{prettytable}}
!English || Qihep
! Form || English || Explanation
|-
|-
| '''tyk''' || ''this'' || <small>for something or somebody near both the listener and the speaker</small>
| ''Spring'' || '''Argōtsēd'''
|-
|-
| '''qē''' || ''that'' || <small>for something or somebody near the listener but far from the speaker</small>
| ''Summer'' || '''Gōtsēd'''
|-
|-
| '''nār''' || ''that'' || <small>for something or somebody far from both the listener and the speaker</small>
| ''Autumn''<br>''Fall'' || '''Arbȳtsēd'''
|-
| ''Winter'' || '''Bȳtsēd'''
|}
|}


===Postpositions===
===States of the world - Dīn elān la===
Postposition show the role of the word in the sentences. They are always placed after the noun they modify.
{{main|States of the World (Qihep)}}


{|{{prettytable}}
The names of the states of the world are usually loanwords, so they are expressed by phonetic compounds, with normal syllables used for their phonetic value instead of their meaning. They are thus usually written with an underline. Names like ''state'', ''kingdom'', ''federation'' or ''democratic'' are not used directly but they are translated and not underlined.
! Form || Name || English<br>equivalent || Explanation
|-
| '''wa''' || ''Nominative<br>-Subject'' || || <small>it marks the subject of the sentence</small>
|-
| '''ā''' || ''Accusative<br>-Object'' || || <small>it marks the direct object of the sentence</small>
|-
| '''ū''' || ''Dative<br>-Indirect object'' || ''to'' || <small>it marks the indirect object of the sentence</small>
|-
| '''dī''' || ''Genitive<br>-Possession'' || ''of'' ||<small>it marks the possessor of something or an attributive relationship</small>
|-
| '''ō''' || ''Instrument'' || ''with'', ''by'' || <small>it marks the instrument or means by or with which the subject achieves or performs the action</small>
|-
| '''e''' || ''Comitative'' || ''with'' || <small>it marks the person in whose company the action is carried out</small>
|-
| '''se''' || ''Abessive'' || ''without'' || <small>it marks the lack or absence of the marked noun</small>
|-
| '''ab''' || ''Theme'' || ''about'' || <small>it marks the theme, the matter we're talking about</small>
|-
| '''bā''' || ''Essive-formal'' || ''like, as'' || <small>it marks transmits of making a condition as a quality or a similarity</small>
|}


===Numbers===
The names of the states can be used as the relative adjective, and can be compounded to express the name of the inhabitants and of the related language.
Numbers are treated like adjectives and are always placed before nouns.


{|{{prettytable}}
:'''<u>Itālia</u>''': '''{{color|red|<u>Itālia</u>}} vranvran''', ''Italian population'', '''{{color|red|<u>Itālia</u>}}vran''', ''an Italian'', '''{{color|red|<u>Itālia</u>}}xēp''', ''the Italian language''
! Number || Form
|-
| 1 || '''mē'''
|-
| 2 || '''xup'''
|-
| 3 || '''ci'''
|-
| 4 || '''vo'''
|-
| 5 || '''qo'''
|-
| 6 || '''bum'''
|-
| 7 || '''śo'''
|-
| 8 || '''rō'''
|-
| 9 || '''va'''
|-
| 10 || '''ty'''
|-
| 100 || '''sto'''
|-
| 1000 || '''qur'''
|-
| 1000000 || '''mil'''
|-
| 1000000000 || <u>'''milar'''</u>
|}


To build the higher numbers place the units before the tens, the hundreds, the thousands, etc:
Some states have however developed an alternative adjectival form. This form will be used for the compound words, if they refer to the culture, while the name of the country will still be used when referring to the state.
{|{{prettytable}}
! Number || Form
|-
| 20 || '''mēty'''
|-
| 30 || '''xupty'''
|-
| 40 || '''city'''
|-
| 200 || '''mēsto'''
|-
| 300 || '''xupsto'''
|-
| 2000 || '''mēqur'''
|-
| 30000 || '''xuptyqur'''
|-
| ''etc.''
|}


Compound numbers are built by placing the lesser number after the higher one:
:'''<u>Doiclān</u>''': '''{{color|red|<u>Doiclān</u>}} vranvran''', '''{{color|red|<u>Doiclān</u>}}vran''', ''an inhabitant of Germany'', but '''{{color|red|<u>doic</u>}}vran''', ''a person speaking German'', '''{{color|red|<u>doic</u>}}xēp''', ''the German language''
{|{{prettytable}}
! Number || Form
|-
| 11 || '''ty mē'''
|-
| 15 || '''ty qo'''
|-
| 23 || '''xupty ci'''
|-
| 145  || '''sto voty qo'''
|-
| 2156 || '''xupqur sto qoty bum'''
|-
| 1 259 978 || '''mil xupsto qoty vaqur qosto śoty rō'''
|-
| ''etc.''
|}


===Verbs===
===Dialogues===
Verbs do not change according to time, aspect, mode, number, gender, etc. They are usually associated with grammar particles which convey the negation, the time, the aspect, the modality or the evidentiality of the action. No one of this particle are strictly mandatory if the context is clear enough to express these meanings.
{{main|Qihep dialogues}}


The particles are strictly placed in this order:
==Texts==
{{main|Qihep texts}}
In the following section some examples of Qihep text with their transcription are presented.


{| align="center"
===Lord's prayer===
|- align="center"
{|
|{{color|red|'''Negation'''}} ||-||{{color|blue|'''Time'''}} ||-||{{color|green|'''Verb form'''}}||-|| {{color|orange|'''Aspect'''}}||-|| {{color|purple|'''Mode'''}}||-|| {{color|brown|'''Evidentiality'''}}
! Qihep script|| Transcription
|-
|[[File:Qihep Our Father.png|left|215px]]||ul la dī pāp, ma kōpdīn stā<br>ma dī ńim ā śkedskyt des<br>ma dī horvranmeś qin des<br>ma dī wiś ā skyt des<br>kōpdīn stā dī do i grūn stā dī do tykcin<br>ma ul la tykbultsēd pām kreś fa si<br>ī ma ul la dī smūś vorkreś si<br>ul la ul la dī smūśmor mēmcin vorkreś fa<br>ī ma ul la togrēxkȳt to pē mūh<br>yt ma ul la śluk ud vrīskyt si<br><u>āmen</u>
|}
|}


Example:
===Babel text===
* ''It seems they aren't looking for him right now'': '''tȳn la tȳn {{color|red|nat}} {{color|blue|mo}} {{color|green|qum}} {{color|orange|sty}} {{color|purple|vol}} {{color|brown|nah}}'''
[[File:Qihep Babel text.png|650px]]
 
====Negative particles====
* '''nat''': ''assertive negation'', it negate an assertion, a question, a normal sentence
** '''Ul ma piǵ kra''', ''I can see you'' → '''Ul la {{color|red|nat}} piǵ kra''', ''I cannot see you''
* '''pē''': ''prohibitive negation'', it negate an order, expressing a prohibition
** '''Ma tȳn ma snā dī do kāǵ si fa''', ''Tell him what you know'' → '''Ma tȳn ma snā dī do {{color|red|pē}} kāǵ fa''', ''Don't tell him what you know''
 
====Time particles====
* '''ta''': ''past'', it locates the action in the past
* '''rā''': ''remote past'', it locates the action in the remote past, historical past or a past that we feel remote and far
* '''mo''': ''present'', it locates the action in the present, it is usually omitted, and when expressed it conveys the meaning of precise present "''right now''"
* '''fut''': ''future'', it locates the action in the future
* '''fu ta''': ''future in the past'', it locates the action in the (hypotetic) future of a past action (still in the past)
* '''ta fu''': ''anterior future'', it locates the action in the past of a future action (still in the future)
 
Time particles are often left out, expecially in direct speech, since the time of the action is usually inferred by the context. They are used at the beginning of the speech to temporally localize the action or when omission may cause ambiguity.
 
====Aspectual particles====
* '''fa''': ''perfective'', it marks a completed action, with no regard for its effects or results
* '''ǵa''': ''perfect'', it marks a completed action which results are still affecting the moment we are talking about, (= English perfect tenses)
* '''sty''': ''continous'', it marks an uncompleted ongoing action in the moment we are talking about (= English continuous tenses)
* '''rē''': ''repetitive'', it marks an action which is repeated many times (= ''doing again'', ''keep on doing again'')
* '''sōl''': ''habitual'', it marks an action which is routinely or habitually performed (''usually'', ''used to'')
* '''pyr''': ''prospective'', it marks an action which is about to start in the moment we are talking about (= ''to be about to'')
* '''maj''': ''experiencial'', it marks the fact we have have or never have had experience of the action in the moment we are talking about (''ever'', ''never'')
 
====Modal particles====
* '''vol''': ''volitive'', it conveys intention or will, ''going to'', ''want''
* '''des''': ''octative'', it conveys wish, ''want'', ''wish'', ''desire''
* '''kra''': ''abilitial'', it conveys a momentaneus ability, ''can''
* '''pos''': ''potentive'', it conveys ability, capability, ''can'', ''know how''
* '''ro''': ''potential'', it conveys possibility, ''may'', ''might''
* '''vā''': ''causative'', it marks that the action is caused by someone on someone/thing else, ''let'', ''make'', ''get'', ''have''
* '''kōm''': ''incohative'', it marks a beginning action, ''to begin'', ''to start''
* '''fōr''': ''hypothetical'', it marks the uncertainty of the action or that the action is/was/will be hypothetical, ''maybe'', ''if''
* '''si''': ''imperative'', to give orders (usually not used with the negative prohibitive particle).
Modal particles can be used in the same sentences together, since they conveys meanings which can be expressed in the same sentences. If there are two or more modal particles, they follow the order of the list above.
 
====Evidential particles====
* '''nah''': ''reported action'', the speaker does not personally see the action, the action is reported by someone else
* '''box''': ''doubtful action'', the speaker does not personally see the action, the action is reported by someone else, but the speaker expresses his/her doubt about its truthfulness
* '''kap''': ''deduced action'', the speaker does not personally see the action, but he/she deduces the action by seeing traces or evidences
 
===Derivative morphology===
As usual for an isolating language, words in Qihep can often be used as nouns, adjectives or verbs.
 
Example:
 
* '''Tȳn rȳs ta {{color|red|smāx}} fa''', ''he kissed her''
* '''Rȳs tȳn dī {{color|red|smāx}} nat vyūmbēl maj''', ''she has never forgot his kiss''


In the first sentence '''smāx''', as in English, plays the role of verb, while in the second sentence it is a noun.
1. tsāl dīn dī vranvran mē xēp rā xēp ī tȳn la mēm dum nūt sōl<br>
2. tsēd o le tȳn la xīs ud qin sty tȳn la <u>Śinār</u> lān stā dī sbēnlān qum fa ī nārmeś rā sōlǵīv fa kōm<br>
3. ī tȳn la drug tȳn la rā kāǵ fa "ma la qin si ul la trojsās skyt fa si ī ul la qem la pīr ō qōc fa si" tȳn la sās ā skām fa dī trojsās i kāx ā skām fa dī trojkāx rā nūt fa<br>
4. ī tȳn la rā kāǵ fa "ma la qin si ul la byl i qem dī fīp kōpdīn fut dūbim fa pos dī fītrojkȳt tsel vor le ul la dī ńīm snāsy bly fa ī ul la ā nat fut rasjēq fa"<br>
5. ī Pō rā dōlqin fa tȳn vran dī denden troj sty dī byl i fītrojkȳt piǵvor fa le<br>
6. ī tȳn rā kāǵ fa "ma la piǵ fa si tȳn la mē vranvran ī tȳn la mē xēp xēp sty tȳn la do skyt ǵa kōm ī ńakmē tȳn la fut fajan fa kra tȳn la do skyt fa vol dī do ā le tȳn la skyt fa ā"<br>
7. "ma la tyk prīc par qin si ul la dōlbim fa si ī ul la tȳn la dī xēp obmiś fa si tsel vor le tȳn la drug tȳn la dī xepsvūk nat fut enēm fa pos"<br>
8. ī Pō tȳn la ńik lān to rā rasjēq fa ī tȳn la byl dī trojtān jan fa<br>
9. tyk byl ā <u>Bābēl</u> rā ńīmkreś fa prīc par le Pō tsāl dīn dī xēp tykmeś rā obmiś fa ī Pō ńik vran ńik lān to tykmeś ud rasjēq fa


Other example:
===The Ant and the Grasshopper - Ań i pejūǵ===
[[File:Qihep ant grasshopper.png|800px]]


* '''Ul ma {{color|red|mīl}}''', ''I love you''
Ań gōtsēd o jy rā mar sty tȳn cāx bȳtsēd vor epīkvor fa le. Pejūǵ tsāl bultsēd on pej rē. Pejūg ań ū ka fa "ma wūprīc jyjy mar sty lo mā cāx ā mo qum fa ro". Ań rikāǵ fa "ma up bȳtsēd o enēm fa kra". Pejūǵ nat enēm fa ī tȳn nu pej fa kōm ī ań nu mar fa kōm. Bȳtsēd rā dūqin fa ī nev bim fa. Prīc par le tȳn caxnēccum sty pejūǵ ań dī dōm bim fa ī tȳn ka fa "ma ul ńakqem kreś fa ul caxvor fa le lo". Ań ka fa "ma wū ar gōtsēd o skyt sōl lo". Pejūǵ rikāǵ fa "ul ta pej sōl". Ań tyk prīc par kāǵ fa "dōb dā ma mo tsā si"
* '''Rȳs ma dī {{color|red|mīl}} wīś sty''', ''she wants your love''
* '''Tyk {{color|red|mīl}} pej''', ''this is a love song''


In the first sentence '''mīl''', as in English, plays the role of verb, while in the second sentence it is a noun and in the third one it is an adjective.
===The Fox and the Grapes - Ew i el===
[[File:Qihep fox grapes.png|800px]]


However some derivative suffixes can be added to the words to indicate a more precise meaning:
Caxnēcim ew ǵe el rā piǵ fa tȳn yp rē yt tȳn qem nat fanēm kra. Dān o le tȳn vēbim sty tȳn mī fa "ul qem nat wiś qem nat smēl fa". Fatsel ā nat dūbim fa kra dī tȳn la obstātān vīnkreś fa sōl.


====Verb → Noun====
===The Scorpion and the Frog - Sxȳr i grah===
* '''-kȳt''': it forms a noun indicating the concrete result of the action (almost corresponding to English ''-tion'')
[[File:Qihep scorpion frog.png|820px]]
* '''-tan''': it forms a noun indicating the ongoing process of the action (almost corresponding to English ''-ing'')
* '''-mor''': it forms a noun for the person who performs the action (corresponding to English ''-er'')


====Verb → Adjective====
Rā ē sxȳr wa le, qem pibrēg stā sty ī qem pi ycbim fa vol. Qem grah piǵ fa ī qem grah ka fa: "ul ma vorka, ma ul śpom fa si, ul pi ycbim fa nec". Grah rikāǵ: "Nā, ul ma fut śpom fa fōr, ma ul fut xȳr fa fōr". Sxȳr tyk prīc par kāǵ fa: "Ul ma fut xȳr fōr, xup ul la fut cum fa fōr. Ul ma nat xȳr fa vol". Grah i sxȳr ygmēskyt fa ī sxȳr qem dī ogcō an yp fa. Dān o le qem la pi dī py stā stȳ sxȳr grah xȳr fa. Xocim grah sxȳr ka fa dān o le qem la bāccum sty: "Ul ma wūprīc ta xȳr fa lo". Sxȳr rikāǵ fa: " Ul ta snā ǵa ul la fu ta cum fa ā yt ul drugcin ba nat kin fa pos. Ul sxȳr ī tyk ul dī sōcincuv".
* '''-sy''': it forms an adjective with a perfective passive meaning (almost corresponding to English ''-ed''). Because of its passive meaning, it cannot be added to intransitive verbs.
** '''ul la dī mīl{{color|red|sy}} tanvran''', ''my beloved man''


====Noun/Adjective → Verb====
[[Category:Qihep| ]]
* '''-skyt''' (''to make''): it forms a verb indicating that the object is made according to the meaning of the adjective or of the noun (almost corresponding to English ''-fy'', ''to make'')
[[Category:Conlangs]]
** '''mē''', ''one'' + '''-skyt''' → '''mēskyt''', ''to unite''
[[Category:A priori conlangs]]
* '''-bly''' (''to become''): it forms a verb indicating that the subject is becoming according to the meaning of the adjective or of the noun (almost corresponding to English ''to become'', ''to get'')
 
==Syntax==
Typologically speaking, Qihep is a strictly SOV language. That means that in the sentences the word order is unvariably '''Subject-Object-Verb'''.
 
* '''{{color|green|Subject}} - {{color|blue|Object}} - {{color|red|Verb}}''': '''{{color|green|Tȳn}} {{color|blue|ma}} {{color|red|śak sty}}''', ''{{color|green|He}} {{color|red|is following}} {{color|blue|you}}''
 
Word order is usually strictly respected, since words cannot show morphologically their role in the sentence (almost like in English).
 
Indirect object are usually placed before the direct object.
 
* '''{{color|green|Ul}} {{color|orange|tȳn}} {{color|blue|woroh}} {{color|red|nat kreś maj}}''', ''{{color|green|I}} {{color|red|have never given}} {{color|orange|him}} {{color|blue|the key}}''
 
Other members of the sentences are placed after the object, and they are mandatorily marked by postpositions, except from some adverbs clearly showing their meaning.
 
*'''{{color|green|Tȳn}} {{color|blue|trojkȳtxep}} {{color|purple|woroh ō}} {{color|red|ta āś fa}}''',  ''{{color|green|He}} {{color|red|opened}} {{color|blue|the door}} {{color|purple|with the key}}''
* '''{{color|green|Ul}} {{color|orange|tȳn}} {{color|blue|woroh}} {{color|purple|arbultsēd}} {{color|red|kreś fa}}''', {{color|purple|Yesterday}} ''{{color|green|I}} {{color|red|gave}} {{color|orange|him}} {{color|blue|the key}}''
 
The order of the other elements of the sentence is not as strict as the main elements, but it usually follow the order '''Place-Manner-Time'''.
 
The word order of a Qihep sentence is thus this:
 
<center>'''Subject - Indirect Object - Direct Object - Place - Manner - Temporal adverbs or construction - Verb system'''</center>
 
Qihep is thus a consistently '''head-final''' language, which implies also other features:
* '''Adjective-Noun''': adjectives are always placed before their nouns
* '''Genitive-Noun''': genitive constructions are always placed before their nouns
* '''Noun-Postposition''': there are only postpositions and no prepositions
* '''Relative-Noun''': relative sentences are always placed before the noun they specify
 
===Genitive construction===
 
===Topicalization===
As usual for an isolating language, word order in Qihep is strictly respected. There is, however, a way to alter word order, expecially when it doesn't agree with the '''topic-comment''' order.
 
When the topic is not the subject but another element of the sentence, it can be moved in another position, usually at the first position of the sentence (but also the end of the sentece can be a possible position), or syntactically speaking, it can be '''topicalized'''. In this case the ''topicalizing'' particle '''le''' is mandatorily placed after the new topic element.
 
* '''Tȳs {{color|blue|wū}} skyt sty lo''', ''What is he doing?'' → '''{{color|blue|wū}} {{color|red|le}} tȳs skyt sty lo''', ''Is he doing what?''
 
Since the topicalization process can obscure the grammatical role of the element, the element itself is usually marked by the corresponding postposition, even if it is the subject, the direct object or the indirect object. The postposition are left out only if ambiguity is not possible.
 
* '''Wē ā {{color|red|le}} ma ta piǵ fa lo''', ''You saw who?'', ''Who is the one who you saw?''
* '''Wē ū {{color|red|le}} ma woroh ta kreś fa lo''', ''You gave the key to whom?'', ''Who is the one, who you gave the key?''
 
The subject is usually already the topic of the information and would not need topicalizing. It can however be topicalized, with a meaning of intensification of the topic information.
 
* '''Wē {{color|red|le}} sluh krāx ǵa lo''', ''Who is the one who broke the vase?''
 
===Passive===
Qihep verbs lack a passive form. In order to express a meaning similar to a passive forme, the object is moved to the first position of the sentence and is marked it with the accusative particle '''ā''' and with the topicalizing particle '''le'''. Since there is no real passivization, the agent of the action is not marked and remain in its subject position:
* '''{{color|green|Mew}} {{color|blue|mīś}} {{color|red|ta fabej fa}}''', ''the cat killed the mouse'' → '''{{color|blue|mīś ā le}} {{color|green|mew}} {{color|red|ta fabej fa}}''', ''the mouse was killed by the cat''
 
If there is no agent, the subject is simply left unexpressed:
* '''{{color|blue|Mīś ā le}} {{color|red|ta fabej fa}}''', ''the mouse was killed''
 
As in English, this the way to express the impersonal subject of other languages:
* '''{{color|blue|Qixēp ā le}} tykmeś {{color|red|xēp}}''', ''Qihep is spoken here'', in French: ''ici on parle qihep'', in Italian ''qui si parla qihep'', in German ''man spricht Qihep hier''
 
Even if it is possible to form a passive adjective with the suffix '''-sy''', this is never used as a verb, but only as an adjective.
* '''Mew {{color|red|fabejsy}} mīś ta cax fa''', ''The cat ate the {{color|red|killed}} mouse''
 
===Locative verbs===
===Subordinate clauses===
 
====Subjective and objective clauses====
====Purpose clause====
====Causative clause====
====Modal clauses====
====Indirect interrogative clauses====
====Conditional clauses====
 
==Texts==
===Lord's prayer===
Ul la dī pāp, ma kōpdīn stā<br>
Ma dī ńim ā śkedskyt des<br>
Ma dī horvranmeś qin des<br>
Ma dī wiś ā skyt des<br>
Kōpdīn stā dī do i grūn stā dī do tykcin<br>
Ma ul la tykbultsēd pām kreś fa si<br>
Ī ma ul la dī smūś vorkreś si<br>
Ul la ul la dī smūśmor mēmcin vorkreś fa<br>
Ī ma ul la togrēxkūt to pē mūh<br>
yt ma ul la śluk ud vrīskyt si<br>
<u>Āmen</u>
 
===Babel text===
1. tsal dīn dī vranvran mē xēp rā xēp ī tȳn la mēm dum nuts sōl<br>
2. tsēd o le xīs ud qin sty tȳn la <u>Śinār</u> lān stā dī sbēnlān qum fa ī nārmeś rā sōlǵīv fa kōm<br>
3. ī tȳn la drug tȳn la rā kāǵ fa "ma la qin si ul la trojsās skyt fa si ī ul la qem la pīr ō qōc fa si" tȳn la sās ā skām fa dī trojsās i kāx ā skām fa dī trojkāx rā nūts fa<br>
4. ī tȳn la rā kāǵ fa "ma la qin si ul la byl i qem dī fīp kōpdīn fut dūqin fa dī fītrojkȳt tsel vor le ul la dī ńīm snāsy bly fa ī ul la ā nat fut rasjēq fa"<br>
5. ī Pō rā dōlqin fa vran dī denden troj sty dī byl i fītrojkȳt piǵvor fa<br>
6. ī tȳn rā kāǵ fa "ma la piǵ fa si tȳn la mē vranvran ī mē xēp xēp sty tyn la do skyt ǵa kōm ī ńakmē tȳn la fut fajan fa kra tȳn la do skyt fa ud dī do ā le tȳn la skyt fa ā"<br>
7. "ma la tyk prīc par qin si ul la dōlqin fa si ī ul la tȳn la dī xēp obmiś fa si tsel vor le tȳn la drug tȳn la dī xepsvūk nat fut enēm fa pos"<br>
8. ī Pō tȳn la ńik lān to rā rasjēq fa ī tȳn la byl dī trojtan jan fa<br>
9. tyk byl ā <u>Bābel</u> rā ńīmkreś fa prīc par le Pō tsal dīn dī xēp tykmeś ud rasjēq fa

Latest revision as of 10:26, 1 December 2020

Qihep welcome.png
Ul la Qīxēp ā xūc vol dī tȳn la dōb topīk
Welcome, students of Qihep!

Qihep (in Qihep: Qīxēp [ˌkʷiːˈxeːp]) is a constructed fantasy language. It is an isolating language and uses a logographic script.

Phonology

Main article: Qihep phonology

Script

Main article: Qihep script

Morphology

Main article: Qihep morphology

Syntax

Main article: Qihep syntax

Lexycon

Dictionary

Main article: Qihep-English dictionary

Everyday lexycon

  • Eh: Hi, Hello
  • Tū dōb des: Good morning (lit. May the morning be good)
  • Lū dōb des: Good afternoon (lit. May the afternoon be good)
  • Ān dōb des: Good evening (lit. May the evening be good)
  • Pū dōb des: Good night (lit. May the night be good)
  • Ma fut uś ro: Bye (lit. May you be fine)
  • Ul (la) ma (la) dōb topīk: Welcome (lit. I/we receive well you)
  • Ma dī ǵīv wūcin lo: How are you? (lit. How is your life?)
    • Dōb dā: Well (lit. Good yes)
    • Dōb ńikqem: Everything is fine (lit. Good everything)
    • Ul uś sty: I'm feeling fine
    • Dōbdōb dā: Very well (lit. Very good yes)
    • Dōbśle dā: So and so (lit. Good bad yes)
    • Śle dā: Not well, Bad (lit. Bad yes)
  • Ēp: Thank you
  • Ēpēp: Thank you very much
    • Tyk nanqem: You're welcome (lit. This is nothing)
  • Ul ma vorka: Please (lit. I pray you)
  • Ma ul udvīn ro: I'm sorry, Excuse me (lit. May you excuse me)
  • Ma wūcin ńīm lo or Wū ma dī ńīm lo: What is your name?
    • Ul ... ńīm or Ul dī ńīm ...: My name is ...
  • Ma wō rok smel ǵa lo: How old are you? (lit. How many years have you grown?)
    • Ul ... rok smel ǵa: I am ... years old (lit. I have grown ... years)

The days of the week - Śotsēd dī bultsēd la

English Qihep
Monday Komśotsēd
Tuesday Upśotsēd
Wednesday Pyśotsēd
Thursday Dūśotsēd
Friday Krajśotsēd
Saturday Natbultsēd
Sunday Pōbultsēd

The months of the year - Qārtsēd

English Qihep English Qihep
January komqārtsēd July gōqārtsēd
February kōqārtsēd August gōgōqārtsēd
March klojqārtsēd September epīkqārtsēd
April āvqārtsēd October lisqārtsēd
May rasesqārtsēd November lēdqārtsēd
Juny srīqārtsēd December krajqārtsēd

The seasons of the year - Roktsēd

English Qihep
Spring Argōtsēd
Summer Gōtsēd
Autumn
Fall		 Arbȳtsēd
Winter Bȳtsēd

States of the world - Dīn elān la

Main article: States of the World (Qihep)

The names of the states of the world are usually loanwords, so they are expressed by phonetic compounds, with normal syllables used for their phonetic value instead of their meaning. They are thus usually written with an underline. Names like state, kingdom, federation or democratic are not used directly but they are translated and not underlined.

The names of the states can be used as the relative adjective, and can be compounded to express the name of the inhabitants and of the related language.

Itālia: Itālia vranvran, Italian population, Itāliavran, an Italian, Itāliaxēp, the Italian language

Some states have however developed an alternative adjectival form. This form will be used for the compound words, if they refer to the culture, while the name of the country will still be used when referring to the state.

Doiclān: Doiclān vranvran, Doiclānvran, an inhabitant of Germany, but doicvran, a person speaking German, doicxēp, the German language

Dialogues

Main article: Qihep dialogues

Texts

Main article: Qihep texts

In the following section some examples of Qihep text with their transcription are presented.

Lord's prayer

Qihep script Transcription
Qihep Our Father.png
 ul la dī pāp, ma kōpdīn stā
ma dī ńim ā śkedskyt des
ma dī horvranmeś qin des
ma dī wiś ā skyt des
kōpdīn stā dī do i grūn stā dī do tykcin
ma ul la tykbultsēd pām kreś fa si
ī ma ul la dī smūś vorkreś si
ul la ul la dī smūśmor mēmcin vorkreś fa
ī ma ul la togrēxkȳt to pē mūh
yt ma ul la śluk ud vrīskyt si
āmen

Babel text

Qihep Babel text.png

1. tsāl dīn dī vranvran mē xēp rā xēp ī tȳn la mēm dum nūt sōl
2. tsēd o le tȳn la xīs ud qin sty tȳn la Śinār lān stā dī sbēnlān qum fa ī nārmeś rā sōlǵīv fa kōm
3. ī tȳn la drug tȳn la rā kāǵ fa "ma la qin si ul la trojsās skyt fa si ī ul la qem la pīr ō qōc fa si" tȳn la sās ā skām fa dī trojsās i kāx ā skām fa dī trojkāx rā nūt fa
4. ī tȳn la rā kāǵ fa "ma la qin si ul la byl i qem dī fīp kōpdīn fut dūbim fa pos dī fītrojkȳt tsel vor le ul la dī ńīm snāsy bly fa ī ul la ā nat fut rasjēq fa"
5. ī Pō rā dōlqin fa tȳn vran dī denden troj sty dī byl i fītrojkȳt piǵvor fa le
6. ī tȳn rā kāǵ fa "ma la piǵ fa si tȳn la mē vranvran ī tȳn la mē xēp xēp sty tȳn la do skyt ǵa kōm ī ńakmē tȳn la fut fajan fa kra tȳn la do skyt fa vol dī do ā le tȳn la skyt fa ā"
7. "ma la tyk prīc par qin si ul la dōlbim fa si ī ul la tȳn la dī xēp obmiś fa si tsel vor le tȳn la drug tȳn la dī xepsvūk nat fut enēm fa pos"
8. ī Pō tȳn la ńik lān to rā rasjēq fa ī tȳn la byl dī trojtān jan fa
9. tyk byl ā Bābēl rā ńīmkreś fa prīc par le Pō tsāl dīn dī xēp tykmeś rā obmiś fa ī Pō ńik vran ńik lān to tykmeś ud rasjēq fa

The Ant and the Grasshopper - Ań i pejūǵ

Qihep ant grasshopper.png

Ań gōtsēd o jy rā mar sty tȳn cāx bȳtsēd vor epīkvor fa le. Pejūǵ tsāl bultsēd on pej rē. Pejūg ań ū ka fa "ma wūprīc jyjy mar sty lo mā cāx ā mo qum fa ro". Ań rikāǵ fa "ma up bȳtsēd o enēm fa kra". Pejūǵ nat enēm fa ī tȳn nu pej fa kōm ī ań nu mar fa kōm. Bȳtsēd rā dūqin fa ī nev bim fa. Prīc par le tȳn caxnēccum sty pejūǵ ań dī dōm bim fa ī tȳn ka fa "ma ul ńakqem kreś fa ul caxvor fa le lo". Ań ka fa "ma wū ar gōtsēd o skyt sōl lo". Pejūǵ rikāǵ fa "ul ta pej sōl". Ań tyk prīc par kāǵ fa "dōb dā ma mo tsā si"

The Fox and the Grapes - Ew i el

Qihep fox grapes.png

Caxnēcim ew ǵe el rā piǵ fa tȳn yp rē yt tȳn qem nat fanēm kra. Dān o le tȳn vēbim sty tȳn mī fa "ul qem nat wiś qem nat smēl fa". Fatsel ā nat dūbim fa kra dī tȳn la obstātān vīnkreś fa sōl.

The Scorpion and the Frog - Sxȳr i grah

Qihep scorpion frog.png

Rā ē sxȳr wa le, qem pibrēg stā sty ī qem pi ycbim fa vol. Qem grah piǵ fa ī qem grah ka fa: "ul ma vorka, ma ul śpom fa si, ul pi ycbim fa nec". Grah rikāǵ: "Nā, ul ma fut śpom fa fōr, ma ul fut xȳr fa fōr". Sxȳr tyk prīc par kāǵ fa: "Ul ma fut xȳr fōr, xup ul la fut cum fa fōr. Ul ma nat xȳr fa vol". Grah i sxȳr ygmēskyt fa ī sxȳr qem dī ogcō an yp fa. Dān o le qem la pi dī py stā stȳ sxȳr grah xȳr fa. Xocim grah sxȳr ka fa dān o le qem la bāccum sty: "Ul ma wūprīc ta xȳr fa lo". Sxȳr rikāǵ fa: " Ul ta snā ǵa ul la fu ta cum fa ā yt ul drugcin ba nat kin fa pos. Ul sxȳr ī tyk ul dī sōcincuv".

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