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Natlang Uses of Diacritics in the Latin Alphabet

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This page will list different uses of diacritical marks that have natlang precedence. Conlangers can use this to find inspiration for their own conlang romanizations.
Note that in this article combining diacritics are attached to a ◌. Diacritics without a ◌, like ¨ for example, are non-combining. Non-combining diacritics are sometimes called modifier letters in Unicode. The non-combining forms may for example be used when writing about a conlang's orthography, when one wants to refer to a diacritic without using any base letter with it.
When a letter is referred to without concerning about case, it is displayed like so: Ťť. This is for clarity's sake because some diacritics may look different depending on the letter's case.

Diacritics
Diacritic name Other names Character Notes
Acute accent ˊ
Bar Stroke, horizontal bar, middle tilde ◌̵ Eth (Ðð) and capital African D (Ɖ) are listed here. See also stroke.
Breve ˘
Caron Háček, haček ˇ
Cedilla ¸ Some of the letters included here have in practice comma below, but Şş and Ţţ are listed under comma below.
Circumflex ˆ
Comma below ◌̦ This article includes Şş and Ţţ, but not other letters containing a comma looking diacritic. Instead, see cedilla.
Diaeresis/umlaut Tréma, trema ¨
Dot above ˙
Dot below Underdot ◌̣
Double acute accent Hungarumlaut ˝
Double grave accent ​ ◌̏
Grave accent ˋ
Hook above Dấu hỏi ◌̉
Horn Dấu móc ◌̛
Inverted breve Arch ◌̑
Macron ˉ
Middle dot Interpunct, interpoint, centered dot, centred dot, space dot ·
Ogonek ˛
Retroflex hook Hook, tail ◌̢
Ring above ˚
Ring below ˳
Stroke Diagonal stroke, solidus, strikethrough ◌̷ Bar may also be called stroke. Eth (Ðð) is not listed here, but under bar.
Tilde ˜
Vertical line below ˌ

Retroflex Hook

Precomposed Letters with Retroflex Hook
◌̢ ɖ ʯ ɭ ᶩ ɳ ᶯ Ɽ ɽ ɻ ʵ ʂ ᶳ
U+0322 U+0256 U+02AF U+026D U+1DA9 U+0273 U+1DAF U+2C64 U+027D U+027B U+02B5 U+0282 U+1DB3
Combining Retroflex Hook Below Latin Small Letter D With Tail Latin Small Letter Turned H With Fishhook And Tail Latin Small Letter L With Retroflex Hook Modifier Letter Small L With Retroflex Hook Latin Small Letter N With Retroflex Hook Modifier Letter Small N With Retroflex Hook Latin Capital Letter R With Tail Latin Small Letter R With Tail Latin Small Letter Turned R With Hook Modifier Letter Small Turned R With Hook Latin Small Letter S With Hook Modifier Letter Small S With Hook
Note: It is not recommended that this combining diacritic is used with letters to create new characters.[1] Note: Upper case of this letter is Latin Capital Letter African D, Ɖ (U+0189). Note: Phonetic character used by sinologist to denote [ʐ̩ʷ].[2] Not used in any orthography. Note: Phonetic character used in IPA. Not used in any orthography. Note: Phonetic character; not used in any orthography. Note: Phonetic character used in IPA. Not used in any orthography. Note: Phonetic character; not used in any orthography. Note: Phonetic character used in IPA. Not used in any orthography. Note: Phonetic character; not used in any orthography. Note: Phonetic character used in IPA. Not used in any orthography. Note: Phonetic character; not used in any orthography.
Ʈ ʈ ʐ ᶼ
U+01AE U+0288 U+0290 U+1DBC
Latin Capital Letter T With Retroflex Hook Latin Small Letter T With Retroflex Hook Latin Small Letter Z With Retroflex Hook Modifier Letter Small Z With Retroflex Hook
Note: Phonetic character used in IPA. Not used in any orthography. Note: Phonetic character; not used in any orthography.

The retroflex hook is variously also called just a hook, or a tail, in Unicode. They all have in common that it is a hook turning towards the right, attached to the bottom of a letter. The majority of these letters are used in IPA to represent retroflex consonants.
Note that the retroflex hook is easily confused with the similar looking Palatalized Hook ◌̡. There are also letters with other hooks, such as Ɓɓ, Ƈƈ, Ɗɗ, Ƒƒ, Ɠɠ, ʛ, ɦ, ɧ, Ƙƙ, ɱ, Ɲɲ, Ɋɋ, ʠ, Ƥƥ, Ƭƭ, Ʋʋ, Ƴƴ, Ȥȥ.

Uses of Retroflex Hook
Usage Language Letters Notes

Ring Above

Precomposed Letters with Ring Above
˚ ◌̊ Å å Ǻ ǻ Ů ů ẘ ẙ
U+02DA U+030A U+00C5 U+00E5 U+01FA U+01FB U+016E U+016F U+1E98 U+1E99
Ring Above Combining Ring Above Latin Capital Letter A With Ring Above Latin Small Letter A With Ring Above Latin Capital Letter A With Ring Above And Acute Latin Small Letter A With Ring Above And Acute Latin Capital Letter U With Ring Above Latin Small Letter U With Ring Above Latin Small Letter W With Ring Above Latin Small Letter Y With Ring Above
Note: May be confused with the Degree Sign ° (U+00B0) Note: May be confused with the Ångström Sign Å (U+212B).
Uses of Ring Above
Use Language Letters Notes
Back version of front vowel. Often also rounded. Chamorro Åå /ɑ/
Danish, Norwegian Åå /ɔ/ From an earlier digraph aa representing /ɔ/, which in turn came from /aː/.[3]
Swedish Åå /o/ From an earlier digraph aa representing /ɔ/, which in turn came from /aː/.[4]
Long vowel Czech Ůů /uː/ This comes from a diphthong /uo/, where the o was sometimes written as a ring above the u. A sound change then turned /uo/ into /uː/.[5]

Ring Below

Precomposed Letters with Ring Below
˳ ◌̥ Ḁ ḁ
U+02F3 U+0325 U+1E00 U+1E01
Modifier Letter Low Ring Combining Ring Below Latin Capital Letter A With Ring Below Latin Small Letter A With Ring Below

Note that this diacritic may be confused with dot below ◌̣ or square below ◌̻, especially in small font sizes.

Uses of Ring Below
Usage Language Letters Notes
Syllabic consonant ISO 15919 romanization of Indic scripts L̥l̥ /l̩/, L̥̄l̥̄ /l̩ː/, R̥r̥ /r̩/, R̥̄r̥̄ /r̩ː/

Stroke

Precomposed Letters with Stroke
◌̸ ◌̷ Ⱥ ⱥ Ȼ ȼ Ɇ ɇ Ł ł ᴌ ƛ Ø
U+0338 U+0337 U+023A U+2C65 U+023B U+023C U+0246 U+0247 U+0141 U+0142 U+1D0C U+019B U+00D8
Combining Long Solidus Overlay Combining Short Solidus Overlay Latin Capital Letter A With Stroke Latin Small Letter A With Stroke Latin Capital Letter C With Stroke Latin Small Letter C With Stroke Latin Capital Letter E With Stroke Latin Small Letter E With Stroke Latin Capital Letter L With Stroke Latin Small Letter L With Stroke Latin Letter Small Capital L With Stroke Latin Small Letter Lambda With Stroke Latin Capital Letter O With Stroke
Note: May be confused with Cedi Sign, ₵ (U+20B5). Note: May be confused with Cent Sign, ¢ (U+00A2). ​ Note: Phonetic character; not used in any orthography. Note: May be confused with Empty Set, ∅ (U+2205).
ø ᴓ Ǿ ǿ ẜ Ⱦ ⱦ ᵺ
U+00F8 U+1D13 U+01FE U+01FF U+1E9C U+023E U+2C66 U+1D7A
Latin Small Letter O With Stroke Latin Small Letter Sideways O With Stroke Latin Capital Letter O With Stroke And Acute Latin Small Letter O With Stroke And Acute Latin Small Letter Long S With Diagonal Stroke Latin Capital Letter T With Diagonal Stroke Latin Small Letter T With Diagonal Stroke Latin Small Letter Th With Strikethrough
Note: May be confused with Diameter Sign, ⌀ (U+2300). Note: Phonetic character; not used in any orthography. Note: Phonetic character used in some American dictionaries.[6] Not used in any orthography.

This diacritic, and the one consisting of a horizontal bar, may both be called stroke in Unicode. In this article they are treated as two separate diacritics. Latin Small Letter Eth, ð, is listed under the bar diacritic. There are several currency symbols and mathematical symbols with strokes, but they are not included here.

Uses of Stroke
Usage Language Letters Notes
Letter extension Sahaptin ƛ /t͡ɬ/, ƛ’ /t͡ɬʼ/ According to Wikipedia, it is "used in transcribing Sahaptin".[7]
Other Polish Łł /w/ Historically it stood for /ɫ/.

Tilde

Precomposed Letters with Tilde
~ ˜ ​ ◌̃ Ã ã Ẫ ẫ Ẵ ẵ Ẽ ẽ Ễ ễ
U+007E U+02DC U+0303 ​ U+00C3 U+00E3 ​ U+1EAA U+1EAB U+1EB4 U+1EB5 U+1EBC U+1EBD U+1EC4 U+1EC5
Tilde Small Tilde Combining Tilde Latin Capital Letter A With Tilde Latin Small Letter A With Tilde Latin Capital Letter A With Circumflex And Tilde Latin Small Letter A With Circumflex And Tilde Latin Capital Letter A With Breve And Tilde Latin Small Letter A With Breve And Tilde Latin Capital Letter E With Tilde Latin Small Letter E With Tilde Latin Capital Letter E With Circumflex And Tilde Latin Small Letter E With Circumflex And Tilde
Note: May be confused with swung dash ⁓ (U+2053).
Ĩ ĩ Ñ ñ Õ õ Ȭ ȭ Ṍ ṍ Ṏ ṏ Ỗ
U+0128 U+0129 ​ U+00D1 U+00F1 U+00D5 U+00F5 U+022C U+022D U+1E4C U+1E4D U+1E4E U+1E4F U+1ED6
Latin Capital Letter I With Tilde Latin Small Letter I With Tilde Latin Capital Letter N With Tilde Latin Small Letter N With Tilde Latin Capital Letter O With Tilde Latin Small Letter O With Tilde Latin Capital Letter O With Tilde And Macron Latin Small Letter O With Tilde And Macron Latin Capital Letter O With Tilde And Acute Latin Small Letter O With Tilde And Acute Latin Capital Letter O With Tilde And Diaeresis Latin Small Letter O With Tilde And Diaeresis Latin Capital Letter O With Circumflex And Tilde
ỗ Ỡ ỡ Ũ ũ Ṹ ṹ Ữ ữ Ṽ ṽ Ỹ ỹ
U+1ED7 U+1EE0 U+1EE1 U+0168 U+0169 U+1E78 U+1E79 U+1EEE U+1EEF U+1E7C U+1E7D U+1EF8 U+1EF9
Latin Small Letter O With Circumflex And Tilde Latin Capital Letter O With Horn And Tilde Latin Small Letter O With Horn And Tilde Latin Capital Letter U With Tilde Latin Small Letter U With Tilde Latin Capital Letter U With Tilde And Acute Latin Small Letter U With Tilde And Acute Latin Capital Letter U With Horn And Tilde Latin Small Letter U With Horn And Tilde Latin Capital Letter V With Tilde Latin Small Letter V With Tilde Latin Capital Letter Y With Tilde Latin Small Letter Y With Tilde
Uses of Tilde
Use Language Letters Notes
Glottalized vowel Vietnamese Ãã /aˀː˧˥/, Ẵẵ /aˀ˧˥/, Ẫẫ /əˀ˧˥/, Ẽẽ /ɛˀ˧˥/, Ễễ /eˀ˧˥/, Ĩĩ /iˀ˧˥/, Õõ /ɔˀ˧˥/, Ỗỗ /oˀ˧˥/, Ỡỡ /əˀː˧˥/, Ũũ /uˀ˧˥/, Ữữ /ɨˀ˧˥/, Ỹỹ /iˀ˧˥/ The tilde stands for mid rising tone interrupted by a glottal stop.[8] There are many exceptions to the phonemic values of these letters though.[9]
Unrounded vowel Estonian Õõ /ɤ/
Other ISO 15919 romanization of Indic scripts Ññ Ññ is used for transcribing the Indic diacritic anusvāra before palatal consonants.[10]
Livonian Õõ /ɨ/, Ȭȭ /ɨː/

Vertical Line Below

Precomposed Letters with Vertical Line Below
ˌ ◌̩
U+02CC U+0329
Modifier Letter Low Vertical Line Combining Vertical Line Below
Note: Whether this can be said to be the non-combining version of vertical line below is open to debate. This character is used for marking secondary stress in IPA, while combining vertical line below is used for marking syllabic consonants in IPA.

No actual precomposed letters with this diacritic actually exist.

Uses of Vertical Line Below
Usage Language Letters Notes
Lowered vowel with retracted tongue root Yoruba (current Nigerian alphabet) E̩e̩ /ɛ̙/, O̩o̩ /ɔ̙/ The vertical line below replaced an earlier dot below. This is because the dots get covered when a word is underlined. In Benin, a different alphabet is used for Yoruba.[11]
Postalveolar consonant Yoruba (current Nigerian alphabet) S̩s̩ /ʃ/
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