Athonite Grammar I
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Pronunciation Table - Πίνακα τις Προφορά
Athonite | α | β | γ | γγ | γκ | γξ | γχ | δ | ε | ζ | η | θ | ι | κ | λ | μ | μπ | ν | ντ | ξ | ο | ου | π | ρ | ς | τ | τζ | φ | χ | ψ | ω |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Latin | a | v | gh | ng | g | ngks | nch | dh | ɛ | z | e | th | i | k | l | m | b | n | d | ks | o | u | p | r | s | t | tz | f | ch | ps | ō |
IPA | /a/1 | /v/ | /ɣ/2 | /ŋ/ | /g/ | /ŋks/ | /ŋç/ | /ð/ | /ɛ/ | /z/ | /e/ | /θ/ | /i/ | /k/ | /l/ | /m/ | /b/ | /n/3 | /d/ | /ks/ | /ɔ/ | /u/ | /p/ | /ɾ/ | /s/4 | /t/ | /ʣ/ | /f/ | /ç/ | /ps/ | /o/ |
Notes - Σιμιωςις
- 1 when accented, otherwise /ʌ/.
- 2 /ɣ/ before α, ο and ου; /j/ before ε and ι.
- 3 final <ν> before <π> and <μπ> becomes /m/, e.g., δεν μπορώ, <dhemboˈrṓ>, I cannot. The <π> becomes /b/, e.g., δεν πιραζι, <dhembiˈrazi>, it doesn't matter.
- final <ν> before <κ>, <γ> and <χ> becomes /ŋ/, e.g., δεν κοβω, <dheng'kovō>, I cut.
- 4 /z/ before voiced consonants, e.g., ος Δεβτέρ, <oz Dhevtér>, until Monday,
Introduction - Ιςαγώγ
- Although Modern Greek is the official language of the Monastic Republic and is spoken in the Greek monasteries, the citizens have their own dialect.
- It developed from their contact with their Turkish conquerors and shows some Turkish influence in grammar and vocabulary.
- Many internal differences have been regularized, such as simplification of the verb tenses.
- A spelling reform, devised by a monk, has standardized the orthography so that it is more consistent with the pronunciation, e.g., αι > ε; οι > ι.
- Double letters have been eliminated, except for γγ.
- σ has been replaced by ς.
- Some initial consonant clusters have been simplified, e.g., κτ > τ; πτ > τ; γν > ν.
- The accent regularly occurs on the penultimate syllable.
- An acute accent is placed over an accented vowel when the accent is not on the penultima.
- Words of Turkish origin are indicated in blue.
Grammar - Γραματίκ
The Definite Article - Το Οριςτίκ Αρθ
- 001. The Modern Greek definite article has been reduced to one single form for each gender: ο for masculine nouns, ι for feminine nouns, and το for neuter nouns.
Uses of the definite article - Χριςι από το Οριςτίκ Αρθ
- Before proper names, e.g., Ο Γιοργ ινε καλ αγόρ; George is a good boy.
- Before the names of places, e.g., Ι Αθίν ινε ι πρoτεβους απ' ι Elάδ; Athens is the capital of Greece.
- Before the names of streets, e.g., Mενo ςε ι οδ ςταδί; I live on Stadium Street.
- Before titles of names of professions followed by a person's name, e.g., Ο γατρ Eβγενιδες ινε πolύ πloυςι; Dr. Eugenides is very rich.
- Before nouns used in an abstract or general sense, e.g., Ι ιλικρινι ινε ι πιo μεγάλ αρέτ; Sincerity is the greatest virtue.
- Before nouns designating parts of the body or personal articles of clothing, e.g., To μαλιά απ ι Mαρία ινε χανθ; Mary's hair is blond.
- Before nouns modified by a possessive adjective which follows the noun, e.g., Ο αδέλφ μου ο Γιαν εχι καλ δoυλί; My brother John has a good job.
- Before nouns modified by a demonstrative, e.g., Αφτ ι κορίτς ινε πολί ωρέ; This girl is very beautiful.
- Before a noun indicating a class of objects or persons, e.g., Ο πoλιςι ινε αφςτίρ; Policemen are strict.
The Indefinite Article - Το Αοριςτ Αρθ
- 002. There is no indefinite article in Athonite.
Nouns - Ουςιαςτικί
- 003. Nouns are divided into three classes known as masculine, feminine, and neuter.
- 004. Masculine nouns are those preceded in the nominative case by the definite article ο, e.g., ο ανθρωπ, the man; ο πατέρ, the father.
- 005. Feminine nouns are those preceded in the nominative case by the definite article ι, e.g., ι πορτ, the door; ι γινέκ, the woman.
- 006. Neuter nouns are those preceded in the nominative case by the definite article το, e.g., το πεδ, the child; το γραφί, the office.
The Plural - Ο Πλιθυντικό
- 007. Nouns form their plurals by adding a suffix to the word. Note whether the accent shifts or remains.
- 008. Masculine nouns of whatever type in Greek, add -ι.
- ο αδέλφ, the brother, ο αδελφί, the brothers
- ο ανθρωπ, the man, ο άνθρωπι, the men
- ο εργάτ, the worker, ο εργατι, the workers
- 009. Feminine nouns of whatever type in Greek, add -ες.
- ι αδέλφ, the sister, ι αδελφές , the sisters
- ι μερ, the day, ι μερες , the days
- ι ναρκ, the boat, ι ναρκες , the boats
- 010. Neuter nouns which end in -μ(α) add -(α)τα.
- το χρωμ, the color; το χρώματα, the colors
- 011. Other neuter nouns add -α or -ια.
- το τςιγάρ, the cigarette, το τςιγαρα, the cigarettes
- το ψαρ, the fish, το ψάρια, the fishes.
- 012. There are a few irregular plurals.
- το φως, the light; το φωτα, the lights
The Function of Cases - Ι Λιτουργί από Τωςες
- 013. Possession and other types of genitive use are indicated with the preposition από, contracted to απ' before an initial vowel.
- ο αμζα, the uncle > απ' ο αμζα, of the uncle
- τι μπιμπι, the aunt > από τι μπιμπι, of the aunt
- το ποδ, the foot > από το ποδ, of the foot
- ο αμζι, the uncles > απ' ο αμζι, of the uncles
- τι μπιμπες, the aunts > από τι μπιμπες, of the aunts
- το ποδa, the feet > από το ποδa, of the feet
- 014. The indirect object is expressed with the preposition ςε, contracted to ς' before a vowel and prefixed to pronouns.
- ο Γιαν δινι ς' ο Μιχαίλ τςιγάρ John gives Michael a cigarette.
- έδινα ς' ο γιοργ βιβλί, I gave George a book.
Adjectives - Επίθετα
- 015. Adjectives in Athonite are indeclinable.
- 016. Adjectives precede the noun they modify.
- ο καλ ανθρωπ, the good man
- τι καλ γινέκ, the good woman
- το καλ πεδ, the good child
- ο μεγάλ ςκιλ, the large dog
- τι μεγάλ πορτ, the large door
- το μεγάλ δωματι, the large room
- 017. The determiners αφτ, this, and κιν, that, precede the noun they determine and require the definite article.
- αφτ ο ανθρωπ, this man
- αφτ ο ςκιλ, this dog
- αφτ τι γινέκ, this woman
- αφτ το πεδ, this child
- αφτ το αμαχι, this cart
- κιν ο εργάτ, that worker
- κιν τι νιχτ, that night
- κιν το δωματι, that room
Comparison of Adjectives - Παραβόλ από Επίθετα
- 018. There is only one degree of comparison of the Athonite adjective. It is formed by placing the word πιο, more, in front them. They are then followed by από.
- Ο αδέλφ μου ινε πιο δινάτ απ' ο αδέλφ ςου, My brother is stronger than your brother.
- Ο Γιαν ινε πιο φτωχ απ' ο Kοςtας, John is poorer than Costas.
- Aφτ το ςπιτ ινε πιο καλ από κινο, This house is better than that one.
- Aφτ το οτομοβιλ ινε πολί πιο χιρότ απ' ο αλον, This automobile is much worse than the other.
- Ο Aνδρέ ινε ο πιο καλ μαθίτ ςε τι ταξ του, Andrew is the best student in his class.
- Ο πατέρ τις ινε ο πιο πλoυsι ςτι Aθίν, Her father is the richest man in Athens.
- Τι Eλέν ιταν τι πιο ωρέ γινέκ ςε τι Elάδ, Helen was the most beautiful woman in Greece.
- 019. The comparative of κακ, bad, is χιρότ, worse.
- 020. The comparison of inferiority is eχpressed with λιγóτ, less, plus από.
- Ο Nικ ινε λιγóτ εξυπ απ' ο Kοςtας, Nick is not as smart as Costas.
- 021. The comparison of equality is eχpressed by τoς...oς plus the definite article.
- Ο πατέρ μου ινε τoς πλouςι oς ο πατέρ ςου, My father is as rich as your father.
The Possessive Adjectives - Το Τιτίκ Επίθετα
Singular | Plural |
---|---|
μου, my | μας, our |
ςου, your | ςας, your |
του, his τις, her του, its |
τους, their |
- 022. These adjectives are placed after the nouns they modify. The nouns are preceded by the definite article.
- το ςπιτ, the house; το ςπιτ μου, my house
- ο φιλ, the friend; ο φιλ μου, my friend
- το χιρ μου, my hand
- ο πατέρ ςου, your father
- τι μιτέρ τις, her mother
- ο ςκιλ μας, our dog
- ο ςκιλι μας, our dogs
- το νόμιςμα ςας, your money
- 023. When the nouns are preceded by an adjective, the possessive adjective is put after the noun.
- το αμαχι, the cart; το νε αμαχι, the new cart; το νε αμαχι μου, my new cart
- ο καλ φιλ μας, our good friend
The Participles - Τι Μετοχές
- 024. A participle is an adjective derived from a verb. It modifies a noun, but may take an object like a verb.
The Active Participle- Τι Ενεργιτίκ Μετόχ
- 025. The active participle indicates that the subject of the sentence is doing something.
- 026. It is formed by adding the ending οντ or ώντ to the present stem.
- Class I
- βλεπω > βλεποντ, seeing
- Class I
- Class II
- αγαπώ > αγαπώντ, loving
- Class II
The Passive Participle - Τι Παθιτίκ Μετόχ
- 027. The passive participle is formed by adding the ending -ομέν or -ιμέν to the present stem.
- Class I
- βλεπω > βλεπομέν, seen
- ςχιζω > ςχιςομέν, split
- Class I
- Class II
- αγαπώ > αγαπιμέν , loved
- Class II
Pronouns - Αντωνιμίες
The Personal Pronouns - Η Προςωπίκ Αντωνιμίες
- 028. The personal pronouns are declined.
First singular | First plural | Second singular | Second plural | Third singular | Third plural | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Nominative | γω, I | (ε)μις, we | (ε)ςι, you | (ε)ςις, you | αφτό, he αυτί, she αυτό, it, |
αφτί, they αυτές, they αυτά, they |
Genitive | μου, my | μας, our | ςου, your | ςας, your | του, his τις, her του, its |
τους, their |
Accusative | με(να), me | (ε)μας, us | ςε(να), you | (ε)ςας, you | τον, him τιν, her το, it |
τους, them τις, them τα, them |
- 029. The object pronouns are placed before the verb except in the imperative when they follow the verb.
- Σε μου το έφερε, He brought it to me.
- Δινε ςμου το βιβλί, Give me the book.
- Δινε ςτις μπαζ νερ, Give her some water.
- Δινε ςτις το, Give it to her.
- Σε βλεπω. I see you.
- 030. When both objects are pronouns the indirect is placed before the direct.
- Στου το έδινα, I gave it to him.
- Θα ςε ςου τα ςτελνω, I shall send them to you.
The Possessive Pronouns - Η Τιτίκ Αντωνιμίες
- 031. The personal possessive pronouns are formed using the definite article with the personal pronoun in the genitive.
- Αφτ το βιβλί ινε το μου, κιν το βιβλί ινε το ςου.
- This book is mine, that book is yours.
- Αφτ το βιβλί ινε το μου, κιν το βιβλί ινε το ςου.
The Relative Pronoun - Η ςχετίκ Αντωνιμί
- 032. There is only one relative pronoun. Πou stands for all the relative pronouns who, whom, which, and that.
- Τι κορίτς, πoυ γελά, ινε τι αδέλφ μου.
- The girl who is laughing is my sister.
- Τι κορίτς, πoυ γελά, ινε τι αδέλφ μου.
The Interrogative Pronouns - Η Ερωτιματίκ Αντωνιμίες
- 033. The Interrogative Pronoun: πι, who, whose, whom
Singular | Plural | |
---|---|---|
Nominative | πι | πιές |
Genitive | πιoύ | πιóν |
Accusative | πιόν | πιoύς |
- Π' ινε αφτό; Who is this?
- Πιoύ καπέλ ινε κινο; Whose hat is that?
- Πιoύs ζιτάτε; For whom are you looking?
- 034. The Interrogative Pronoun: τι, what
- Ti κάνετε; What are you doing?
- T' ινε αφτό; What is this?
The Indefinite Pronouns - Η Αoριςτ Αντωνιμίες
- 035. Anybody, anything.
Masculine | Feminine | Neuter | |
---|---|---|---|
Nominative | o καθέν | τι καθέν | τα καθέν |
Genitive | o καθενoύ | τι καθενίς | τα καθενoύ |
Accusative | o καθέν | τι καθίν | τα καθενα |
The Genitive Case with Prepositions - Ι Γενίκ Τως με Αντωνιμίες
- 036. Prepositions are followed by the genitive case.
- Παε με μου ςτο μαγάζ, λιτφε.
- Please go with me to the store.
- Παε με μου ςτο μαγάζ, λιτφε.
- 037. The genitive is also used after words denoting greeting.
- καλιμέρ ςας, good morning to you; καλινίκτ ςας, good night; για ςου, good-bye (to one person).