Acute Accent
From FrathWiki
Jump to navigationJump to search
The acute accent comes from a Latin diacritic called apex.[1] There is a diacritic, called kreska in Polish, which looks similar to the acute accent, but which is more vertical and placed slightly to the right of the center of the base letter.[2] Unicode conflates these two diacritics though, so this article does not distinguish between them either.
Acute Accent in Unicode
| ´ | ˊ | ◌́ | ◌́ | Á | á | Ǻ | ǻ | Ấ | ấ | Ắ | ắ | Ǽ |
| U+00B4 | U+02CA | U+0301 | U+0341 | U+00C1 | U+00E1 | U+01FA | U+01FB | U+1EA4 | U+1EA5 | U+1EAE | U+1EAF | U+01FC |
| Acute Accent | Modifier Letter Acute Accent | Combining Acute Accent | Combining Acute Tone Mark | Latin Capital Letter A With Acute | Latin Small Letter A With Acute | Latin Capital Letter A With Ring Above And Acute | Latin Small Letter A With Ring Above And Acute | Latin Capital Letter A With Circumflex And Acute | Latin Small Letter A With Circumflex And Acute | Latin Capital Letter A With Breve And Acute | Latin Small Letter A With Breve And Acute | Latin Capital Letter Ae With Acute |
| Note: May be confused with Apostrophe, ' (U+0027); Modifier Letter Prime, ʹ (U+02B9); Modifier Letter Turned Comma, ʻ (U+02BB); Modifier Letter Apostrophe, ʼ (U+02BC); Modifier Letter Vertical Line, ˈ (U+02C8); Right Single Quotation Mark, ’ (U+2019); or Prime, ′ (U+2032). | Note: May be confused with Combining Turned Comma Above, ◌̒ (U+0312). The tone mark was created for Vietnamese, but its use is now discouraged.[3] | |||||||||||
| ǽ | Ć | ć | Ḉ | ḉ | É | é | Ḗ | ḗ | Ế | ế | Ǵ | ǵ |
| U+01FD | U+0106 | U+0107 | U+1E08 | U+1E09 | U+00C9 | U+00E9 | U+1E16 | U+1E17 | U+1EBE | U+1EBF | U+01F4 | U+01F5 |
| Latin Small Letter Ae With Acute | Latin Capital Letter C With Acute | Latin Small Letter C With Acute | Latin Capital Letter C With Cedilla And Acute | Latin Small Letter C With Cedilla And Acute | Latin Capital Letter E With Acute | Latin Small Letter E With Acute | Latin Capital Letter E With Macron And Acute | Latin Small Letter E With Macron And Acute | Latin Capital Letter E With Circumflex And Acute | Latin Small Letter E With Circumflex And Acute | Latin Capital Letter G With Acute | Latin Small Letter G With Acute |
| Í | í | Ḯ | ḯ | Ḱ | ḱ | Ĺ | ĺ | Ḿ | ḿ | Ń | ń | Ó |
| U+00CD | U+00ED | U+1E2E | U+1E2F | U+1E30 | U+1E31 | U+0139 | U+013A | U+1E3E | U+1E3F | U+0143 | U+0144 | U+00D3 |
| Latin Capital Letter I With Acute | Latin Small Letter I With Acute | Latin Capital Letter I With Diaeresis And Acute | Latin Small Letter I With Diaeresis And Acute | Latin Capital Letter K With Acute | Latin Small Letter K With Acute | Latin Capital Letter L With Acute | Latin Small Letter L With Acute | Latin Capital Letter M With Acute | Latin Small Letter M With Acute | Latin Capital Letter N With Acute | Latin Small Letter N With Acute | Latin Capital Letter O With Acute |
| ó | Ṓ | ṓ | Ố | ố | Ṍ | ṍ | Ớ | ớ | Ǿ | ǿ | Ṕ | ṕ |
| U+00F3 | U+1E52 | U+1E53 | U+1ED0 | U+1ED1 | U+1E4C | U+1E4D | U+1EDA | U+1EDB | U+01FE | U+01FF | U+1E54 | U+1E55 |
| Latin Small Letter O With Acute | Latin Capital Letter O With Macron And Acute | Latin Small Letter O With Macron And Acute | Latin Capital Letter O With Circumflex And Acute | Latin Small Letter O With Circumflex And Acute | Latin Capital Letter O With Tilde And Acute | Latin Small Letter O With Tilde And Acute | Latin Capital Letter O With Horn And Acute | Latin Small Letter O With Horn And Acute | Latin Capital Letter O With Stroke And Acute | Latin Small Letter O With Stroke And Acute | Latin Capital Letter P With Acute | Latin Small Letter P With Acute |
| Ŕ | ŕ | Ś | ś | Ṥ | ṥ | Ú | ú | Ǘ | ǘ | Ṹ | ṹ | Ứ |
| U+0154 | U+0155 | U+015A | U+015B | U+1E64 | U+1E65 | U+00DA | U+00FA | U+01D7 | U+01D8 | U+1E78 | U+1E79 | U+1EE8 |
| Latin Capital Letter R With Acute | Latin Small Letter R With Acute | Latin Capital Letter S With Acute | Latin Small Letter S With Acute | Latin Capital Letter S With Acute And Dot Above | Latin Small Letter S With Acute And Dot Above | Latin Capital Letter U With Acute | Latin Small Letter U With Acute | Latin Capital Letter U With Diaeresis And Acute | Latin Small Letter U With Diaeresis And Acute | Latin Capital Letter U With Tilde And Acute | Latin Small Letter U With Tilde And Acute | Latin Capital Letter U With Horn And Acute |
| ứ | Ẃ | ẃ | Ý | ý | Ź | ź | ||||||
| U+1EE9 | U+1E82 | U+1E83 | U+00DD | U+00FD | U+0179 | U+017A | ||||||
| Latin Small Letter U With Horn And Acute | Latin Capital Letter W With Acute | Latin Small Letter W With Acute | Latin Capital Letter Y With Acute | Latin Small Letter Y With Acute | Latin Capital Letter Z With Acute | Latin Small Letter Z With Acute | ||||||
Acute Accent in Natlangs
| Usage | Language | Letters | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|
| Diphthong | Icelandic | Áá /au/, Óó /ou/ | The modern alphabet was established in the 19th century, but it is based on a standard from 12th century.[4] |
| Following glottal stop | Alekano | Áá /ɑʔ/, Éé /eʔ/, Íí /iʔ/, Óó /ɤʔ/, Úú /ɯʔ/ | The acute simply marks that the vowel is followed by a glottal stop. Unaccented vowels have the same vowel quality as the accented ones.[5] |
| Following /n/ | Arabic (ISO 233 romanization) | Áá /an/, Íí /in/, Úú /un/ | The acute accent is used for transcribing doubled vowel diacritics in the Arabic script, indicating a following /n/.[6][7] |
| High tone | Heiltsuk-Oowekyala (Heiltsuk dialect, official orthography and Rath's orthography) | Áá /á/, Éé /ə́/, Íí /í/, Ḷ́ḷ́ /ĺ̩/, Ṃṃ /ḿ̩/, Ṇṇ /ń̩/, Úú /ú/ | It is currently slightly unclear what quality the vowels have, and if Éé is really used in the official orthography. See Languagegeek and Bella Bella Community School. |
| Long vowel | Croatian, Serbian | Áá /ǎː/, Éé /ěː/, Íí /ǐː/, Óó /ǒː/, Ŕŕ /ř̩ː/, Úú /ǔː/ | The acute accent marks that these vowels are long and have rising pitch. These letters are not used in the standard orthography of Croatian or Serbian, but in linguistic materials.[8] |
| Czech | Áá /aː/, Éé /ɛː/, Íí /iː/, Óó /oː/, Úú /uː/, Ýý /iː/ | Íí and Ýý both represent the same phoneme in Standard Czech, but Íí may mark that the previous consonant is palatal, which Ýý does not.[9] | |
| Hungarian | Áá /aː/, Éé /eː/, Íí /iː/, Óó /oː/, Úú /uː/ | See also Double Acute Accent. | |
| Slovak | Áá /aː/, Éé /eː/, Íí /iː/, Ĺĺ /l̩ː/, Óó /oː/, Ŕŕ /r̩ː/, Úú /uː/, Ýý /iː/ | ||
| Slovene (orthography with dynamic accentuation) | Áá /ˈaː/, Éé /ˈeː/, Íí /ˈiː/, Óó /ˈoː/, Ŕŕ /ˈəɾ/, Úú /ˈuː/ | The acute accent marks that the vowel is stressed and long, and that Éé and Óó are mid-close rather than mid-open. These letters are not used in the standard orthography of Slovene, but in language materials.[10] | |
| Slovene (orthography with tonal accentuation) | Áá /áː/, Éé /ɛ́ː/, Ẹ́ẹ́ /éː/, Íí /íː/, Óó /ɔ́ː/, Ọ́ọ́ /óː/, Úú /úː/ | The acute accent marks that these vowels are long and have high pitch. These letters are not used in the standard orthography of Slovene, but in language materials.[10] | |
| Palatal consonant | Polish | Ćć /tɕ/, Dź dź /d͡ʑ/, Ńń /ɲ/, Śś /ɕ/, Źź /ʑ/ | Polish uses kreska instead of acute accent. |
| Raised vowel | Icelandic | Íí /i/, Ýý /i/ | Unaccented Ii and Yy both stand for /ɪ/.[11] |
| Polish | Óó /u/ | Historically it comes from long /oː/.[12] Polish uses kreska instead of acute accent. | |
| Rising tone | Mandarin (Pinyin romanization) | Áá /a˧˥/, Éé /ə˧˥/, Íí /i˧˥/, Óó /ə˧˥/, Úú /u˧˥/, Ǘǘ /y˧˥/ | Pinyin was created in the 1950s, and its tone marks were based on the Bopomofo phonetic notation.[13] Note that these tone values are based on the Beijing dialect.[14] |
| Min Nan (Pe̍h-ōe-jī orthography) | Áá /a˥˩/, Áⁿ áⁿ /ã˥˩/, Éé /e˥˩/, Éⁿ éⁿ /ẽ˥˩/, Íí /i˥˩/, Íⁿ íⁿ /ĩ˥˩/, Ḿḿ /m̩˥˩/, Ńg ńg /ŋ̍˥˩/, Óó /ə˥˩/, Óⁿ óⁿ /ɔ̃˥˩/, Ó͘ó͘ /ɔ˥˩/, Úú /u˥˩/, Úⁿ úⁿ /u˥˩/ | There is much variation in the tones and vowel qualities between different dialects of Min Nan. The vowel qualities here seem to be an approximation between the dialects,[15] while the tones here are as they are pronounced in Taipei (which is why they are falling though traditionally this toneme is classified as rising).[16] | |
| Vietnamese | Áá /aː˧˥/, Ắắ /a˧˥/, Ấấ /ə˧˥/, Éé /ɛ˧˥/, Ếế /e˧˥/, Íí /i˧˥/, Óó /ɔ˧˥/, Ốố /o˧˥/, Ớớ /əː˧˥/, Úú /u˧˥/, Ứứ /ɨ˧˥/, Ýý /i˧˥/ | There are many exceptions to the phonemic values of these letters.[17] | |
| Stress | Catalan | Éé /ˈe/, Íí /ˈi/, Óó /ˈo/, Úú /ˈu/ | The rules for when stress is to be marked in Catalan are quite complex. The acute accent also distinguishes stressed /e o/ from /ɛ ɔ/,[18] see Grave Accent, Catalan section on Grave Accent in Natlangs. |
| Swedish | Éé /ˈeː/ | Éé is not really a part of the Swedish alphabet, but it is used in many loanwords and surnames. It is used word-finally to indicate a stressed (and therefore long) /e/. These Éé occur where the vowel would usually be unstressed.[19] | |
| Other | Icelandic | Éé /jɛ/, Úú /u/ | Éé was introduced in the 20th century.[4] Unaccented Uu stands for /ʏ/.[11] |
| Malagasy | Áá, Éé, Íí, Óó, Ýý | There are three different usages of the acute accent in Malagasy. One is in old dictionaries, possibly for marking stress. Another is in the Bara dialect. A third use is in French names, or French-spelled Malagasy names.[20] |
Acute Accent in Conlangs
| Usage | Language | Creator | Letters | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Half-long vowel | Qwynegold (Qwadralónia dialect) | Qwynegold | Áá /aˑ, ʌˑ/, Éé /eˑ, e̞ˑ/, Íí /ɪˑ, iˑ/, Óó /o̜ˑ, oˑ/, Úú /u̜ˑ, uˑ/, Ýý /ʏˑ, yˑ/, Ä́ä́ /æˑ, ɛˑ/, Ö́ö́ /øˑ, œˑ/ | There are no precomposed forms of Ä́ä́, Ö́ö́. |
| Qwynegold (Quadralónia dialect) | Qwynegold | Áá /aˑ, ʌˑ/, Éé /eˑ, e̞ˑ/, Íí /ɪˑ, iˑ/, Óó /o̜ˑ, oˑ/, Úú /u̜ˑ, uˑ/, Ýý /ʏˑ, yˑ/, Ǽǽ /æˑ, ɛˑ/, Ǿǿ /øˑ, œˑ/ | ||
| High pitch | Inng (external transcription) | Qwynegold | Áá /á/, Éé /ə́, í/, Íí /í/, Ĺĺ /ĺ̩/, Ḿḿ /ŋ̩́/, Ńń /ŋ̩́/, Óó /ú, ə́, á/, Úú /ú/ | Some of these accented letters only appear as part of a digraph when representing a certain sound.[21] |
| High tone | Lhueslue (external romanization) | Qwynegold | Áá /ɑ́/, Áe áe /ǽ/, Éé /é/. Ée ée /ɛ́/, Íí /í/, Íe íe /ɘ́/, Óó /ó/, Óe óe /ǿ/, Úú /ú/, Úe úe /ý/ | This tone may be realized as either a high level tone, or a rising tone. Unaccented vowels have mid level tone.[22] |
| Long vowel | Liu (external romanization) | Qwynegold | Áá /aː/, Éé /eː/, Íí /iː/, Óó /oː/, Úú /uː/ | The acute accent marks that the vowel is long and unstressed. |
See Also
References
- ↑ Acute accent, Apex at Wikipedia.
- ↑ Acute accent, Palatalization at Wikipedia.
- ↑ This was due to positioning issues in Vietnamese diacritic stacking, but this is now handled by the regular combining acute. Sources:
Unicode, Inc. 2014. Combining Diacritical Marks.
Vietnamese language and computers, Vietnamese Alphabet at Wikipedia. - ↑ 4.0 4.1 Icelandic orthography, History at Wikipedia.
- ↑ Alekano at SIL.
- ↑ Pedersen, Thomas. 2008. Transliteration of Arabic.
- ↑ Nunation at Wikipedia.
- ↑ Serbo-Croatian phonology, Pitch accent at Wikipedia.
- ↑ Czech orthography, "Soft" I and "Hard" Y at Wikipedia.
- ↑ 10.0 10.1 Slovene language, Prosody at Wikipedia.
- ↑ 11.0 11.1 Icelandic orthography, Function of symbols at Wikipedia.
- ↑ Polish phonology, Historical development at Wikipedia.
- ↑ Pinyin, History after 1949 at Wikipedia.
- ↑ Mandarin Chinese, Tones at Wikipedia.
- ↑ Pe̍h-ōe-jī, Current system at Wikipedia.
- ↑ Taiwanese Hokkien, Tones at Wikipedia.
- ↑ Vietnamese orthography, Pronunciation at Wikipedia.
- ↑ Catalan alphabet, Acute and grave accents at Wikipedia.
- ↑ Acute accent, Other uses at Wikipedia.
- ↑ Malagasy language, Diacritics at Wikipedia. For stress marking, see also Grave Accent on FrathWiki.
- ↑ Inng, Transcription at FrathWiki.
- ↑ Lhueslue, Tones at FrathWiki.
