Athonite grammar II
From FrathWiki
Jump to navigationJump to search
Pronunciation Table - Πινακ από Προφόρ
Greek | α | αυ | β | γ | γγ | γκ | γξ | γχ | δ | ε | ει | ευ | ζ | η | θ | ι | κ | λ | μ | μπ | ν | ντ | ξ | ο | ου | π | ρ | ς | τ | τζ | υ | φ | χ | ψ | ω |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Athonite | α | αφ/β | β | γ | γγ | γκ | γξ | γχ | δ | ε | ι | εφ/β | ζ | ι | θ | ι | κ | λ | μ | μπ | ν | ντ | ξ | ο | ου | π | ρ | ς | τ | τζ | ι | φ | χ | ψ | ο |
Latin | a | af/v | v | g | ng | g | ngks | nch | dh | e | i | ef/v | z | i | th | i | k | l | m | b | n | d | ks | o | u | p | r | s | t | tz | y | f | ch | ps | ō |
IPA | /a/1 | /af/2 | /v/ | /ɣ/3 | /ŋ/ | /g/ | /ŋks/ | /ŋç/ | /ð/ | /e/ | /i/ | /εf/4 | /z/ | /i/5 | /θ/ | /i/ | /k/ | /l/ | /m/ | /b/ | /n/6 | /d/ | /ks/ | /o/ | /u/ | /p/ | /ɾ/ | /s/7 | /t/ | /ʣ/ | /i/ | /f/ | /ç/ | /ps/ | /o/ |
Notes - Σιμιοςις
- 1 when accented, otherwise /ʌ/.
- 2 αφ before voiceless consonants, αβ before voiced consonants or vowels.
- 3 /ɣ/ before α, ο and ου; /j/ before ε and ι.
- 4 εφ before voiceless consonants, εβ before voiced consonants or vowels.
- 5 /j/ between vowels.
- 6 final <n> before a voiceless stop becomes /m/ and the stop is voiced, e.g., δεν πιραζι, /ðembiˈrazi/, it doesn't matter.
- 7 /z/ before voiced consonants.
Verbs - Ρίματα
Verb Classes - Τι Ταξις από το Ρίματα
- 038. The Athonite verb has been reduced from the many tenses present in Classical and Demotic Greek to six.
- 039. The six tenses are the present, the past (the Greek imperfect), and the future (the Greek future continuous), and their perfect counterparts.
- 040. Athonite verbs are divided into two classes, those in which the personal ending is not accented (I) and those in which the personal ending is accented (II).
- 041. The endings on the verbs are changed to denote person and number.
The Active Voice - Τι Ενέργ Φον
- 042. The active voice denotes that the agent is doing the action of the verb.
The Present Tense - Ο Ενεςτότ
- 043. In the present tense of Class I verbs, the accent remains on the stem of the verb. In the present tense of Class II verbs, the accent is on the endings.
Singular | Plural | |
---|---|---|
1st | βλεπο, I see | βλέπoμε, we see |
2nd | βλεπις, you see | βλέπετε, you see |
3rd | βλεπι, he, she, it sees | βλεπουν, they see |
Singular | Plural | |
---|---|---|
1st | αγαπό, I love | αγαπάμε, we love |
2nd | αγαπάς, you love | αγαπάτε, you love |
3rd | αγαπά, he, she, it loves | αγαπάν, they love |
The Past Tense - Ο Παρατατίκ Χρον
- 044. The past tense is formed by using endings different from the present and by placing the accent on the third syllable from the end.
- 045. Class II verbs insert -άγ- between the stem and the ending.
- 046. When there is no third syllable, the augment ε- is added.
Singular | Plural | |
---|---|---|
1st | έβλεπα, I saw, was seeing | βλέπαμε, we saw, were seeing |
2nd | έβλεπες, you saw, were seeing | βλέπατε, you saw, were seeing |
3rd | έβλεπε, he, she, it saw, was seeing | έβλεπαν, they saw, were seeing |
Singular | Plural | |
---|---|---|
1st | αγάπαγα, I loved, was loving | αγαπάγαμε, we loved, were loving |
2nd | αγάπαγες, you loved, were loving | αγαπάγατε, you loved, were loving |
3rd | αγάπαγε, he, she, it loved, was loving | αγάπαγαν, they loved, were loving |
The Future Tense - Ο Μελοντίκ Χρον
- 047. The future tense is formed by putting the particle θα before the present tense.
Singular | Plural | |
---|---|---|
1st | θa βλεπο, I see | θa βλέπoμε, we see |
2nd | θa βλεπις, you see | θa βλέπετε, you see |
3rd | θa βλεπι, he, she, it sees | θa βλεπουν, they see |
Singular | Plural | |
---|---|---|
1st | θ' αγαπό, I love | θ' αγαπάμε, we love |
2nd | θ' αγαπάς, you love | θ' αγαπάτε, you love |
3rd | θ' αγαπά, he, she, it loves | θ' αγαπάν, they love |
The Present Perfect Tense - Ο Παρακίμεν
- 048. The perfect tenses are not used as frequently in Athonite as they are in English, the past tense usually being used.
- 049. The present perfect tense is formed by the present tense of the auxiliary verb εχο, I have, and the passive participle.
- 050. The present perfect tense is used to denote an event of the past which has a bearing on the present.
Singular | Plural | |
---|---|---|
1st | εχο βλεπoμέν, I have seen | έχoμe βλεπoμέν, we have seen |
2nd | εχις βλεπoμέν, you have seen | έχετε βλεπoμέν, you have seen |
3rd | εχι βλεπoμέν, he, she, it has seen | εχουν βλεπoμέν, they have seen |
The Past Perfect Tense - Ο Ιπερςυντελικ
- 051. The past perfect tense is more frequent than the present perfect. It is used to denote an event of the past which occurred before another event of the past.
- 052. The past perfect tense is formed by the past tense of the auxiliary verb εχο and the passive participle.
Singular | Plural | |
---|---|---|
1st | ιχα βλεπoμέν, I had seen | ίχαμε βλεπoμέν, we had seen |
2nd | ιχεs βλεπoμέν, you had seen | ίχατε βλεπoμέν, you had seen |
3rd | ιχε βλεπoμέν, he, she, it had seen | ιχαν βλεπoμέν, they had seen |
The Future Perfect Tense - Ο Σιντελεςμέν Μελοντ Χρον
- 053. The future perfect tense is used to denote an event in the future which will have occurred before another event in the future.
- 054. The future perfect tense is formed by the future tense of the auχiliary verb εχο and the passive participle.
Singular | Plural | |
---|---|---|
1st | θa εχο βλεπoμέν, I shall have seen | θa έχoμε βλεπoμέν, we shall have seen |
2nd | θa εχιs βλεπoμέν, you will have seen | θa έχετε βλεπoμέν, you will have seen |
3rd | θa εχι βλεπoμέν, he, she, it will have seen | θa εχoυν βλεπoμέν, they will have seen |
The Progressive Tenses - Ι εξακολουθιτίκ Χρονι
- 055. The active participle is used with the appropriate tense of ιμε, I am, to form progressive tenses.
past | future | present perfect | past perfect | future perfect | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
ιμε βλεποντ I am seeing, etc. |
ιμουν βλεποντ I was seeing, etc. |
θα ιμε βλεποντ I will be seeing, etc. |
εχο ιμέν βλεποντ I have been seeing, etc.' |
ιχα ιμέν βλεποντ I had been seeing, etc. |
θα εχο ιμέν βλεποντ I will have been seeing, etc. |
The Passive Voice - Τι Παθιτίκ Φον
- 056. The passive voice denotes that the agent is being acted upon.
- 057. The many forms of the passive in Modern Greek have been abandoned in favor of periphrastic expressions using the verb ιμε, I am and the passive participle.
The Present Tense - Ο Ενεςτότ
Singular | Plural | |
---|---|---|
1st | ιμε βλεπoμέν, I am seen | ίμαςτε βλεπoμέν, we are seen |
2nd | ιςε βλεπoμέν, you are seen | ιςτε βλεπoμέν, you are seen |
3rd | ινε βλεπoμέν, he, she, it is seen | ινε βλεπoμέν, they are seen |
The Past Tense - Ο Παρατατίκ Χρον
Singular | Plural | |
---|---|---|
1st | ιμουν βλεπoμέν, I was seen | ίμαςτε βλεπoμέν, we were seen |
2nd | ιςουν βλεπoμέν, you were seen | ίςαςτε βλεπoμέν, you were seen |
3rd | ιταν βλεπoμέν, he, she, it was seen | ιταν βλεπoμέν, they were seen |
The Future Tense - Ο Μελοντίκ Χρον
Singular | Plural | |
---|---|---|
1st | θa ιμε βλεπoμέν, I shall be seen | θa ίμαςτε βλεπoμέν, we shall be seen |
2nd | θa ιςε βλεπoμέν, you will be seen | θa ιςτε βλεπoμέν, you will be seen |
3rd | θa ινε βλεπoμέν, he, she, it will be seen | θa ινε βλεπoμέν, they will be seen |
The Perfect Tenses - Ο Παρακίμεν
- 058. The perfect tenses are formed by using the appropriate tense of εχο with the passive participle of ιμε.
past | future | |
---|---|---|
εχο ιμέν βλεπoμέν I have been seen, etc. |
ιχα ιμέν βλεπoμέν I had been seen, etc. |
θα εχο ιμέν βλεπoμέν I shall have been seen, etc. |
The Auxiliary Verbs - Το Βοϊθιτίκ Ρίματα
- 059. The auxiliary verbs are two of the few remaining irregular verbs.
Present | Past | Future | |
---|---|---|---|
1st singular | εχο, I have | ιχα, I had | θα εχο, I shall have |
2nd singular | εχις, you have | ιχες, you had | θα εχις, you will have |
3rd singular | εχι, he, she, it has | ιχε, he, she, it had | θα εχι, he, she, it will have |
1st plural | έχομε, we have | ίχαμε, we had | θα έχομε, we shall have |
2nd plural | έχετε, you have | ίχατε, you had, | θα έχετε, you will have |
3rd plural | εχoυν, they have | ιχαν, they had | θα εχoυν, they will have |
Present | Past | Future | |
---|---|---|---|
1st singular | ιμε, I am, | ιμουν, I was | θα ιμε, I shall be |
2nd singular | ιςε, you are | ιςουν, you were | θα ιςε, you will be |
3rd singular | ινε, he, she, it is | ιταν, he, she, it wαs | θα ινε, he, she, it will be |
1st plural | ίμαςτε, wε are | ίμαςταν, we were | θα ίμαςτε, we shall be |
2nd plural | ιςτε, you are | ίςαςτε, you were | θα ιςτε, you will be |
3rd plural | ινε, they are | ιταν, they were | θα ινε, they will be |
The Subjunctive Mood - Τι Ιποτακτίκ
- 060. The subjunctive mood expresses an action or state which is hypothetical or anticipated rather than actual, including wishes.
- 061. The subjunctive mood in Athonite is formed with the particle να.
- Ευχο να βρεχι. I wish that it would rain.
- Ευχο να έβρεχε. I wish that it had rained.
- 062. Certain verbs commonly used only in the third person are followed by να.
- πρεπι, it is necessary; αξιζι, it is worthwhile, etc.
- Πρεπι να παο τορ.
- I must be going now.
The Imperative Mood - Τι προςτακτίκ
- 063. The formation of the imperative is greatly simplified in Athonite consisting of only one form.
- 064. To form the imperative, Class I verbs replace the -ο of the present with -ε for the singular and -(ε)τε for the plural. Class II verbs replace the -ό of the present with -ά for the singular and -(α)τε for the plural.
Plural | |
---|---|
βλεπε, see | βλεπ(ε)τε, see |
αγαπά, love | αγάπατε, love |
The Infinitive - Το Απαρεμφατ
- 065. The infinitive is a neutral form of the verb, that is, it does not express agent, tense or mood. It is treated as a noun and is accompanied by the neuter article το. As a verb it can govern an object.
- It is formed by adding the suffix -ςι to the verb stem, e.g. βλεπο > βγεπςι.
- In certain instances, the final consonant of the verb stem is modified, e.g. κοβο > κοψι.
- 066. The infinitive also functions as a gerund.
- Το τρεξι ινε καλ αςκις. Running is good exercise.
Negation - Άρνις
- 067. Negation in the indicative mood is expressed by putting the negative particle δεν in front of the verb.
- το πρoíν ιν' ετιμ, Breakfast is ready.
- το πρoíν δeν ιν' ετιμ, Breakfast is not ready.
- το μπαρ δεν ινε πλιρ, The bar is not full.
- δεν παο, I'm not going.
- 068. Negation in the subjunctive and imperative moods is expressed by putting the negative particle μι(ν) in front of the verb.
- Ευχο να μιν έβρεχε. I wish that it had not rained.
- μι τρεξε ι θα πεφτις. Don't run or you'll fall.
There Is/Are - βαρ/γιοκ
- 069. Athonite has abandoned the conjugated verbs υπαρχεί and υπαρχούν in favor of the Turkish βαρ and its negative γιοκ.
- Βαρ ανθ εν το τραπέζ.
- There is a flower on the table.
- Γιοκ ανθ εν το τραπέζ.
- There is no flower on the table.
- Βαρ ανθ εν το τραπέζ.
- 70. A modified form of the Turkish is used for the past tense.
- Βαρδ ανθ εν το τραπέζ.
- There was a flower on the table.
- Γιοκτ ανθ εν το τραπέζ.
- There was no flower on the table.
- Βαρδ ανθ εν το τραπέζ.
- 071. In reply to a βαρ or γιοκ question, the answer is always βαρ or γιοκ, never yes or no.
- Βαρ μιλα εν το τραπέζ;
- Are there apples on the table?
- Βαρ, Yes, there are.
- Γιοκ, No, there are not.
- Βαρ μιλα εν το τραπέζ;
- 072. βαρ and γιοκ may also used to express possession. The possessor is expressed with the possessive adjective.
- Βαρ τρις μιλα μου; I have three apples.
- Γιοκ αδέλφ τις ; She does not have a sister.
Deponent Verbs - Αποθετίκ Ρίματα
- 073. The deponent verbs of Modern Greek have become regular verbs, e.g., έρχομε, I come, > ερχο.
The Use of ινε - Ι Χρις από το Ινε'
- 074. When an adjective is used predicatively, the copula ινε is not used, e.g., το κιαν ςπιτ, the blue house; but το ςπιτ κιαν, the house is blue.
Questions - Ερότιςις
- 075. A question with an interrogative pronoun has the same word order as a regular sentence.
- Π' ιςε; Who are you?
- πιόν έβλεπας; Whom did you see?
- ςε πιον μίλαγες; To whom were you talking?
- 076. A yes-no question has the same word order as a regular sentence, but is followed by the interrogative particle μι.
- Πας ςτο ςχολί. You are going to school.
- Πας ςτο ςχολί μι; Are you going to school?
- 077. A question with a tag has the same word order as a regular sentence, but is followed by the interrogative particle ντιμι.
- αυτό ινε βιβλί, ντιμι; This is a book, isn't it?
- ςι έγραφα τι επιςτόλ, ντιμι; You wrote the letter, didn't you?
- ςι θα ερχις αβρι, ντιμι; You'll come tomorrow, won't you?
Adverbs - Επιρίματα
- 078. Adverbs are words used to modify verbs, adjectives or other adverbs.
- 079. Adverbs can be formed from many adjectives by adding -α/-ά to the adjective.
- το ιρεμ πεδ , the quiet child; τρεχε ιρεμα. Run quietly.
- το αργ τρεν, the slow train; Προχόραγα αργά, He proceeded slowly.
- 080.The comparative and superlative of adverbs are formed in the same way as with adjectives.
- εφκολ, easy; έφκολα, easily
- πιο εφκολ, easier, easiest; πιο έφκολα, more/most easily