Uralic
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Uralic is one of the major language families of Eurasia.
Classification
Literary standard languages in bold.
- Balto-Finnic
- South Estonian
- Võro
- Seto
- Core BF
- Livonian (†, second-language speakers remain)
- Estonic
- (North) Estonian
- Votic (moribund)
- Northern Finnic
- Finnish
- Eastern Finnic
- Ingrian
- East Finnish
- Karelian
- Olonetsian
- Ludic
- Veps
- South Estonian
- Sami
- Southwest Sami
- South Sami
- Ume Sami (moribund)
- Northwest Sami
- Pite Sami (moribund)
- Lule Sami
- North Sami
- Eastern Sami
- Inari Sami
- Skolt Sami
- Kemi Sami (†)
- Kola Sami
- Akkala Sami (†)
- Kildin Sami
- Ter Sami (moribund)
- Southwest Sami
- Mordvinic
- Erzya
- Moksha
- Mari
- Hill (West) Mari
- Meadow (East) Mari
- + other dialects
- Permic
- Komi
- Komi proper (Zyrian)
- Permyak
- Yodzyak (moribund)
- Udmurt
- Komi
- Hungarian
- Standard Hungarian
- Csángó Hungarian
- Székely Hungarian
- Khanty
- North Khanty (Obdorsk, Kazym etc.)
- East Khanty (Vakh-Vasyugan, Surgut)
- South Khanty (Demjanka, Konda, etc) (†)
- Mansi
- South Mansi (Tavda) (†)
- Core Mansi
- North Mansi (Sosva)
- East Mansi (Pelymka, etc) (†)
- West Mansi (Konda) (†)
- Samoyedic
- Core Northern Samoyedic
- Nenets
- Tundra Nenets
- Forest Nenets
- Enets (moribund)
- Yurak (†)
- Nenets
- Nganasan
- Selkup
- North Selkup (Taz)
- Central Selkup (Tym) (moribund)
- South Selkup (Ket) (moribund)
- Kamassian (†)
- Mator (†)
- Core Northern Samoyedic
Estonian, Finnish and Hungarian are not endangered; Meadow Mari, Udmurt, Komi and Northern Sami are the most likely to survive in the future. Ob-Ugric (= Mansi + Khanty) and Samoyedic outside of Nenets are barely transmitted anymore and likely to be extinct within the century.
Development
- Proto-Uralic
- Proto-Samoyedic
- Proto-Samic
- History of Finnish
- History of Mordvinic
- Random reconstruction notes for others: Mari, Permic, Mansi, Khanty
