Grave Accent
From FrathWiki
Jump to navigationJump to search
The grave accent originates from the Greek alphabet where it was used for marking low pitch.[1]
Grave Accent in Unicode
| ` | ˋ | ˴ | ◌̀ | ◌̀ | À | à | Ầ | ầ | Ằ | ằ | È | è |
| U+0060 | U+02CB | U+02F4 | U+0300 | U+0340 | U+00C0 | U+00E0 | U+1EA6 | U+1EA7 | U+1EB0 | U+1EB1 | U+00C8 | U+00E8 |
| Grave Accent | Modifier Letter Grave Accent | Modifier Letter Middle Grave Accent | Combining Grave Accent | Combining Grave Tone Mark | Latin Capital Letter A With Grave | Latin Small Letter A With Grave | Latin Capital Letter A With Circumflex And Grave | Latin Small Letter A With Circumflex And Grave | Latin Capital Letter A With Breve And Grave | Latin Small Letter A With Breve And Grave | Latin Capital Letter E With Grave | Latin Small Letter E With Grave |
| Note: The tone mark was created for Vietnamese, but its use is now discouraged.[2] | ||||||||||||
| Ḕ | ḕ | Ề | ề | Ì | ì | Ǹ | ǹ | Ò | ò | Ṑ | ṑ | Ồ |
| U+1E14 | U+1E15 | U+1EC0 | U+1EC1 | U+00CC | U+00EC | U+01F8 | U+01F9 | U+00D2 | U+00F2 | U+1E50 | U+1E51 | U+1ED2 |
| Latin Capital Letter E With Macron And Grave | Latin Small Letter E With Macron And Grave | Latin Capital Letter E With Circumflex And Grave | Latin Small Letter E With Circumflex And Grave | Latin Capital Letter I With Grave | Latin Small Letter I With Grave | Latin Capital Letter N With Grave | Latin Small Letter N With Grave | Latin Capital Letter O With Grave | Latin Small Letter O With Grave | Latin Capital Letter O With Macron And Grave | Latin Small Letter O With Macron And Grave | Latin Capital Letter O With Circumflex And Grave |
| ồ | Ờ | ờ | Ù | ù | Ǜ | ǜ | Ừ | ừ | Ẁ | ẁ | Ỳ | ỳ |
| U+1ED3 | U+1EDC | U+1EDD | U+00D9 | U+00F9 | U+01DB | U+01DC | U+1EEA | U+1EEB | U+1E80 | U+1E81 | U+1EF2 | U+1EF3 |
| Latin Small Letter O With Circumflex And Grave | Latin Capital Letter O With Horn And Grave | Latin Small Letter O With Horn And Grave | Latin Capital Letter U With Grave | Latin Small Letter U With Grave | Latin Capital Letter U With Diaeresis And Grave | Latin Small Letter U With Diaeresis And Grave | Latin Capital Letter U With Horn And Grave | Latin Small Letter U With Horn And Grave | Latin Capital Letter W With Grave | Latin Small Letter W With Grave | Latin Capital Letter Y With Grave | Latin Small Letter Y With Grave |
Grave Accent in Natlangs
| Use | Language | Letters | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|
| Falling tone | Mandarin (Pinyin romanization) | Àà /a˥˩/, Èè /ə˥˩/, Ìì /i˥˩/, Òò /ə˥˩/, Ùù /u˥˩/, Ǜǜ /y˥˩/ | Pinyin was created in the 1950s, and its tone marks were based on the Bopomofo phonetic notation.[3] Note that these tone values are based on the Beijing dialect.[4] |
| Min Nan (Pe̍h-ōe-jī orthography) | Àà /a˨˩/, Àⁿ àⁿ /ã˨˩/, Èè /e˨˩/, Èⁿ èⁿ /ẽ˨˩/, Ìì /i˨˩/, Ìⁿ ìⁿ /ĩ˨˩/, M̀m̀ /m̩˨˩/, Ǹg ǹg /ŋ̍˨˩/, Òò /ə˨˩/, Òⁿ òⁿ /ɔ̃˨˩/, Ò͘ò͘ /ɔ˨˩/, Ùù /u˨˩/, Ùⁿ ùⁿ /u˨˩/ | There is much variation in the tones and vowel qualities between different dialects of Min Nan. The vowel qualities here seem to be an approximation between the dialects,[5] while the tones here are as they are pronounced in Taipei.[6] | |
| Vietnamese | Àà /a̤ː˨˩/, Ằằ /a̤˨˩/, Ầầ /ə̤˨˩/, Èè /ɛ̤˨˩/, Ềề /e̤˨˩/, Ìì /i̤˨˩/, Òò /ɔ̤˨˩/, Ồồ /o̤˨˩/, Ờờ /ə̤ː˨˩/, Ùù /ṳ˨˩/, Ừừ /ɨ̤˨˩/, Ỳỳ /i̤˨˩/ | The grave accent stands for low falling tone with breathy voice. There are many exceptions to the phonemic values of these letters though.[7] | |
| Short vowel | Croatian, Serbian | Àà /ǎ/, Èè /ě/, Ìì /ǐ/, Òò /ǒ/, R̀r̀ /ř̩/, Ùù /ǔ/ | The grave accent marks that these vowels are short and have rising pitch. These letters are not used in the standard orthography of Croatian or Serbian, but in linguistic materials.[8] |
| Slovene (orthography with dynamic accentuation) | Àà /ˈa/, Èè /ˈɛ/, Ìì /ˈi/, Òò /ˈɔ/, R̀r̀ /ˈəɾ/, Ùù /ˈu/ | The grave accent marks that these vowels are stressed and short, and that Èè and Òò are mid-open vowels rather than mid-close. These letters are not used in the standard orthography of Slovene, but in language materials.[9] | |
| Slovene (orthography with tonal accentuation) | Àà /á/, Èè /ɛ́/, Ẹ̀ẹ̀ /é/, Ìì /í/, Òò /ɔ́/, Ọ̀ọ̀ /ó/, R̀r̀ /ə́ɾ/, Ùù /ú/ | The grave accent marks that these vowels are short and have high pitch. These letters are not used in the standard orthography of Slovene, but in language materials.[9] | |
| Stress | Catalan | Àà /ˈa/, Èè /ˈɛ/, Òò /ˈɔ/ | The rules for when stress is to be marked in Catalan are quite complex. The grave accent also distinguishes stressed /ɛ ɔ/ from /e o/,[10] see Acute Accent, Acute Accent in Natlangs. |
Grave Accent in Conlangs
| Usage | Language | Creator | Letters | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Low pitch | Inng (external transcription) | Qwynegold | Àà /à/, Èè /ə̀, ì/, Ìì /ì/, L̀l̀ /l̩̀/, M̀m̀ /ŋ̩̀/, Ǹǹ /ŋ̩̀/, Òò /ò, ə̀, à/, Ùù /ù/ | Some of these accented letters only appear as part of a digraph when representing a certain sound.[11] |
| Low tone | Lhueslue (external romanization) | Qwynegold | Àà /ɑ̀/, Àe àe /æ̀/, Èè /è/. Èe èe /ɛ̀/, Ìì /ì/, Ìe ìe /ɘ̀/, Òò /ò/, Òe òe /ø̀/, Ùù /ù/, Ùe ùe /ỳ/ | This tone may be realized as either a low level tone, or a falling tone. Unaccented vowels have mid level tone.[12] |
| Stress | Liu (external romanization) | Qwynegold | Àà /ˈa/, Èè /ˈe/, Ìì /ˈi/, Òò /ˈo/, Ùù /ˈu/ | The grave accent marks that the vowel is stressed and short. In the native script, the corresponding diacritic would be placed on the first letter of the syllable, whether it's a vowel or a consonant, but in the romanization it is only used on vowel letters for simplicity's sake. |
See Also
References
- ↑ grave at Everything2, Grave accent, Greek at Wikipedia.
- ↑ This was due to positioning issues in Vietnamese diacritic stacking, but this is now handled by the regular combining grave. Sources:
Unicode, Inc. 2014. Combining Diacritical Marks.
Vietnamese language and computers, Vietnamese Alphabet at Wikipedia. - ↑ Pinyin, History after 1949 at Wikipedia.
- ↑ Mandarin Chinese, Tones at Wikipedia.
- ↑ Pe̍h-ōe-jī, Current system at Wikipedia.
- ↑ Taiwanese Hokkien, Tones at Wikipedia.
- ↑ Vietnamese orthography, Pronunciation at Wikipedia.
- ↑ Serbo-Croatian phonology, Pitch accent at Wikipedia.
- ↑ 9.0 9.1 Slovene language, Prosody at Wikipedia.
- ↑ Catalan alphabet, Acute and grave accents at Wikipedia.
- ↑ Inng, Transcription at FrathWiki.
- ↑ Lhueslue, Tones at FrathWiki.
