Athonite grammar II

Pronunciation Table - Πινακ από Προφόρ

Greek	α	αυ	β	γ	γγ	γκ	γξ	γχ	δ	ε	ει	ευ	ζ	η	θ	ι	κ	λ	μ	μπ	ν	ντ	ξ	ο	ου	π	ρ	ς	τ	τζ	υ	φ	χ	ψ	ω
Athonite	α	αφ/β	β	γ	γγ	γκ	γξ	γχ	δ	ε	ι	εφ/β	ζ	ι	θ	ι	κ	λ	μ	μπ	ν	ντ	ξ	ο	ου	π	ρ	ς	τ	τζ	ι	φ	χ	ψ	ο
Latin	a	af/v	v	g	ng	g	ngks	nch	dh	e	i	ef/v	z	i	th	i	k	l	m	b	n	d	ks	o	u	p	r	s	t	tz	y	f	ch	ps	ō
IPA	/a/1	/af/2	/v/	/ɣ/3	/ŋ/	/g/	/ŋks/	/ŋç/	/ð/	/e/	/i/	/εf/4	/z/	/i/5	/θ/	/i/	/k/	/l/	/m/	/b/	/n/6	/d/	/ks/	/o/	/u/	/p/	/ɾ/	/s/7	/t/	/ʣ/	/i/	/f/	/ç/	/ps/	/o/

Notes - Σιμιοςις

• ¹ when accented, otherwise /ʌ/.
• ² αφ before voiceless consonants, αβ before voiced consonants or vowels.
• ³ /ɣ/ before α, ο and ου; /j/ before ε and ι.
• ⁴ εφ before voiceless consonants, εβ before voiced consonants or vowels.
• ⁵ /j/ between vowels.
• ⁶ final <n> before a voiceless stop becomes /m/ and the stop is voiced, e.g., δεν πιραζι, /ðembiˈrazi/, it doesn't matter.
• ⁷ /z/ before voiced consonants.

Verbs - Ρίματα

Verb Classes - Τι Ταξις από το Ρίματα

• 038. The Athonite verb has been reduced from the many tenses present in Classical and Demotic Greek to six.
• 039. The six tenses are the present, the past (the Greek imperfect), and the future (the Greek future continuous), and their perfect counterparts.
• 040. Athonite verbs are divided into two classes, those in which the personal ending is not accented (I) and those in which the personal ending is accented (II).
• 041. The endings on the verbs are changed to denote person and number.

The Active Voice - Τι Ενέργ Φον

• 042. The active voice denotes that the agent is doing the action of the verb.

The Present Tense - Ο Ενεςτότ

• 043. In the present tense of Class I verbs, the accent remains on the stem of the verb. In the present tense of Class II verbs, the accent is on the endings.

Class I

	Singular	Plural
1st	βλεπο, I see	βλέπoμε, we see
2nd	βλεπις, you see	βλέπετε, you see
3rd	βλεπι, he, she, it sees	βλεπουν, they see

Class II

	Singular	Plural
1st	αγαπό, I love	αγαπάμε, we love
2nd	αγαπάς, you love	αγαπάτε, you love
3rd	αγαπά, he, she, it loves	αγαπάν, they love

The Past Tense - Ο Παρατατίκ Χρον

• 044. The past tense is formed by using endings different from the present and by placing the accent on the third syllable from the end.
• 045. Class II verbs insert -άγ- between the stem and the ending.
• 046. When there is no third syllable, the augment ε- is added.

Class I

	Singular	Plural
1st	έβλεπα, I saw, was seeing	βλέπαμε, we saw, were seeing
2nd	έβλεπες, you saw, were seeing	βλέπατε, you saw, were seeing
3rd	έβλεπε, he, she, it saw, was seeing	έβλεπαν, they saw, were seeing

Class II

	Singular	Plural
1st	αγάπαγα, I loved, was loving	αγαπάγαμε, we loved, were loving
2nd	αγάπαγες, you loved, were loving	αγαπάγατε, you loved, were loving
3rd	αγάπαγε, he, she, it loved, was loving	αγάπαγαν, they loved, were loving

The Future Tense - Ο Μελοντίκ Χρον

• 047. The future tense is formed by putting the particle θα before the present tense.

Class I

	Singular	Plural
1st	θa βλεπο, I see	θa βλέπoμε, we see
2nd	θa βλεπις, you see	θa βλέπετε, you see
3rd	θa βλεπι, he, she, it sees	θa βλεπουν, they see

Class II

	Singular	Plural
1st	θ' αγαπό, I love	θ' αγαπάμε, we love
2nd	θ' αγαπάς, you love	θ' αγαπάτε, you love
3rd	θ' αγαπά, he, she, it loves	θ' αγαπάν, they love

The Present Perfect Tense - Ο Παρακίμεν

• 048. The perfect tenses are not used as frequently in Athonite as they are in English, the past tense usually being used.
• 049. The present perfect tense is formed by the present tense of the auxiliary verb εχο, I have, and the passive participle.
• 050. The present perfect tense is used to denote an event of the past which has a bearing on the present.

	Singular	Plural
1st	εχο βλεπoμέν, I have seen	έχoμe βλεπoμέν, we have seen
2nd	εχις βλεπoμέν, you have seen	έχετε βλεπoμέν, you have seen
3rd	εχι βλεπoμέν, he, she, it has seen	εχουν βλεπoμέν, they have seen

The Past Perfect Tense - Ο Ιπερςυντελικ

• 051. The past perfect tense is more frequent than the present perfect. It is used to denote an event of the past which occurred before another event of the past.
• 052. The past perfect tense is formed by the past tense of the auxiliary verb εχο and the passive participle.

	Singular	Plural
1st	ιχα βλεπoμέν, I had seen	ίχαμε βλεπoμέν, we had seen
2nd	ιχεs βλεπoμέν, you had seen	ίχατε βλεπoμέν, you had seen
3rd	ιχε βλεπoμέν, he, she, it had seen	ιχαν βλεπoμέν, they had seen

The Future Perfect Tense - Ο Σιντελεςμέν Μελοντ Χρον

• 053. The future perfect tense is used to denote an event in the future which will have occurred before another event in the future.
• 054. The future perfect tense is formed by the future tense of the auχiliary verb εχο and the passive participle.

	Singular	Plural
1st	θa εχο βλεπoμέν, I shall have seen	θa έχoμε βλεπoμέν, we shall have seen
2nd	θa εχιs βλεπoμέν, you will have seen	θa έχετε βλεπoμέν, you will have seen
3rd	θa εχι βλεπoμέν, he, she, it will have seen	θa εχoυν βλεπoμέν, they will have seen

The Progressive Tenses - Ι εξακολουθιτίκ Χρονι

• 055. The active participle is used with the appropriate tense of ιμε, I am, to form progressive tenses.

present	past	future	present perfect	past perfect	future perfect
ιμε βλεποντ I am seeing, etc.	ιμουν βλεποντ I was seeing, etc.	θα ιμε βλεποντ I will be seeing, etc.	εχο ιμέν βλεποντ I have been seeing, etc.'	ιχα ιμέν βλεποντ I had been seeing, etc.	θα εχο ιμέν βλεποντ I will have been seeing, etc.

The Passive Voice - Τι Παθιτίκ Φον

• 056. The passive voice denotes that the agent is being acted upon.
• 057. The many forms of the passive in Modern Greek have been abandoned in favor of periphrastic expressions using the verb ιμε, I am and the passive participle.

The Present Tense - Ο Ενεςτότ

	Singular	Plural
1st	ιμε βλεπoμέν, I am seen	ίμαςτε βλεπoμέν, we are seen
2nd	ιςε βλεπoμέν, you are seen	ιςτε βλεπoμέν, you are seen
3rd	ινε βλεπoμέν, he, she, it is seen	ινε βλεπoμέν, they are seen

The Past Tense - Ο Παρατατίκ Χρον

	Singular	Plural
1st	ιμουν βλεπoμέν, I was seen	ίμαςτε βλεπoμέν, we were seen
2nd	ιςουν βλεπoμέν, you were seen	ίςαςτε βλεπoμέν, you were seen
3rd	ιταν βλεπoμέν, he, she, it was seen	ιταν βλεπoμέν, they were seen

The Future Tense - Ο Μελοντίκ Χρον

	Singular	Plural
1st	θa ιμε βλεπoμέν, I shall be seen	θa ίμαςτε βλεπoμέν, we shall be seen
2nd	θa ιςε βλεπoμέν, you will be seen	θa ιςτε βλεπoμέν, you will be seen
3rd	θa ινε βλεπoμέν, he, she, it will be seen	θa ινε βλεπoμέν, they will be seen

The Perfect Tenses - Ο Παρακίμεν

• 058. The perfect tenses are formed by using the appropriate tense of εχο with the passive participle of ιμε.

present	past	future
εχο ιμέν βλεπoμέν I have been seen, etc.	ιχα ιμέν βλεπoμέν I had been seen, etc.	θα εχο ιμέν βλεπoμέν I shall have been seen, etc.

The Auxiliary Verbs - Το Βοϊθιτίκ Ρίματα

• 059. The auxiliary verbs are two of the few remaining irregular verbs.

εχο, I have

	Present	Past	Future
1st singular	εχο, I have	ιχα, I had	θα εχο, I shall have
2nd singular	εχις, you have	ιχες, you had	θα εχις, you will have
3rd singular	εχι, he, she, it has	ιχε, he, she, it had	θα εχι, he, she, it will have
1st plural	έχομε, we have	ίχαμε, we had	θα έχομε, we shall have
2nd plural	έχετε, you have	ίχατε, you had,	θα έχετε, you will have
3rd plural	εχoυν, they have	ιχαν, they had	θα εχoυν, they will have

ιμε, I am

	Present	Past	Future
1st singular	ιμε, I am,	ιμουν, I was	θα ιμε, I shall be
2nd singular	ιςε, you are	ιςουν, you were	θα ιςε, you will be
3rd singular	ινε, he, she, it is	ιταν, he, she, it wαs	θα ινε, he, she, it will be
1st plural	ίμαςτε, wε are	ίμαςταν, we were	θα ίμαςτε, we shall be
2nd plural	ιςτε, you are	ίςαςτε, you were	θα ιςτε, you will be
3rd plural	ινε, they are	ιταν, they were	θα ινε, they will be

The Subjunctive Mood - Τι Ιποτακτίκ

• 060. The subjunctive mood expresses an action or state which is hypothetical or anticipated rather than actual, including wishes.
• 061. The subjunctive mood in Athonite is formed with the particle να.

Ευχο να βρεχι. I wish that it would rain.

Ευχο να έβρεχε. I wish that it had rained.

• 062. Certain verbs commonly used only in the third person are followed by να.

πρεπι, it is necessary; αξιζι, it is worthwhile, etc.

Πρεπι να παο τορ.

I must be going now.

The Imperative Mood - Τι προςτακτίκ

• 063. The formation of the imperative is greatly simplified in Athonite consisting of only one form.
• 064. To form the imperative, Class I verbs replace the -ο of the present with -ε for the singular and -(ε)τε for the plural. Class II verbs replace the -ό of the present with -ά for the singular and -(α)τε for the plural.

Singular	Plural
βλεπε, see	βλεπ(ε)τε, see
αγαπά, love	αγάπατε, love

The Infinitive - Το Απαρεμφατ

• 065. The infinitive is a neutral form of the verb, that is, it does not express agent, tense or mood. It is treated as a noun and is accompanied by the neuter article το. As a verb it can govern an object.

It is formed by adding the suffix -ςι to the verb stem, e.g. βλεπο > βγεπςι.

In certain instances, the final consonant of the verb stem is modified, e.g. κοβο > κοψι.

• 066. The infinitive also functions as a gerund.

Το τρεξι ινε καλ αςκις. Running is good exercise.

Negation - Άρνις

• 067. Negation in the indicative mood is expressed by putting the negative particle δεν in front of the verb.

το πρoíν ιν' ετιμ, Breakfast is ready.

το πρoíν δeν ιν' ετιμ, Breakfast is not ready.

το μπαρ δεν ινε πλιρ, The bar is not full.

δεν παο, I'm not going.

• 068. Negation in the subjunctive and imperative moods is expressed by putting the negative particle μι(ν) in front of the verb.

Ευχο να μιν έβρεχε. I wish that it had not rained.

μι τρεξε ι θα πεφτις. Don't run or you'll fall.

There Is/Are - βαρ/γιοκ

• 069. Athonite has abandoned the conjugated verbs υπαρχεί and υπαρχούν in favor of the Turkish βαρ and its negative γιοκ.

Βαρ ανθ εν το τραπέζ.

There is a flower on the table.

Γιοκ ανθ εν το τραπέζ.

There is no flower on the table.

• 70. A modified form of the Turkish is used for the past tense.

Βαρδ ανθ εν το τραπέζ.

There was a flower on the table.

Γιοκτ ανθ εν το τραπέζ.

There was no flower on the table.

• 071. In reply to a βαρ or γιοκ question, the answer is always βαρ or γιοκ, never yes or no.

Βαρ μιλα εν το τραπέζ;

Are there apples on the table?

Βαρ, Yes, there are.

Γιοκ, No, there are not.

• 072. βαρ and γιοκ may also used to express possession. The possessor is expressed with the possessive adjective.

Βαρ τρις μιλα μου; I have three apples.

Γιοκ αδέλφ τις ; She does not have a sister.

Deponent Verbs - Αποθετίκ Ρίματα

• 073. The deponent verbs of Modern Greek have become regular verbs, e.g., έρχομε, I come, > ερχο.

The Use of ινε - Ι Χρις από το Ινε'

• 074. When an adjective is used predicatively, the copula ινε is not used, e.g., το κιαν ςπιτ, the blue house; but το ςπιτ κιαν, the house is blue.

Questions - Ερότιςις

• 075. A question with an interrogative pronoun has the same word order as a regular sentence.

Π' ιςε; Who are you?

πιόν έβλεπας; Whom did you see?

ςε πιον μίλαγες; To whom were you talking?

• 076. A yes-no question has the same word order as a regular sentence, but is followed by the interrogative particle μι.

Πας ςτο ςχολί. You are going to school.

Πας ςτο ςχολί μι; Are you going to school?

• 077. A question with a tag has the same word order as a regular sentence, but is followed by the interrogative particle ντιμι.

αυτό ινε βιβλί, ντιμι; This is a book, isn't it?

ςι έγραφα τι επιςτόλ, ντιμι; You wrote the letter, didn't you?

ςι θα ερχις αβρι, ντιμι; You'll come tomorrow, won't you?

Adverbs - Επιρίματα

• 078. Adverbs are words used to modify verbs, adjectives or other adverbs.
• 079. Adverbs can be formed from many adjectives by adding -α/-ά to the adjective.

το ιρεμ πεδ , the quiet child; τρεχε ιρεμα. Run quietly.

το αργ τρεν, the slow train; Προχόραγα αργά, He proceeded slowly.

• 080.The comparative and superlative of adverbs are formed in the same way as with adjectives.

εφκολ, easy; έφκολα, easily

πιο εφκολ, easier, easiest; πιο έφκολα, more/most easily

Athonite Grammar I