Natlang Uses of Diacritics in the Latin Alphabet

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This page will list different uses of diacritical marks that have natlang precedence. Conlangers can use this to find inspiration for their own conlang romanizations.
Note that in this article combining diacritics are attached to a ◌. Diacritics without a ◌, like ¨ for example, are non-combining. Non-combining diacritics are sometimes called modifier letters in Unicode. The non-combining forms may for example be used when writing about a conlang's orthography, when one wants to refer to a diacritic without using any base letter with it.
When a letter is referred to without concerning about case, it is displayed like so: Ťť. This is for clarity's sake because some diacritics may look different depending on the letter's case.

Diacritics
Diacritic name Other names Character Notes
Acute accent ˊ
Bar Stroke, horizontal bar, middle tilde ◌̵ Eth (Ðð) and capital African D (Ɖ) are listed here. See also stroke.
Breve ˘
Caron Háček, haček ˇ
Cedilla ¸ Some of the letters included here have in practice comma below, but Şş and Ţţ are listed under comma below.
Circumflex ˆ
Comma below ◌̦ This article includes Şş and Ţţ, but not other letters containing a comma looking diacritic. Instead, see cedilla.
Diaeresis/umlaut Tréma, trema ¨
Dot above ˙
Dot below Underdot ◌̣
Double acute accent Hungarumlaut ˝
Double grave accent ​ ◌̏
Grave accent ˋ
Hook above Dấu hỏi ◌̉
Horn Dấu móc ◌̛
Inverted breve Arch ◌̑
Macron ˉ
Middle dot Interpunct, interpoint, centered dot, centred dot, space dot ·
Ogonek ˛
Retroflex hook Hook, tail ◌̢
Ring above ˚
Ring below ˳
Stroke Diagonal stroke, solidus, strikethrough ◌̷ Bar may also be called stroke. Eth (Ðð) is not listed here, but under bar.
Tilde ˜
Vertical line below ˌ

Diaeresis/Umlaut

Precomposed Letters with Diaeresis/Umlaut
¨ ◌̈ Ä ä Ǟ ǟ Ë ë Ḧ ḧ Ï ï Ḯ
U+00A8 U+0308 U+00C4 U+00E4 U+01DE U+01DF U+00CB U+00EB U+1E26 U+1E27 U+00CF ​ U+00EF U+1E2E
Diaeresis Combining Diaeresis Latin Capital Letter A With Diaeresis Latin Small Letter A With Diaeresis Latin Capital Letter A With Diaeresis And Macron Latin Small Letter A With Diaeresis And Macron Latin Capital Letter E With Diaeresis Latin Small Letter E With Diaeresis Latin Capital Letter H With Diaeresis Latin Small Letter H With Diaeresis Latin Capital Letter I With Diaeresis Latin Small Letter I With Diaeresis Latin Capital Letter I With Diaeresis And Acute
ḯ Ö ö Ȫ ȫ Ṏ ṏ ẗ Ü ü Ǖ ǖ Ǘ
U+1E2F U+00D6 U+00F6 ​ U+022A U+022B U+1E4E U+1E4F U+1E97 U+00DC ​ U+00FC U+01D5 U+01D6 U+01D7
Latin Small Letter I With Diaeresis And Acute ​ Latin Capital Letter O With Diaeresis Latin Small Letter O With Diaeresis ​ Latin Capital Letter O With Diaeresis And Macron Latin Small Letter O With Diaeresis And Macron Latin Capital Letter O With Tilde And Diaeresis Latin Small Letter O With Tilde And Diaeresis Latin Small Letter T With Diaeresis Latin Capital Letter U With Diaeresis Latin Small Letter U With Diaeresis Latin Capital Letter U With Diaeresis And Macron Latin Small Letter U With Diaeresis And Macron ​ Latin Capital Letter U With Diaeresis And Acute
ǘ Ǚ ǚ Ǜ ǜ Ṻ ṻ Ẅ ẅ Ẍ ẍ Ÿ ÿ
U+01D8 U+01D9 U+01DA U+01DB U+01DC U+1E7A U+1E7B U+1E84 U+1E85 U+1E8C U+1E8D U+0178 U+00FF
Latin Small Letter U With Diaeresis And Acute Latin Capital Letter U With Diaeresis And Caron Latin Small Letter U With Diaeresis And Caron Latin Capital Letter U With Diaeresis And Grave Latin Small Letter U With Diaeresis And Grave Latin Capital Letter U With Macron And Diaeresis Latin Small Letter U With Macron And Diaeresis Latin Capital Letter W With Diaeresis Latin Small Letter W With Diaeresis Latin Capital Letter X With Diaeresis Latin Small Letter X With Diaeresis Latin Capital Letter Y With Diaeresis Latin Small Letter Y With Diaeresis

Diaeresis (known as tréma in French) and umlaut both employ the same character. But there is a difference of use between diaeresis and umlaut. Letters with umlaut stand for completely different sounds than their non-accented counterparts. For example in Swedish Oo represents /u/ while Öö represents /ø/. Diaeresis on the other hand does not change the sound value of a letter, but instead marks that a vowel is not part of a diphthong or digraph. Both are also known under the general name trema.
The diaeresis and umlaut characters have different origins. Diaeresis was borrowed from the Greek alphabet,[1] while umlaut began as a small e placed on top of Aa, Oo or Uu. This e then later evolved into the same shape as diaeresis.[2]

Uses of Diaeresis or Umlaut
Usage Language Letters Notes
Front version of back vowel (this includes Ää even though its unaccented version is not a back vowel in all of these languages) Estonian Ää /æ/, Öö /ø/, Üü /y/
Finnish Ää /æ/, Öö /ø/ Usage borrowed from Swedish.
Livonian Ää /æ/, Ǟǟ /æː/
Hungarian Öö /ø/, Üü /y/
Slovak Ää /æ~ɛ/ /æ/ is archaic or dialectal pronunciation.[3]
Swedish Ää /ɛ/, Öö /ø/, Üü /y/ The umlaut evolved from the letter e in the digraphs ae[4] and oe[5]. Üü is not really a part of the Swedish alphabet, but is used in some loanwords and in many surnames.
Hiatus Catalan Ïï /i/, Üü /u/ Diaeresis on an Ii or Uu following another vowel marks that the two vowels are in different syllables. Without diaresis, the Ii or Uu would stand for a semivowel.[6]
French Ëë, Ïï, Üü, Ÿÿ
Non-silent vowel Catalan Üü /w/ Diaresis on an Uu that is between Gg or Qq and a front vowel marks that this letter stands for /w/. Otherwise it would be a part of the digraph Gu gu /g/ or Qu qu /k/ that is used before front vowels.[7]
Raised vowel Hungarian Ëë /e/ Unaccented Ee stands for /ɛ/. Ëë is not really a part of the Hungarian alphabet however; it is used when writing down spoken or sung language in a dialect that has this phoneme.

Dot Above

Precomposed Letters with Dot Above
˙ ◌̇ Ȧ ȧ Ǡ ǡ Ḃ ḃ Ċ ċ Ḋ ḋ Ė
U+02D9 U+0307 U+0226 U+0227 U+01E0 U+01E1 U+1E02 U+1E03 U+010A U+010B U+1E0A U+1E0B U+0116
Dot Above Combining Dot Above Latin Capital Letter A With Dot Above Latin Small Letter A With Dot Above Latin Capital Letter A With Dot Above And Macron Latin Small Letter A With Dot Above And Macron Latin Capital Letter B With Dot Above Latin Small Letter B With Dot Above Latin Capital Letter C With Dot Above Latin Small Letter C With Dot Above Latin Capital Letter D With Dot Above Latin Small Letter D With Dot Above Latin Capital Letter E With Dot Above
ė Ḟ ḟ Ġ ġ Ḣ ḣ İ i Ṁ ṁ Ṅ ṅ
U+0117 U+1E1E U+1E1F U+0120 U+0121 U+1E22 U+1E23 U+0130 U+0069 ​ U+1E40 U+1E41 U+1E44 U+1E45
Latin Small Letter E With Dot Above Latin Capital Letter F With Dot Above Latin Small Letter F With Dot Above Latin Capital Letter G With Dot Above Latin Small Letter G With Dot Above Latin Capital Letter H With Dot Above Latin Small Letter H With Dot Above Latin Capital Letter I With Dot Above Latin Small Letter I Latin Capital Letter M With Dot Above Latin Small Letter M With Dot Above ​ Latin Capital Letter N With Dot Above Latin Small Letter N With Dot Above
Note: In most languages i is the lower case version of I, but in Turkish İ and i resp. I and ı go together. If Turkish case is used, you need to make sure that various software handles that correctly. For example dictionaries need to sort the letters in the right order.
Ȯ ȯ Ȱ ȱ Ṗ ṗ Ṙ ṙ Ṡ ṡ ẛ Ṥ ṥ
U+022E U+022F U+0230 U+0231 U+1E56 U+1E57 U+1E58 U+1E59 U+1E60 U+1E61 U+1E9B U+1E64 U+1E65
Latin Capital Letter O With Dot Above Latin Small Letter O With Dot Above Latin Capital Letter O With Dot Above And Macron Latin Small Letter O With Dot Above And Macron Latin Capital Letter P With Dot Above Latin Small Letter P With Dot Above Latin Capital Letter R With Dot Above Latin Small Letter R With Dot Above Latin Capital Letter S With Dot Above Latin Small Letter S With Dot Above Latin Small Letter Long S With Dot Above Latin Capital Letter S With Acute And Dot Above Latin Small Letter S With Acute And Dot Above
Ṧ ṧ Ṩ ṩ Ṫ ṫ Ẇ ẇ Ẋ ẋ Ẏ ẏ Ż
U+1E66 U+1E67 U+1E68 U+1E69 U+1E6A U+1E6B U+1E86 U+1E87 U+1E8A U+1E8B U+1E8E U+1E8F U+017B
Latin Capital Letter S With Caron And Dot Above Latin Small Letter S With Caron And Dot Above Latin Capital Letter S With Dot Below And Dot Above Latin Small Letter S With Dot Below And Dot Above Latin Capital Letter T With Dot Above Latin Small Letter T With Dot Above Latin Capital Letter W With Dot Above Latin Small Letter W With Dot Above Latin Capital Letter X With Dot Above Latin Small Letter X With Dot Above Latin Capital Letter Y With Dot Above Latin Small Letter Y With Dot Above Latin Capital Letter Z With Dot Above
ż
U+017C
Latin Small Letter Z With Dot Above
Uses of Dot Above
Use Language Letters Notes
Change of place of articulation ISO 15919 romanization of Gurmukhī Ṁṁ /ŋ/ Ṁṁ is realized as [m] before certain consonants.[8]
Raised vowel Livonian Ȯȯ /ʊ/, Ȱȱ /ʊː/
Postalveolar consonant Polish Żż /ʒ/
Other ISO 15919 romanization of Indic scripts Ṁṁ, Ṅṅ Ṅṅ is used for transcribing the Indic diacritic anusvāra before velar consonants. Ṁṁ is used for a simplified romanization of anusvāra in all positions.[9]

Dot Below

Precomposed Letters with Dot Below
◌̣ Ạ ạ Ậ ậ Ặ ặ Ḅ ḅ Ḍ ḍ Ẹ ẹ
U+0323 U+1EA0 U+1EA1 U+1EAC U+1EAD U+1EB6 U+1EB7 U+1E04 U+1E05 U+1E0C U+1E0D U+1EB8 U+1EB9
Combining Dot Below Latin Capital Letter A With Dot Below Latin Small Letter A With Dot Below Latin Capital Letter A With Circumflex And Dot Below Latin Small Letter A With Circumflex And Dot Below Latin Capital Letter A With Breve And Dot Below Latin Small Letter A With Breve And Dot Below Latin Capital Letter B With Dot Below Latin Small Letter B With Dot Below Latin Capital Letter D With Dot Below Latin Small Letter D With Dot Below Latin Capital Letter E With Dot Below Latin Small Letter E With Dot Below
Ệ ệ Ḥ ḥ Ị ị Ḳ ḳ Ḷ ḷ Ḹ ḹ Ṃ
U+1EC6 U+1EC7 U+1E24 U+1E25 U+1ECA U+1ECB U+1E32 U+1E33 U+1E36 U+1E37 U+1E38 U+1E39 U+1E42
Latin Capital Letter E With Circumflex And Dot Below Latin Small Letter E With Circumflex And Dot Below Latin Capital Letter H With Dot Below Latin Small Letter H With Dot Below Latin Capital Letter I With Dot Below Latin Small Letter I With Dot Below Latin Capital Letter K With Dot Below Latin Small Letter K With Dot Below Latin Capital Letter L With Dot Below Latin Small Letter L With Dot Below Latin Capital Letter L With Dot Below And Macron Latin Small Letter L With Dot Below And Macron Latin Capital Letter M With Dot Below
ṃ Ṇ ṇ Ọ ọ Ộ ộ Ợ ợ Ṛ ṛ Ṝ ṝ
U+1E43 U+1E46 U+1E47 U+1ECC U+1ECD U+1ED8 U+1ED9 U+1EE2 U+1EE3 U+1E5A U+1E5B U+1E5C U+1E5D
Latin Small Letter M With Dot Below Latin Capital Letter N With Dot Below Latin Small Letter N With Dot Below Latin Capital Letter O With Dot Below Latin Small Letter O With Dot Below Latin Capital Letter O With Circumflex And Dot Below Latin Small Letter O With Circumflex And Dot Below Latin Capital Letter O With Horn And Dot Below Latin Small Letter O With Horn And Dot Below Latin Capital Letter R With Dot Below Latin Small Letter R With Dot Below Latin Capital Letter R With Dot Below And Macron Latin Small Letter R With Dot Below And Macron
Ṣ ṣ Ṩ ṩ Ṭ ṭ Ụ ụ Ự ự Ṿ ṿ Ẉ
U+1E62 U+1E63 U+1E68 U+1E69 U+1E6C U+1E6D U+1EE4 U+1EE5 U+1EF0 U+1EF1 U+1E7E U+1E7F U+1E88
Latin Capital Letter S With Dot Below Latin Small Letter S With Dot Below Latin Capital Letter S With Dot Below And Dot Above Latin Small Letter S With Dot Below And Dot Above Latin Capital Letter T With Dot Below Latin Small Letter T With Dot Below Latin Capital Letter U With Dot Below Latin Small Letter U With Dot Below Latin Capital Letter U With Horn And Dot Below Latin Small Letter U With Horn And Dot Below Latin Capital Letter V With Dot Below Latin Small Letter V With Dot Below Latin Capital Letter W With Dot Below
ẉ Ỵ ỵ Ẓ ẓ
U+1E89 U+1EF4 U+1EF5 U+1E92 U+1E93
Latin Small Letter W With Dot Below Latin Capital Letter Y With Dot Below Latin Small Letter Y With Dot Below Latin Capital Letter Z With Dot Below Latin Small Letter Z With Dot Below

The dot below is also known as underdot.

Uses of Dot Below
Usage Language Letters Notes
Creaky voice Vietnamese Ạạ /a̰ːʔ˨˩/, Ặặ /a̰ʔ˨˩/, Ậậ /ə̰ʔ˨˩/, Ẹẹ /ɛ̰ʔ˨˩/, Ệệ /ḛʔ˨˩/, Ịị /ḭʔ˨˩/, Ọọ /ɔ̰ʔ˨˩/, Ộộ /o̰ʔ˨˩/, Ợợ /ə̰ːʔ˨˩/, Ụụ /ṵʔ˨˩/, Ựự /ɨ̰ʔ˨˩/, Ỵỵ /ḭʔ˨˩/ The dot below stands for low falling tone with creaky voice and a following glottal stop.[10] There are many exceptions to the phonemic values of these letters though.[11]
Lowered vowel Yoruba (Crowther's alphabet) Ẹẹ /ɛ̙/, Ọọ /ɔ̙/ In Yoruba these vowels are also accompanied by retracted tongue root. These letters were used in older forms of Yoruba orthography. See Vertical Line Below.
Raised vowel Slovene (orthography with tonal accentuation) Ẹẹ /e/, Ẹ́ẹ́ /éː/, Ẹ̀ẹ̀ /é/, Ẹ̏ẹ̏ /è/, Ẹ̑ẹ̑ or Ệệ /èː/, Ọọ /o/, Ọ́ọ́ /óː/, Ọ̀ọ̀ /ó/, Ọ̏ọ̏ /ò/, Ọ̑ọ̑ or Ộộ /òː/ These letters are not used in the standard orthography of Slovene, but in language materials.[12]
Other ISO 15919 romanization of Indic scripts Ṇṇ Ṇṇ is used for transcribing the Indic diacritic anusvāra before retroflex consonants.[13]

Double Acute Accent

Precomposed Letters with Double Acute Accent
˝ ˶ ◌̋ Ő ő Ű ű
U+02DD U+02F6 U+030B U+0150 U+0151 U+0170 U+0171
Double Acute Accent Modifier Letter Middle Double Acute Accent ​ Combining Double Acute Accent Latin Capital Letter O With Double Acute Latin Small Letter O With Double Acute Latin Capital Letter U With Double Acute Latin Small Letter U With Double Acute
Note: May be confused with Modifier Letter Double Prime ʺ (U+02BA), Modifier Letter Double Apostrophe ˮ (U+02EE), Left Double Quotation Mark “ (U+201C), Right Double Quotation Mark ” (U+201D), or Double Prime ″ (U+2033).

The double acute accent (also known as Hungarumlaut) originates from Hungarian orthography. Őő and Űű were introduced to the Hungarian alphabet in the 19th century to replace earlier Ö́ö́ and Ǘǘ.[14]

Uses of Double Acute Accent
Usage Language Letters Notes
Long front version of back vowel Hungarian Őő /øː/, Űű /yː/

Double Grave Accent

Precomposed Letters with Double Grave Accent
˵ ◌̏ Ȁ ȁ Ȅ ȅ Ȉ ȉ Ȍ ȍ Ȑ ȑ Ȕ
U+02F5 U+030F U+0200 U+0201 U+0204 U+0205 U+0208 U+0209 U+020C U+020D U+0210 U+0211 U+0214
Modifier Letter Middle Double Grave Accent Combining Double Grave Accent Latin Capital Letter A With Double Grave Latin Small Letter A With Double Grave Latin Capital Letter E With Double Grave Latin Small Letter E With Double Grave Latin Capital Letter I With Double Grave Latin Small Letter I With Double Grave Latin Capital Letter O With Double Grave Latin Small Letter O With Double Grave Latin Capital Letter R With Double Grave Latin Small Letter R With Double Grave Latin Capital Letter U With Double Grave
ȕ
U+0215
Latin Small Letter U With Double Grave

The double grave accent is not part of the orthography of any language, but it is used in language learning materials of and linguistic publications about Serbian, Croatian and Slovene.[15]

Uses of Double Grave Accent
Usage Language Letters Notes
Short vowel with pitch accent or tone Croatian, Serbian Ȁȁ /â/, Ȅȅ /ê/, Ȉȉ /î/, Ȍȍ /ô/, Ȑȑ /r̩̂/, Ȕȕ /û/ The double grave accent marks here a short vowel with falling pitch.[16]
Slovene (orthography with tonal accentuation) Ȁȁ /à/, Ȅȅ /ɛ̀/, Ẹ̏ẹ̏ /è/, Ȉȉ /ì/, Ȍȍ /ɔ̀/, Ọ̏ọ̏ /ò/, Ȑȑ /ə̀ɾ/, Ȕȕ /ù/ The double grave accent marks that the vowels are short and have low tone. These letters are not used in the standard orthography of Slovene, but in language materials.[17]

Grave Accent

Precomposed Letters with Grave Accent
` ˋ ˴ ◌̀ ◌̀ À à Ầ ầ Ằ ằ È è
U+0060 U+02CB U+02F4 U+0300 U+0340 U+00C0 U+00E0 U+1EA6 U+1EA7 U+1EB0 U+1EB1 U+00C8 U+00E8
Grave Accent Modifier Letter Grave Accent Modifier Letter Middle Grave Accent Combining Grave Accent Combining Grave Tone Mark Latin Capital Letter A With Grave Latin Small Letter A With Grave Latin Capital Letter A With Circumflex And Grave Latin Small Letter A With Circumflex And Grave Latin Capital Letter A With Breve And Grave Latin Small Letter A With Breve And Grave Latin Capital Letter E With Grave Latin Small Letter E With Grave
Ḕ ḕ Ề ề Ì ì Ǹ ǹ Ò ò Ṑ ṑ Ồ
U+1E14 U+1E15 U+1EC0 U+1EC1 U+00CC U+00EC U+01F8 U+01F9 U+00D2 U+00F2 U+1E50 U+1E51 U+1ED2
Latin Capital Letter E With Macron And Grave Latin Small Letter E With Macron And Grave Latin Capital Letter E With Circumflex And Grave Latin Small Letter E With Circumflex And Grave Latin Capital Letter I With Grave Latin Small Letter I With Grave Latin Capital Letter N With Grave Latin Small Letter N With Grave Latin Capital Letter O With Grave Latin Small Letter O With Grave Latin Capital Letter O With Macron And Grave Latin Small Letter O With Macron And Grave Latin Capital Letter O With Circumflex And Grave
ồ Ờ ờ Ù ù Ǜ ǜ Ừ ừ Ẁ ẁ Ỳ ỳ
U+1ED3 U+1EDC U+1EDD U+00D9 U+00F9 U+01DB U+01DC U+1EEA U+1EEB U+1E80 U+1E81 U+1EF2 U+1EF3
Latin Small Letter O With Circumflex And Grave Latin Capital Letter O With Horn And Grave Latin Small Letter O With Horn And Grave Latin Capital Letter U With Grave Latin Small Letter U With Grave Latin Capital Letter U With Diaeresis And Grave Latin Small Letter U With Diaeresis And Grave Latin Capital Letter U With Horn And Grave Latin Small Letter U With Horn And Grave Latin Capital Letter W With Grave Latin Small Letter W With Grave Latin Capital Letter Y With Grave Latin Small Letter Y With Grave
Uses of Grave Accent
Use Language Letters Notes
Falling tone Vietnamese Àà /a̤ː˨˩/, Ằằ /a̤˨˩/, Ầầ /ə̤˨˩/, Èè /ɛ̤˨˩/, Ềề /e̤˨˩/, Ìì /i̤˨˩/, Òò /ɔ̤˨˩/, Ồồ /o̤˨˩/, Ờờ /ə̤ː˨˩/, Ùù /ṳ˨˩/, Ừừ /ɨ̤˨˩/, Ỳỳ /i̤˨˩/ The grave accent stands for low falling tone with breathy voice. There are many exceptions to the phonemic values of these letters though.[18]
Short vowel Croatian, Serbian Àà /ǎ/, Èè /ě/, Ìì /ǐ/, Òò /ǒ/, R̀r̀ /ř̩/, Ùù /ǔ/ The grave accent marks that these vowels are short and have rising pitch. These letters are not used in the standard orthography of Croatian or Serbian, but in linguistic materials.[19]
Slovene (orthography with dynamic accentuation) Àà /ˈa/, Èè /ˈɛ/, Ìì /ˈi/, Òò /ˈɔ/, R̀r̀ /ˈəɾ/, Ùù /ˈu/ The grave accent marks that these vowels are stressed and short, and that Èè and Òò are mid-open vowels rather than mid-close. These letters are not used in the standard orthography of Slovene, but in language materials.[20]
Slovene (orthography with tonal accentuation) Àà /á/, Èè /ɛ́/, Ẹ̀ẹ̀ /é/, Ìì /í/, Òò /ɔ́/, Ọ̀ọ̀ /ó/, R̀r̀ /ə́ɾ/, Ùù /ú/ The grave accent marks that these vowels are short and have high pitch. These letters are not used in the standard orthography of Slovene, but in language materials.[21]
Stress Catalan Àà /ˈa/, Èè /ˈɛ/, Òò /ˈɔ/ The rules for when stress is to be marked in Catalan are quite complex. The grave accent also distinguishes stressed /ɛ ɔ/ from /e o/,[22] see Acute Accent, Catalan section on Uses of Acute Accent.

Hook Above

Precomposed Letters with Hook Above
◌̉ Ả ả Ẩ ẩ Ẳ ẳ Ẻ ẻ Ể ể Ỉ ỉ
U+0309 U+1EA2 U+1EA3 U+1EA8 U+1EA9 U+1EB2 U+1EB3 U+1EBA U+1EBB U+1EC2 U+1EC3 U+1EC8 U+1EC9
Combining Hook Above Latin Capital Letter A With Hook Above Latin Small Letter A With Hook Above Latin Capital Letter A With Circumflex And Hook Above Latin Small Letter A With Circumflex And Hook Above Latin Capital Letter A With Breve And Hook Above Latin Small Letter A With Breve And Hook Above Latin Capital Letter E With Hook Above Latin Small Letter E With Hook Above Latin Capital Letter E With Circumflex And Hook Above Latin Small Letter E With Circumflex And Hook Above Latin Capital Letter I With Hook Above Latin Small Letter I With Hook Above
Ỏ ỏ Ổ ổ Ở ở Ủ ủ Ử ử Ỷ ỷ
U+1ECE U+1ECF U+1ED4 U+1ED5 U+1EDE U+1EDF U+1EE6 U+1EE7 U+1EEC U+1EED U+1EF6 U+1EF7
Latin Capital Letter O With Hook Above Latin Small Letter O With Hook Above Latin Capital Letter O With Circumflex And Hook Above Latin Small Letter O With Circumflex And Hook Above Latin Capital Letter O With Horn And Hook Above Latin Small Letter O With Horn And Hook Above Latin Capital Letter U With Hook Above Latin Small Letter U With Hook Above Latin Capital Letter U With Horn And Hook Above Latin Small Letter U With Horn And Hook Above Latin Capital Letter Y With Hook Above Latin Small Letter Y With Hook Above

The hook above (or dấu hỏi) is only used in the Vietnamese Quốc Ngữ orthography, where it marks a tone. Note that this diacritic can be hard to see or discern from other diacritics, especially in small font sizes. When it is stacked on top of another diacritic, it may be cut off in some applications, especially when it appears on a capital letter.

Uses of Hook Above
Usage Language Letters Notes
Falling-rising (dipping) tone Vietnamese Ảả /aː˧˩˧/, Ẳẳ /a˧˩˧/, Ẩẩ /ə˧˩˧/, Ẻẻ /ɛ˧˩˧/, Ểể /e˧˩˧/, Ỉỉ /i˧˩˧/, Ỏỏ /ɔ˧˩˧/, Ổổ /o˧˩˧/, Ởở /əː˧˩˧/, Ủủ /u˧˩˧/, Ửử /ɨ˧˩˧/, Ỷỷ /i˧˩˧/ There are many exceptions to the phonemic values of these letters.[23]

Horn

Precomposed Letters with Horn
◌̛ Ơ ơ Ớ ớ Ờ ờ Ở ở Ỡ ỡ Ợ ợ
U+031B U+01A0 U+01A1 U+1EDA U+1EDB U+1EDC U+1EDD U+1EDE U+1EDF U+1EE0 U+1EE1 U+1EE2 U+1EE3
Combining Horn Latin Capital Letter O With Horn Latin Small Letter O With Horn Latin Capital Letter O With Horn And Acute Latin Small Letter O With Horn And Acute Latin Capital Letter O With Horn And Grave Latin Small Letter O With Horn And Grave Latin Capital Letter O With Horn And Hook Above Latin Small Letter O With Horn And Hook Above Latin Capital Letter O With Horn And Tilde Latin Small Letter O With Horn And Tilde Latin Capital Letter O With Horn And Dot Below Latin Small Letter O With Horn And Dot Below
Ư ư Ứ ứ Ừ ừ Ử ử Ữ ữ Ự ự
U+01AF U+01B0 U+1EE8 U+1EE9 U+1EEA U+1EEB U+1EEC U+1EED U+1EEE U+1EEF U+1EF0 U+1EF1
Latin Capital Letter U With Horn Latin Small Letter U With Horn Latin Capital Letter U With Horn And Acute Latin Small Letter U With Horn And Acute Latin Capital Letter U With Horn And Grave Latin Small Letter U With Horn And Grave Latin Capital Letter U With Horn And Hook Above Latin Small Letter U With Horn And Hook Above Latin Capital Letter U With Horn And Tilde Latin Small Letter U With Horn And Tilde Latin Capital Letter U With Horn And Dot Below Latin Small Letter U With Horn And Dot Below

The horn diacritic (or dấu móc) is only used in the Vietnamese Quốc Ngữ orthography, where it is used for discerning different vowel qualities.

Uses of Horn
Usage Language Letters Notes
Unrounded central vowel Vietnamese Ơơ /əː˧/, Ớớ /əː˧˥/, Ờờ /ə̤ː˨˩/, Ởở /əː˧˩˧/, Ỡỡ /əˀː˧˥/, Ợợ /ə̰ːʔ˨˩/, Ưư /ɨ˧/, Ứứ /ɨ˧˥/, Ừừ /ɨ̤˨˩/, Ửử /ɨ˧˩˧/, Ữữ /ɨˀ˧˥/, Ựự /ɨ̰ʔ˨˩/

Inverted Breve

Precomposed Letters with Inverted Breve
◌̑ Ȃ ȃ Ȇ ȇ Ȋ ȋ Ȏ ȏ Ȓ ȓ Ȗ ȗ
U+0311 U+0202 U+0203 U+0206 U+0207 U+020A U+020B U+020E U+020F U+0212 U+0213 U+0216 U+0217
Combining Inverted Breve Latin Capital Letter A With Inverted Breve Latin Small Letter A With Inverted Breve Latin Capital Letter E With Inverted Breve Latin Small Letter E With Inverted Breve Latin Capital Letter I With Inverted Breve Latin Small Letter I With Inverted Breve Latin Capital Letter O With Inverted Breve Latin Small Letter O With Inverted Breve Latin Capital Letter R With Inverted Breve Latin Small Letter R With Inverted Breve Latin Capital Letter U With Inverted Breve Latin Small Letter U With Inverted Breve

The inverted breve is also known as an arch. Note that it may easily be confused with circumflex. The inverted breve is not part of the orthography of any language, but it is used in linguistic materials about Serbian, Croatian and Slovene.[24] It was derived from the circumflex in Ancient Greek.[25]

Uses of Inverted Breve
Usage Language Letters Notes
Long vowel with pitch accent Croatian, Serbian Ȃȃ /âː/, Ȇȇ /êː/, Ȋȋ /îː/, Ȏȏ /ôː/, Ȓȓ /r̩̂ː/, Ȗȗ /ûː/ The inverted breve marks a long vowel with falling pitch. These letters are not used in the standard orthography of Croatian or Serbian, but in linguistic materials.[26]
Slovene (orthography with tonal accentuation) Ȃȃ /àː/, Ȇȇ /ɛ̀ː/, Ẹ̑ẹ̑ /èː/, Ȋȋ /ìː/, Ȏȏ /ɔ̀ː/, Ọ̑ọ̑ /òː/, Ȗȗ /ùː/ The inverted breve marks a long vowel with low pitch. Circumflex may be used instead of the inverted breve. These letters are not used in the standard orthography of Slovene, but in language materials.[27]

Macron

Precomposed Letters with Macron
¯ ˉ ◌̄ Ā ā Ǟ ǟ Ǡ ǡ Ǣ ǣ Ē ē
U+00AF U+02C9 U+0304 U+0100 U+0101 U+01DE U+01DF U+01E0 U+01E1 U+01E2 U+01E3 U+0112 U+0113
Macron Modifier Letter Macron Combining Macron Latin Capital Letter A With Macron Latin Small Letter A With Macron Latin Capital Letter A With Diaeresis And Macron Latin Small Letter A With Diaeresis And Macron Latin Capital Letter A With Dot Above And Macron Latin Small Letter A With Dot Above And Macron Latin Capital Letter Ae With Macron Latin Small Letter Ae With Macron Latin Capital Letter E With Macron Latin Small Letter E With Macron
Note: May be confused with Overline, ‾ (U+203E); Combining Double Macron, ◌͞ (U+035E); or Superscript Minus, ⁻ (U+207B).
Ḕ ḕ Ḗ ḗ Ḡ ḡ Ī ī Ḹ ḹ Ō ō Ǭ
U+1E14 U+1E15 ​ U+1E16 U+1E17 U+1E20 U+1E21 U+012A U+012B U+1E38 U+1E39 U+014C ​ U+014D U+01EC
Latin Capital Letter E With Macron And Grave Latin Small Letter E With Macron And Grave Latin Capital Letter E With Macron And Acute Latin Small Letter E With Macron And Acute Latin Capital Letter G With Macron Latin Small Letter G With Macron Latin Capital Letter I With Macron Latin Small Letter I With Macron Latin Capital Letter L With Dot Below And Macron Latin Small Letter L With Dot Below And Macron Latin Capital Letter O With Macron Latin Small Letter O With Macron Latin Capital Letter O With Ogonek And Macron
ǭ Ṑ ṑ Ṓ ṓ Ȫ ȫ Ȭ ȭ Ȱ ȱ Ṝ ṝ
U+01ED U+1E50 U+1E51 U+1E52 U+1E53 U+022A U+022B U+022C U+022D U+0230 U+0231 U+1E5C U+1E5D
Latin Small Letter O With Ogonek And Macron Latin Capital Letter O With Macron And Grave Latin Small Letter O With Macron And Grave Latin Capital Letter O With Macron And Acute Latin Small Letter O With Macron And Acute Latin Capital Letter O With Diaeresis And Macron Latin Small Letter O With Diaeresis And Macron Latin Capital Letter O With Tilde And Macron Latin Small Letter O With Tilde And Macron Latin Capital Letter O With Dot Above And Macron Latin Small Letter O With Dot Above And Macron Latin Capital Letter R With Dot Below And Macron Latin Small Letter R With Dot Below And Macron
Ū ū Ṻ ṻ Ǖ ǖ Ȳ ȳ
U+016A U+016B U+1E7A U+1E7B U+01D5 U+01D6 U+0232 U+0233
Latin Capital Letter U With Macron Latin Small Letter U With Macron Latin Capital Letter U With Macron And Diaeresis Latin Small Letter U With Macron And Diaeresis Latin Capital Letter U With Diaeresis And Macron Latin Small Letter U With Diaeresis And Macron Latin Capital Letter Y With Macron Latin Small Letter Y With Macron
Uses of Macron
Use Language Letters Notes
Long vowel Croatian, Serbian Āā /aː/, Ēē /eː/, Īī /iː/, Ōō /oː/, R̄r̄ /r̩ː/, Ūū /uː/ The macron marks a long vowel without pitch accent. These letters are not used in the standard orthography of Croatian or Serbian, but in linguistic materials.[28]
Latgalian Āā /ɑː/, Ēē /eː/, Īī /iː/, Ōō /oː/, Ūū /uː/
Latvian Āā /ɑː/, Ēē /eː/ and /æː/, Īī /iː/, Ūū /uː/
Livonian Āā /ɑː/, Ǟǟ /æː/, Ēē /ɛː/, Īī /iː/, Ōō /oː/, Ȱȱ /ʊː/, Ȭȭ /ɨː/, Ūū /u/

Middle Dot

Precomposed Letters with Middle Dot
· Ŀ ŀ
U+00B7 U+013F U+0140
Middle Dot Latin Capital Letter L With Middle Dot Latin Small Letter L With Middle Dot
Note: May be confused with Modifier Letter Half Triangular Colon, ˑ (U+02D1); Bullet, • (U+2022); Bullet Operator, ∙ (U+2219); Dot Operator, ⋅ (U+22C5); or Hyphenation Point, ‧ (U+2027).

The middle dot is also known by the names interpunct, interpoint, centered (centred) dot and space dot. The dot operator ⋅ (U+22C5) may also be called middle dot.[[29]
In ancient Latin and several other scripts, the middle dot was used instead of space for separating words.[30]

Uses of Middle Dot
Usage Language Letters Notes
Digraph disambiguation Catalan Ŀl ŀl /lː/ Ll ll without middle dot stands for /ʎ/.[31]

Ogonek

Precomposed Letters with Ogonek
˛ ◌̨ Ą ą Ę ę Į į Ǫ ǫ Ǭ ǭ Ų
U+02DB U+0328 U+0104 U+0105 U+0118 U+0119 U+012E U+012F U+01EA U+01EB U+01EC U+01ED U+0172
Ogonek Combining Ogonek Latin Capital Letter A With Ogonek Latin Small Letter A With Ogonek Latin Capital Letter E With Ogonek Latin Small Letter E With Ogonek Latin Capital Letter I With Ogonek Latin Small Letter I With Ogonek Latin Capital Letter O With Ogonek Latin Small Letter O With Ogonek Latin Capital Letter O With Ogonek And Macron Latin Small Letter O With Ogonek And Macron Latin Capital Letter U With Ogonek
ų
U+0173
Latin Small Letter U With Ogonek

In European languages the ogonek is attached to the right side of Aa, Ee and u, but in Native American languages it is supposed to be placed directly under the letter if technically possible.[32] There are no separate Unicode poins for these variants. Note that the ogonek may be confused with cedilla ¸.

Uses of Ogonek
Usage Language Letters Notes

Retroflex Hook

Precomposed Letters with Retroflex Hook
◌̢ ɖ ʯ ɭ ᶩ ɳ ᶯ Ɽ ɽ ɻ ʵ ʂ ᶳ
U+0322 U+0256 U+02AF U+026D U+1DA9 U+0273 U+1DAF U+2C64 U+027D U+027B U+02B5 U+0282 U+1DB3
Combining Retroflex Hook Below Latin Small Letter D With Tail Latin Small Letter Turned H With Fishhook And Tail Latin Small Letter L With Retroflex Hook Modifier Letter Small L With Retroflex Hook Latin Small Letter N With Retroflex Hook Modifier Letter Small N With Retroflex Hook Latin Capital Letter R With Tail Latin Small Letter R With Tail Latin Small Letter Turned R With Hook Modifier Letter Small Turned R With Hook Latin Small Letter S With Hook Modifier Letter Small S With Hook
Note: It is not recommended that this combining diacritic is used with letters to create new characters.[33] Note: Upper case of this letter is Latin Capital Letter African D, Ɖ (U+0189). Note: Phonetic character used by sinologist to denote [ʐ̩ʷ].[34] Not used in any orthography. Note: Phonetic character used in IPA. Not used in any orthography. Note: Phonetic character; not used in any orthography. Note: Phonetic character used in IPA. Not used in any orthography. Note: Phonetic character; not used in any orthography. Note: Phonetic character used in IPA. Not used in any orthography. Note: Phonetic character; not used in any orthography. Note: Phonetic character used in IPA. Not used in any orthography. Note: Phonetic character; not used in any orthography.
Ʈ ʈ ʐ ᶼ
U+01AE U+0288 U+0290 U+1DBC
Latin Capital Letter T With Retroflex Hook Latin Small Letter T With Retroflex Hook Latin Small Letter Z With Retroflex Hook Modifier Letter Small Z With Retroflex Hook
Note: Phonetic character used in IPA. Not used in any orthography. Note: Phonetic character; not used in any orthography.

The retroflex hook is variously also called just a hook, or a tail, in Unicode. They all have in common that it is a hook turning towards the right, attached to the bottom of a letter. The majority of these letters are used in IPA to represent retroflex consonants.
Note that the retroflex hook is easily confused with the similar looking Palatalized Hook ◌̡. There are also letters with other hooks, such as Ɓɓ, Ƈƈ, Ɗɗ, Ƒƒ, Ɠɠ, ʛ, ɦ, ɧ, Ƙƙ, ɱ, Ɲɲ, Ɋɋ, ʠ, Ƥƥ, Ƭƭ, Ʋʋ, Ƴƴ, Ȥȥ.

Uses of Retroflex Hook
Usage Language Letters Notes

Ring Above

Precomposed Letters with Ring Above
˚ ◌̊ Å å Ǻ ǻ Ů ů ẘ ẙ
U+02DA U+030A U+00C5 U+00E5 U+01FA U+01FB U+016E U+016F U+1E98 U+1E99
Ring Above Combining Ring Above Latin Capital Letter A With Ring Above Latin Small Letter A With Ring Above Latin Capital Letter A With Ring Above And Acute Latin Small Letter A With Ring Above And Acute Latin Capital Letter U With Ring Above Latin Small Letter U With Ring Above Latin Small Letter W With Ring Above Latin Small Letter Y With Ring Above
Note: May be confused with the Degree Sign ° (U+00B0) Note: May be confused with the Ångström Sign Å (U+212B).
Uses of Ring Above
Use Language Letters Notes
Back version of front vowel. Often also rounded. Chamorro Åå /ɑ/
Danish, Norwegian Åå /ɔ/ From an earlier digraph aa representing /ɔ/, which in turn came from /aː/.[35]
Swedish Åå /o/ From an earlier digraph aa representing /ɔ/, which in turn came from /aː/.[36]
Long vowel Czech Ůů /uː/ This comes from a diphthong /uo/, where the o was sometimes written as a ring above the u. A sound change then turned /uo/ into /uː/.[37]

Ring Below

Precomposed Letters with Ring Below
˳ ◌̥ Ḁ ḁ
U+02F3 U+0325 U+1E00 U+1E01
Modifier Letter Low Ring Combining Ring Below Latin Capital Letter A With Ring Below Latin Small Letter A With Ring Below

Note that this diacritic may be confused with dot below ◌̣ or square below ◌̻, especially in small font sizes.

Uses of Ring Below
Usage Language Letters Notes
Syllabic consonant ISO 15919 romanization of Indic scripts L̥l̥ /l̩/, L̥̄l̥̄ /l̩ː/, R̥r̥ /r̩/, R̥̄r̥̄ /r̩ː/

Stroke

Precomposed Letters with Stroke
◌̸ ◌̷ Ⱥ ⱥ Ȼ ȼ Ɇ ɇ Ł ł ᴌ ƛ Ø
U+0338 U+0337 U+023A U+2C65 U+023B U+023C U+0246 U+0247 U+0141 U+0142 U+1D0C U+019B U+00D8
Combining Long Solidus Overlay Combining Short Solidus Overlay Latin Capital Letter A With Stroke Latin Small Letter A With Stroke Latin Capital Letter C With Stroke Latin Small Letter C With Stroke Latin Capital Letter E With Stroke Latin Small Letter E With Stroke Latin Capital Letter L With Stroke Latin Small Letter L With Stroke Latin Letter Small Capital L With Stroke Latin Small Letter Lambda With Stroke Latin Capital Letter O With Stroke
Note: May be confused with Cedi Sign, ₵ (U+20B5). Note: May be confused with Cent Sign, ¢ (U+00A2). ​ Note: Phonetic character; not used in any orthography. Note: May be confused with Empty Set, ∅ (U+2205).
ø ᴓ Ǿ ǿ ẜ Ⱦ ⱦ ᵺ
U+00F8 U+1D13 U+01FE U+01FF U+1E9C U+023E U+2C66 U+1D7A
Latin Small Letter O With Stroke Latin Small Letter Sideways O With Stroke Latin Capital Letter O With Stroke And Acute Latin Small Letter O With Stroke And Acute Latin Small Letter Long S With Diagonal Stroke Latin Capital Letter T With Diagonal Stroke Latin Small Letter T With Diagonal Stroke Latin Small Letter Th With Strikethrough
Note: May be confused with Diameter Sign, ⌀ (U+2300). Note: Phonetic character; not used in any orthography. Note: Phonetic character used in some American dictionaries.[38] Not used in any orthography.

This diacritic, and the one consisting of a horizontal bar, may both be called stroke in Unicode. In this article they are treated as two separate diacritics. Latin Small Letter Eth, ð, is listed under the bar diacritic. There are several currency symbols and mathematical symbols with strokes, but they are not included here.

Uses of Stroke
Usage Language Letters Notes
Letter extension Sahaptin ƛ /t͡ɬ/, ƛ’ /t͡ɬʼ/ According to Wikipedia, it is "used in transcribing Sahaptin".[39]
Other Polish Łł /w/ Historically it stood for /ɫ/.

Tilde

Precomposed Letters with Tilde
~ ˜ ​ ◌̃ Ã ã Ẫ ẫ Ẵ ẵ Ẽ ẽ Ễ ễ
U+007E U+02DC U+0303 ​ U+00C3 U+00E3 ​ U+1EAA U+1EAB U+1EB4 U+1EB5 U+1EBC U+1EBD U+1EC4 U+1EC5
Tilde Small Tilde Combining Tilde Latin Capital Letter A With Tilde Latin Small Letter A With Tilde Latin Capital Letter A With Circumflex And Tilde Latin Small Letter A With Circumflex And Tilde Latin Capital Letter A With Breve And Tilde Latin Small Letter A With Breve And Tilde Latin Capital Letter E With Tilde Latin Small Letter E With Tilde Latin Capital Letter E With Circumflex And Tilde Latin Small Letter E With Circumflex And Tilde
Note: May be confused with swung dash ⁓ (U+2053).
Ĩ ĩ Ñ ñ Õ õ Ȭ ȭ Ṍ ṍ Ṏ ṏ Ỗ
U+0128 U+0129 ​ U+00D1 U+00F1 U+00D5 U+00F5 U+022C U+022D U+1E4C U+1E4D U+1E4E U+1E4F U+1ED6
Latin Capital Letter I With Tilde Latin Small Letter I With Tilde Latin Capital Letter N With Tilde Latin Small Letter N With Tilde Latin Capital Letter O With Tilde Latin Small Letter O With Tilde Latin Capital Letter O With Tilde And Macron Latin Small Letter O With Tilde And Macron Latin Capital Letter O With Tilde And Acute Latin Small Letter O With Tilde And Acute Latin Capital Letter O With Tilde And Diaeresis Latin Small Letter O With Tilde And Diaeresis Latin Capital Letter O With Circumflex And Tilde
ỗ Ỡ ỡ Ũ ũ Ṹ ṹ Ữ ữ Ṽ ṽ Ỹ ỹ
U+1ED7 U+1EE0 U+1EE1 U+0168 U+0169 U+1E78 U+1E79 U+1EEE U+1EEF U+1E7C U+1E7D U+1EF8 U+1EF9
Latin Small Letter O With Circumflex And Tilde Latin Capital Letter O With Horn And Tilde Latin Small Letter O With Horn And Tilde Latin Capital Letter U With Tilde Latin Small Letter U With Tilde Latin Capital Letter U With Tilde And Acute Latin Small Letter U With Tilde And Acute Latin Capital Letter U With Horn And Tilde Latin Small Letter U With Horn And Tilde Latin Capital Letter V With Tilde Latin Small Letter V With Tilde Latin Capital Letter Y With Tilde Latin Small Letter Y With Tilde
Uses of Tilde
Use Language Letters Notes
Glottalized vowel Vietnamese Ãã /aˀː˧˥/, Ẵẵ /aˀ˧˥/, Ẫẫ /əˀ˧˥/, Ẽẽ /ɛˀ˧˥/, Ễễ /eˀ˧˥/, Ĩĩ /iˀ˧˥/, Õõ /ɔˀ˧˥/, Ỗỗ /oˀ˧˥/, Ỡỡ /əˀː˧˥/, Ũũ /uˀ˧˥/, Ữữ /ɨˀ˧˥/, Ỹỹ /iˀ˧˥/ The tilde stands for mid rising tone interrupted by a glottal stop.[40] There are many exceptions to the phonemic values of these letters though.[41]
Unrounded vowel Estonian Õõ /ɤ/
Other ISO 15919 romanization of Indic scripts Ññ Ññ is used for transcribing the Indic diacritic anusvāra before palatal consonants.[42]
Livonian Õõ /ɨ/, Ȭȭ /ɨː/

Vertical Line Below

Precomposed Letters with Vertical Line Below
ˌ ◌̩
U+02CC U+0329
Modifier Letter Low Vertical Line Combining Vertical Line Below
Note: Whether this can be said to be the non-combining version of vertical line below is open to debate. This character is used for marking secondary stress in IPA, while combining vertical line below is used for marking syllabic consonants in IPA.

No actual precomposed letters with this diacritic actually exist.

Uses of Vertical Line Below
Usage Language Letters Notes
Lowered vowel with retracted tongue root Yoruba (current Nigerian alphabet) E̩e̩ /ɛ̙/, O̩o̩ /ɔ̙/ The vertical line below replaced an earlier dot below. This is because the dots get covered when a word is underlined. In Benin, a different alphabet is used for Yoruba.[43]
Postalveolar consonant Yoruba (current Nigerian alphabet) S̩s̩ /ʃ/
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