Athonite grammar II

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Pronunciation Table - Πινακ από Προφόρ

Greek α αυ β γ γγ γκ γξ γχ δ ε ει ευ ζ η θ ι κ λ μ μπ ν ντ ξ ο ου π ρ ς τ τζ υ φ χ ψ ω
Athonite α αφ/β β γ γγ γκ γξ γχ δ ε ι εφ/β ζ ι θ ι κ λ μ μπ ν ντ ξ ο ου π ρ ς τ τζ ι φ χ ψ ο
Latin a af/v v g ng g ngks nch dh e i ef/v z i th i k l m b n d ks o u p r s t tz y f ch ps ō
IPA /a/1 /af/2 /v/ /ɣ/3 /ŋ/ /g/ /ŋks/ /ŋç/ /ð/ /e/ /i/ /εf/4 /z/ /i/5 /θ/ /i/ /k/ /l/ /m/ /b/ /n/6 /d/ /ks/ /o/ /u/ /p/ /ɾ/ /s/7 /t/ /ʣ/ /i/ /f/ /ç/ /ps/ /o/

Notes - Σιμιοςις

  • 1 when accented, otherwise /ʌ/.
  • 2 αφ before voiceless consonants, αβ before voiced consonants or vowels.
  • 3 /ɣ/ before α, ο and ου; /j/ before ε and ι.
  • 4 εφ before voiceless consonants, εβ before voiced consonants or vowels.
  • 5 /j/ between vowels.
  • 6 final <n> before a voiceless stop becomes /m/ and the stop is voiced, e.g., δεν πιραζι, /ðembiˈrazi/, it doesn't matter.
  • 7 /z/ before voiced consonants.

Verbs - Ρίματα

Verb Classes - Τι Ταξις από το Ρίματα

  • 038. The Athonite verb has been reduced from the many tenses present in Classical and Demotic Greek to six.
  • 039. The six tenses are the present, the past (the Greek imperfect), and the future (the Greek future continuous), and their perfect counterparts.
  • 040. Athonite verbs are divided into two classes, those in which the personal ending is not accented (I) and those in which the personal ending is accented (II).
  • 041. The endings on the verbs are changed to denote person and number.

The Active Voice - Τι Ενέργ Φον

  • 042. The active voice denotes that the agent is doing the action of the verb.
The Present Tense - Ο Ενεςτότ
  • 043. In the present tense of Class I verbs, the accent remains on the stem of the verb. In the present tense of Class II verbs, the accent is on the endings.
Class I
Singular Plural
1st βλεπο, I see βλέπoμε, we see
2nd βλεπις, you see βλέπετε, you see
3rd βλεπι, he, she, it sees βλεπουν, they see
Class II
Singular Plural
1st αγαπό, I love αγαπάμε, we love
2nd αγαπάς, you love αγαπάτε, you love
3rd αγαπά, he, she, it loves αγαπάν, they love
The Past Tense - Ο Παρατατίκ Χρον
  • 044. The past tense is formed by using endings different from the present and by placing the accent on the third syllable from the end.
  • 045. Class II verbs insert -άγ- between the stem and the ending.
  • 046. When there is no third syllable, the augment ε- is added.
Class I
Singular Plural
1st έβλεπα, I saw, was seeing βλέπαμε, we saw, were seeing
2nd έβλεπες, you saw, were seeing βλέπατε, you saw, were seeing
3rd έβλεπε, he, she, it saw, was seeing έβλεπαν, they saw, were seeing
Class II
Singular Plural
1st αγάπαγα, I loved, was loving αγαπάγαμε, we loved, were loving
2nd αγάπαγες, you loved, were loving αγαπάγατε, you loved, were loving
3rd αγάπαγε, he, she, it loved, was loving αγάπαγαν, they loved, were loving
The Future Tense - Ο Μελοντίκ Χρον
  • 047. The future tense is formed by putting the particle θα before the present tense.
Class I
Singular Plural
1st θa βλεπο, I see θa βλέπoμε, we see
2nd θa βλεπις, you see θa βλέπετε, you see
3rd θa βλεπι, he, she, it sees θa βλεπουν, they see
Class II
Singular Plural
1st θ' αγαπό, I love θ' αγαπάμε, we love
2nd θ' αγαπάς, you love θ' αγαπάτε, you love
3rd θ' αγαπά, he, she, it loves θ' αγαπάν, they love
The Present Perfect Tense - Ο Παρακίμεν
  • 048. The perfect tenses are not used as frequently in Athonite as they are in English, the past tense usually being used.
  • 049. The present perfect tense is formed by the present tense of the auxiliary verb εχο, I have, and the passive participle.
  • 050. The present perfect tense is used to denote an event of the past which has a bearing on the present.
Singular Plural
1st εχο βλεπoμέν, I have seen έχoμe βλεπoμέν, we have seen
2nd εχις βλεπoμέν, you have seen έχετε βλεπoμέν, you have seen
3rd εχι βλεπoμέν, he, she, it has seen εχουν βλεπoμέν, they have seen
The Past Perfect Tense - Ο Ιπερςυντελικ
  • 051. The past perfect tense is more frequent than the present perfect. It is used to denote an event of the past which occurred before another event of the past.
  • 052. The past perfect tense is formed by the past tense of the auxiliary verb εχο and the passive participle.
Singular Plural
1st ιχα βλεπoμέν, I had seen ίχαμε βλεπoμέν, we had seen
2nd ιχεs βλεπoμέν, you had seen ίχατε βλεπoμέν, you had seen
3rd ιχε βλεπoμέν, he, she, it had seen ιχαν βλεπoμέν, they had seen
The Future Perfect Tense - Ο Σιντελεςμέν Μελοντ Χρον
  • 053. The future perfect tense is used to denote an event in the future which will have occurred before another event in the future.
  • 054. The future perfect tense is formed by the future tense of the auχiliary verb εχο and the passive participle.
Singular Plural
1st θa εχο βλεπoμέν, I shall have seen θa έχoμε βλεπoμέν, we shall have seen
2nd θa εχιs βλεπoμέν, you will have seen θa έχετε βλεπoμέν, you will have seen
3rd θa εχι βλεπoμέν, he, she, it will have seen θa εχoυν βλεπoμέν, they will have seen

The Progressive Tenses - Ι εξακολουθιτίκ Χρονι

  • 055. The active participle is used with the appropriate tense of ιμε, I am, to form progressive tenses.
present
past future present perfect past perfect future perfect
ιμε βλεποντ
I am seeing, etc.
ιμουν βλεποντ
I was seeing, etc.
θα ιμε βλεποντ
I will be seeing, etc.
εχο ιμέν βλεποντ
I have been seeing, etc.'
ιχα ιμέν βλεποντ
I had been seeing, etc.
θα εχο ιμέν βλεποντ
I will have been seeing, etc.

The Passive Voice - Τι Παθιτίκ Φον

  • 056. The passive voice denotes that the agent is being acted upon.
  • 057. The many forms of the passive in Modern Greek have been abandoned in favor of periphrastic expressions using the verb ιμε, I am and the passive participle.
The Present Tense - Ο Ενεςτότ
Singular Plural
1st ιμε βλεπoμέν, I am seen ίμαςτε βλεπoμέν, we are seen
2nd ιςε βλεπoμέν, you are seen ιςτε βλεπoμέν, you are seen
3rd ινε βλεπoμέν, he, she, it is seen ινε βλεπoμέν, they are seen
The Past Tense - Ο Παρατατίκ Χρον
Singular Plural
1st ιμουν βλεπoμέν, I was seen ίμαςτε βλεπoμέν, we were seen
2nd ιςουν βλεπoμέν, you were seen ίςαςτε βλεπoμέν, you were seen
3rd ιταν βλεπoμέν, he, she, it was seen ιταν βλεπoμέν, they were seen
The Future Tense - Ο Μελοντίκ Χρον
Singular Plural
1st θa ιμε βλεπoμέν, I shall be seen θa ίμαςτε βλεπoμέν, we shall be seen
2nd θa ιςε βλεπoμέν, you will be seen θa ιςτε βλεπoμέν, you will be seen
3rd θa ινε βλεπoμέν, he, she, it will be seen θa ινε βλεπoμέν, they will be seen
The Perfect Tenses - Ο Παρακίμεν
  • 058. The perfect tenses are formed by using the appropriate tense of εχο with the passive participle of ιμε.
present
past future
εχο ιμέν βλεπoμέν
I have been seen, etc.
ιχα ιμέν βλεπoμέν
I had been seen, etc.
θα εχο ιμέν βλεπoμέν
I shall have been seen, etc.

The Auxiliary Verbs - Το Βοϊθιτίκ Ρίματα

  • 059. The auxiliary verbs are two of the few remaining irregular verbs.
εχο, I have
Present Past Future
1st singular εχο, I have ιχα, I had θα εχο, I shall have
2nd singular εχις, you have ιχες, you had θα εχις, you will have
3rd singular εχι, he, she, it has ιχε, he, she, it had θα εχι, he, she, it will have
1st plural έχομε, we have ίχαμε, we had θα έχομε, we shall have
2nd plural έχετε, you have ίχατε, you had, θα έχετε, you will have
3rd plural εχoυν, they have ιχαν, they had θα εχoυν, they will have
ιμε, I am
Present Past Future
1st singular ιμε, I am, ιμουν, I was θα ιμε, I shall be
2nd singular ιςε, you are ιςουν, you were θα ιςε, you will be
3rd singular ινε, he, she, it is ιταν, he, she, it wαs θα ινε, he, she, it will be
1st plural ίμαςτε, wε are ίμαςταν, we were θα ίμαςτε, we shall be
2nd plural ιςτε, you are ίςαςτε, you were θα ιςτε, you will be
3rd plural ινε, they are ιταν, they were θα ινε, they will be

The Subjunctive Mood - Τι Ιποτακτίκ

  • 060. The subjunctive mood expresses an action or state which is hypothetical or anticipated rather than actual, including wishes.
  • 061. The subjunctive mood in Athonite is formed with the particle να.
Ευχο να βρεχι. I wish that it would rain.
Ευχο να έβρεχε. I wish that it had rained.
  • 062. Certain verbs commonly used only in the third person are followed by να.
πρεπι, it is necessary; αξιζι, it is worthwhile, etc.
Πρεπι να παο τορ.
I must be going now.

The Imperative Mood - Τι προςτακτίκ

  • 063. The formation of the imperative is greatly simplified in Athonite consisting of only one form.
  • 064. To form the imperative, Class I verbs replace the -ο of the present with for the singular and -(ε)τε for the plural. Class II verbs replace the of the present with for the singular and -(α)τε for the plural.
Singular
Plural
βλεπε, see βλεπ(ε)τε, see
αγαπά, love αγάπατε, love

The Infinitive - Το Απαρεμφατ

  • 065. The infinitive is a neutral form of the verb, that is, it does not express agent, tense or mood. It is treated as a noun and is accompanied by the neuter article το. As a verb it can govern an object.
It is formed by adding the suffix -ςι to the verb stem, e.g. βλεπο > βγεπςι.
In certain instances, the final consonant of the verb stem is modified, e.g. κοβο > κοψι.
  • 066. The infinitive also functions as a gerund.
Το τρεξι ινε καλ αςκις. Running is good exercise.

Negation - Άρνις

  • 067. Negation in the indicative mood is expressed by putting the negative particle δεν in front of the verb.
το πρoíν ιν' ετιμ, Breakfast is ready.
το πρoíν δeν ιν' ετιμ, Breakfast is not ready.
το μπαρ δεν ινε πλιρ, The bar is not full.
δεν παο, I'm not going.
  • 068. Negation in the subjunctive and imperative moods is expressed by putting the negative particle μι(ν) in front of the verb.
Ευχο να μιν έβρεχε. I wish that it had not rained.
μι τρεξε ι θα πεφτις. Don't run or you'll fall.

There Is/Are - βαρ/γιοκ

  • 069. Athonite has abandoned the conjugated verbs υπαρχεί and υπαρχούν in favor of the Turkish βαρ and its negative γιοκ.
Βαρ ανθ εν το τραπέζ.
There is a flower on the table.
Γιοκ ανθ εν το τραπέζ.
There is no flower on the table.
  • 70. A modified form of the Turkish is used for the past tense.
Βαρδ ανθ εν το τραπέζ.
There was a flower on the table.
Γιοκτ ανθ εν το τραπέζ.
There was no flower on the table.
  • 071. In reply to a βαρ or γιοκ question, the answer is always βαρ or γιοκ, never yes or no.
Βαρ μιλα εν το τραπέζ;
Are there apples on the table?
Βαρ, Yes, there are.
Γιοκ, No, there are not.
  • 072. βαρ and γιοκ may also used to express possession. The possessor is expressed with the possessive adjective.
Βαρ τρις μιλα μου; I have three apples.
Γιοκ αδέλφ τις ; She does not have a sister.

Deponent Verbs - Αποθετίκ Ρίματα

  • 073. The deponent verbs of Modern Greek have become regular verbs, e.g., έρχομε, I come, > ερχο.

The Use of ινε - Ι Χρις από το Ινε'

  • 074. When an adjective is used predicatively, the copula ινε is not used, e.g., το κιαν ςπιτ, the blue house; but το ςπιτ κιαν, the house is blue.

Questions - Ερότιςις

  • 075. A question with an interrogative pronoun has the same word order as a regular sentence.
Π' ιςε; Who are you?
πιόν έβλεπας; Whom did you see?
ςε πιον μίλαγες; To whom were you talking?
  • 076. A yes-no question has the same word order as a regular sentence, but is followed by the interrogative particle μι.
Πας ςτο ςχολί. You are going to school.
Πας ςτο ςχολί μι; Are you going to school?
  • 077. A question with a tag has the same word order as a regular sentence, but is followed by the interrogative particle ντιμι.
αυτό ινε βιβλί, ντιμι; This is a book, isn't it?
ςι έγραφα τι επιςτόλ, ντιμι; You wrote the letter, didn't you?
ςι θα ερχις αβρι, ντιμι; You'll come tomorrow, won't you?

Adverbs - Επιρίματα

  • 078. Adverbs are words used to modify verbs, adjectives or other adverbs.
  • 079. Adverbs can be formed from many adjectives by adding -α/-ά to the adjective.
το ιρεμ πεδ , the quiet child; τρεχε ιρεμα. Run quietly.
το αργ τρεν, the slow train; Προχόραγα αργά, He proceeded slowly.
  • 080.The comparative and superlative of adverbs are formed in the same way as with adjectives.
εφκολ, easy; έφκολα, easily
πιο εφκολ, easier, easiest; πιο έφκολα, more/most easily


Athonite Grammar I