Zamanic
Zamanic is a fictional branch of the Indo-European family that is an ongoing joint project of Jörg Rhiemeier and Juho Pystynen. It is part of the League of Lost Languages.
Proto-Zamanic developed out of the easternmost part of the Corded Ware horizon and is most closely related to Balto-Slavic, though it also shows some affinity to its former southern neighbour, Iranian. An early stage of Zamanic may be the source of some Indo-European loanwords in Uralic such as *aja- 'to drive' and *porćas 'pig'. The language was later in turn influenced by Uralic and Turkic languages.
The name "Zamanic" is derived from the reconstructed self-designation *zaman < PIE *dhǵhom-on- 'human being'.
Phonology
Zamanic is a satem group (i.e. PIE palatovelars developed into palatals and later into sibilants, and the labiovelars merge with the plain velars) with the RUKI rule (i.e., *s was backed to *š after *r, high vowels and velars).
Consonants
Proto-Zamanic is reconstructed with the following consonants:
| Labial | Alveolar | Postalveolar/ Palatal |
Velar | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Voiceless stops/ affricates |
*p | *t | *č | *k |
| Voiced stops/ affricates |
*b | *d | *dž | *g |
| Voiceless fricatives | *f | *s | *š | *x |
| Voiced fricatives | *v | *z | *ž | |
| Nasals | *m | *n | ||
| Liquids | *l *r | |||
| Semivowel | *j |
Vowels
The Proto-Zamanic vowel system consists of full vowels, which may be stressed, and reduced vowels, which never bear the stress.
Full vowels
| Front | Back | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Unround | Round | Unround | Round | |
| High | *i | *ü | *ï | *u |
| Mid | *e | *o | *ë | *o |
| Low | *ä | *a | ||
Reduced vowels ("yers")
| Front | Back |
|---|---|
| *ь | *ъ |
Vowel harmony
A noncompound word contains either only front or back vowels, not both. The first vowel of the word determines the harmony class.
Sound changes
Merger of voiced aspirates and plain voiced stops
- Dʰ > D
"Thorn" clusters
- TK > K (dental is lost)
Satemization
- ḱ > ć, later > s
- ǵ > dź, later > z
- kʷ > k
- gʷ > g
RUKI rule
- s > š /(i,u,r,k)_
Laryngeals
- Syllabic laryngeals become *i before a high vowel in the next syllable, otherwise *a
- VH > V: (as usual)
- Other laryngeals are lost (as usual)
Syllabic resonants
- R. > iR
Palatalization
- k > č /_V[+front]
- g > dž /_V[+front]
- kj > č
- gj > dž
- tj > č
- dj > dž
Accent
- Retracted to first syllable.
Assorted vowel changes
Short vowels:
- i > ь (ultrashort lax front vowel)
- u > ъ (ultrashort lax back vowel)
- e > ä
- o > a
Long vowels are shortened.
Vowel harmony
- V > [+front] /first vowel is [+front]
- V > [-front] /first vowel is [-front]
This remains a synchronically productive process in some languages. The vowel classes are:
- Front: i e ä ö ü ь
- Back: ï ë a o u ъ
Second accent shift
- Accent shifts rightward to next full vowel is the first syllable contains a reduced vowel.
Fortition of *w
- w > v
Cluster reduction
- pr > f
- br > v
- tr > č
- dr > dž
- sr > š
- zr > ž
- kr > č
- gr > dž
- pl > f
- bl > v
- tl > č
- dl > dž
- sl > š
- zl > ž
- kl > č
- gl > dž
- sp > f
- sf > f
- st > s
- zd > z
- sč > š
- sk > x
- C > 0 /C_#
Morphology
The Zamanic languages are morphologically fusional, like the Balto-Slavic languages, with some agglutinating traits that evolved under the influence of their Uralic and Turkic neighbours.
