Acute Accent

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The acute accent comes from a Latin diacritic called apex.[1] There is a diacritic, called kreska in Polish, which looks similar to the acute accent, but which is more vertical and placed slightly to the right of the center of the base letter.[2] Unicode conflates these two diacritics though, so this article does not distinguish between them either.

Acute Accent in Unicode

Characters with Acute Accent
´ ˊ ◌́ ◌́ Á á Ǻ ǻ Ấ ấ Ắ ắ Ǽ
U+00B4 U+02CA U+0301 U+0341 U+00C1 U+00E1 U+01FA U+01FB U+1EA4 U+1EA5 U+1EAE U+1EAF U+01FC
Acute Accent Modifier Letter Acute Accent Combining Acute Accent Combining Acute Tone Mark Latin Capital Letter A With Acute Latin Small Letter A With Acute Latin Capital Letter A With Ring Above And Acute Latin Small Letter A With Ring Above And Acute Latin Capital Letter A With Circumflex And Acute Latin Small Letter A With Circumflex And Acute Latin Capital Letter A With Breve And Acute Latin Small Letter A With Breve And Acute Latin Capital Letter Ae With Acute
Note: May be confused with Apostrophe, ' (U+0027); Modifier Letter Prime, ʹ (U+02B9); Modifier Letter Turned Comma, ʻ (U+02BB); Modifier Letter Apostrophe, ʼ (U+02BC); Modifier Letter Vertical Line, ˈ (U+02C8); Right Single Quotation Mark, ’ (U+2019); or Prime, ′ (U+2032). Note: May be confused with Combining Turned Comma Above, ◌̒ (U+0312).
ǽ Ć ć Ḉ ḉ É é Ḗ ḗ Ế ế Ǵ ǵ
U+01FD U+0106 U+0107 U+1E08 U+1E09 U+00C9 U+00E9 U+1E16 U+1E17 U+1EBE U+1EBF U+01F4 U+01F5
Latin Small Letter Ae With Acute Latin Capital Letter C With Acute Latin Small Letter C With Acute Latin Capital Letter C With Cedilla And Acute Latin Small Letter C With Cedilla And Acute Latin Capital Letter E With Acute Latin Small Letter E With Acute Latin Capital Letter E With Macron And Acute Latin Small Letter E With Macron And Acute Latin Capital Letter E With Circumflex And Acute Latin Small Letter E With Circumflex And Acute Latin Capital Letter G With Acute Latin Small Letter G With Acute
Í í Ḯ ḯ Ḱ ḱ Ĺ ĺ Ḿ ḿ Ń ń Ó
U+00CD U+00ED U+1E2E U+1E2F U+1E30 U+1E31 U+0139 U+013A U+1E3E U+1E3F U+0143 U+0144 U+00D3
Latin Capital Letter I With Acute Latin Small Letter I With Acute Latin Capital Letter I With Diaeresis And Acute Latin Small Letter I With Diaeresis And Acute Latin Capital Letter K With Acute Latin Small Letter K With Acute Latin Capital Letter L With Acute Latin Small Letter L With Acute Latin Capital Letter M With Acute Latin Small Letter M With Acute Latin Capital Letter N With Acute Latin Small Letter N With Acute Latin Capital Letter O With Acute
ó Ṓ ṓ Ố ố Ṍ ṍ Ớ ớ Ǿ ǿ Ṕ ṕ
U+00F3 U+1E52 U+1E53 U+1ED0 U+1ED1 U+1E4C U+1E4D U+1EDA U+1EDB U+01FE U+01FF U+1E54 U+1E55
Latin Small Letter O With Acute Latin Capital Letter O With Macron And Acute Latin Small Letter O With Macron And Acute Latin Capital Letter O With Circumflex And Acute Latin Small Letter O With Circumflex And Acute Latin Capital Letter O With Tilde And Acute Latin Small Letter O With Tilde And Acute Latin Capital Letter O With Horn And Acute Latin Small Letter O With Horn And Acute Latin Capital Letter O With Stroke And Acute Latin Small Letter O With Stroke And Acute Latin Capital Letter P With Acute Latin Small Letter P With Acute
Ŕ ŕ Ś ś Ṥ ṥ Ú ú Ǘ ǘ Ṹ ṹ Ứ
U+0154 U+0155 U+015A U+015B U+1E64 U+1E65 U+00DA U+00FA U+01D7 U+01D8 U+1E78 U+1E79 U+1EE8
Latin Capital Letter R With Acute Latin Small Letter R With Acute Latin Capital Letter S With Acute Latin Small Letter S With Acute Latin Capital Letter S With Acute And Dot Above Latin Small Letter S With Acute And Dot Above Latin Capital Letter U With Acute Latin Small Letter U With Acute Latin Capital Letter U With Diaeresis And Acute Latin Small Letter U With Diaeresis And Acute Latin Capital Letter U With Tilde And Acute Latin Small Letter U With Tilde And Acute Latin Capital Letter U With Horn And Acute
ứ Ẃ ẃ Ý ý Ź ź
U+1EE9 U+1E82 U+1E83 U+00DD U+00FD U+0179 U+017A
Latin Small Letter U With Horn And Acute Latin Capital Letter W With Acute Latin Small Letter W With Acute Latin Capital Letter Y With Acute Latin Small Letter Y With Acute Latin Capital Letter Z With Acute Latin Small Letter Z With Acute

Acute Accent in Natlangs

Uses of Acute Accent
Usage Language Letters Notes
Diphthong Icelandic Áá /au/, Óó /ou/ The modern alphabet was established in the 19th century, but it is based on a standard from 12th century.[3]
Following glottal stop Alekano Áá /ɑʔ/, Éé /eʔ/, Íí /iʔ/, Óó /ɤʔ/, Úú /ɯʔ/ The acute simply marks that the vowel is followed by a glottal stop. Unaccented vowels have the same vowel quality as the accented ones.[4]
High tone Heiltsuk-Oowekyala (Heiltsuk dialect, official orthography and Rath's orthography) Áá /á/, Éé /ə́/, Íí /í/, Ḷ́ḷ́ /ĺ̩/, Ṃṃ /ḿ̩/, Ṇṇ /ń̩/, Úú /ú/ It is currently slightly unclear what quality the vowels have, and if Éé is really used in the official orthography. See Languagegeek and Bella Bella Community School.
Long vowel Croatian, Serbian Áá /ǎː/, Éé /ěː/, Íí /ǐː/, Óó /ǒː/, Ŕŕ /ř̩ː/, Úú /ǔː/ The acute accent marks that these vowels are long and have rising pitch. These letters are not used in the standard orthography of Croatian or Serbian, but in linguistic materials.[5]
Czech Áá /aː/, Éé /ɛː/, Íí /iː/, Óó /oː/, Úú /uː/, Ýý /iː/ Íí and Ýý both represent the same phoneme in Standard Czech, but Íí may mark that the previous consonant is palatal, which Ýý does not.[6]
Hungarian Áá /aː/, Éé /eː/, Íí /iː/, Óó /oː/, Úú /uː/ See also Double Acute Accent.
Slovak Áá /aː/, Éé /eː/, Íí /iː/, Ĺĺ /l̩ː/, Óó /oː/, Ŕŕ /r̩ː/, Úú /uː/, Ýý /iː/
Slovene (orthography with dynamic accentuation) Áá /ˈaː/, Éé /ˈeː/, Íí /ˈiː/, Óó /ˈoː/, Ŕŕ /ˈəɾ/, Úú /ˈuː/ The acute accent marks that the vowel is stressed and long, and that Éé and Óó are mid-close rather than mid-open. These letters are not used in the standard orthography of Slovene, but in language materials.[7]
Slovene (orthography with tonal accentuation) Áá /áː/, Éé /ɛ́ː/, Ẹ́ẹ́ /éː/, Íí /íː/, Óó /ɔ́ː/, Ọ́ọ́ /óː/, Úú /úː/ The acute accent marks that these vowels are long and have high pitch. These letters are not used in the standard orthography of Slovene, but in language materials.[7]
Palatal consonant Polish Ćć /tɕ/, Dź dź /d͡ʑ/, Ńń /ɲ/, Śś /ɕ/, Źź /ʑ/ Polish uses kreska instead of acute accent.
Raised vowel Icelandic Íí /i/, Ýý /i/ Unaccented Ii and Yy both stand for /ɪ/.[8]
Polish Óó /u/ Historically it comes from long /oː/.[9] Polish uses kreska instead of acute accent.
Rising tone Mandarin (Pinyin romanization) Áá /a˧˥/, Éé /ə˧˥/, Íí /i˧˥/, Óó /ə˧˥/, Úú /u˧˥/, Ǘǘ /y˧˥/ Pinyin was created in the 1950s, and its tone marks were based on the Bopomofo phonetic notation.[10] Note that these tone values are based on the Beijing dialect.[11]
Min Nan (Pe̍h-ōe-jī orthography) Áá /a˥˩/, Áⁿ áⁿ /ã˥˩/, Éé /e˥˩/, Éⁿ éⁿ /ẽ˥˩/, Íí /i˥˩/, Íⁿ íⁿ /ĩ˥˩/, Ḿḿ /m̩˥˩/, Ńg ńg /ŋ̍˥˩/, Óó /ə˥˩/, Óⁿ óⁿ /ɔ̃/, Ó͘ó͘ /ɔ˥˩/, Úú /u˥˩/, Úⁿ úⁿ /u˥˩/ There is much variation in the tones and vowel qualities between different dialects of Min Nan. The vowel qualities here seem to be an approximation between the dialects,[12] while the tones here are as they are pronounced in Taipei (which is why they are falling though traditionally this toneme is classified as rising).[13]
Vietnamese Áá /aː˧˥/, Ắắ /a˧˥/, Ấấ /ə˧˥/, Éé /ɛ˧˥/, Ếế /e˧˥/, Íí /i˧˥/, Óó /ɔ˧˥/, Ốố /o˧˥/, Ớớ /əː˧˥/, Úú /u˧˥/, Ứứ /ɨ˧˥/, Ýý /i˧˥/ There are many exceptions to the phonemic values of these letters.[14]
Stress Catalan Éé /ˈe/, Íí /ˈi/, Óó /ˈo/, Úú /ˈu/ The rules for when stress is to be marked in Catalan are quite complex. The acute accent also distinguishes stressed /e o/ from /ɛ ɔ/,[15] see Grave Accent, Catalan section on Grave Accent in Natlangs.
Swedish Éé /ˈeː/ Éé is not really a part of the Swedish alphabet, but it is used in many loanwords and surnames. It is used word-finally to indicate a stressed (and therefore long) /e/. These Éé occur where the vowel would usually be unstressed.[16]
Other Icelandic Éé /jɛ/, Úú /u/ Éé was introduced in the 20th century.[3] Unaccented Uu stands for /ʏ/.[8]

Acute Accent in Conlangs

Uses of Acute Accent
Usage Language Creator Letters Notes
High pitch Inng (external transcription) Qwynegold Áá /á/, Éé /ə́, í/, Íí /í/, Ĺĺ /ĺ̩/, Ḿḿ /ŋ̩́/, Ńń /ŋ̩́/, Óó /ú, ə́, á/, Úú /ú/ Some of these accented letters only appear as part of a digraph when representing a certain sound.[17]
High tone Lhueslue (external romanization) Qwynegold Áá /ɑ́/, Áe áe /ǽ/, Éé /é/. Ée ée /ɛ́/, Íí /í/, Íe íe /ɘ́/, Óó /ó/, Óe óe /ǿ/, Úú /ú/, Úe úe /ý/ This tone may be realized as either a high level tone, or a rising tone. Unaccented vowels have mid level tone.[18]

See Also

References

  1. ↑ Acute accent, Apex at Wikipedia.
  2. ↑ Acute accent, Palatalization at Wikipedia.
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 Icelandic orthography, History at Wikipedia.
  4. ↑ Alekano at SIL.
  5. ↑ Serbo-Croatian phonology, Pitch accent at Wikipedia.
  6. ↑ Czech orthography, "Soft" I and "Hard" Y at Wikipedia.
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 Slovene language, Prosody at Wikipedia.
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 Icelandic orthography, Function of symbols at Wikipedia.
  9. ↑ Polish phonology, Historical development at Wikipedia.
  10. ↑ Pinyin, History after 1949 at Wikipedia.
  11. ↑ Mandarin Chinese, Tones at Wikipedia.
  12. ↑ Pe̍h-ōe-jī, Current system at Wikipedia.
  13. ↑ Taiwanese Hokkien, Tones at Wikipedia.
  14. ↑ Vietnamese orthography, Pronunciation at Wikipedia.
  15. ↑ Catalan alphabet, Acute and grave accents at Wikipedia.
  16. ↑ Acute accent, Other uses at Wikipedia.
  17. ↑ Inng, Transcription at FrathWiki.
  18. ↑ Lhueslue, Tones at FrathWiki.


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