Athonite grammar II

Pronunciation Table - Πίνακα τις Προφορά

Greek	α	αυ	β	γ	γγ	γκ	γξ	γχ	δ	ε	ει	ευ	ζ	ι	θ	κ	λ	μ	μπ	ν	ντ	ξ	ο	ου	π	ρ	ς	τ	τζ	υ	φ	χ	ψ	ω
Latin	a	af	v	g	ng	nk	ngks	nch	dh	e	i	ef	z	i	th	k	l	m	b	n	d	ks	ǫ	u	p	r	s	t	z	u	f	ch	ps	o
IPA	/a/1	/af/2	/v/	/ɣ/3	/ŋ/	/ŋg/	/ŋks/	/ŋç/	/ð/	/ε/	/i/	/εf/4	/z/	/i/5	/θ/	/k/	/l/	/m/	/b/	/n/	/d/	/ks/	/ɔ/	/u/	/p/	/r/	/s/6	/t/	/ʣ/	/y/	/f/	/ç/	/ps/	/o/

Notes - Σιμείωςι

• ¹ when accented, otherwise /ʌ/.
• ² before voiceless consonants, /av/ before voiced consonants.
• ³ /ɣ/ before α, ο, ου, and ω; /j/ before ε, ι, υ.
• ⁴ before voiceless consonants, /εv/ before voiced consonants.
• ⁵ /j/ between vowels.
• ⁶ /z/ before voiced consonants.

Verbs - Ρίματα

Verb Classes - Η Ταξις από το Ρίματα

• 046. The Athonite verb has been influenced by Turkish to the extent that the many tenses present in Classical and Demotic Greek have been reduced to six.
• 047. The six tenses are the present, the past, and the future, and their perfect counterparts.
• 048. Athonite verbs are divided into two classes, those in which the personal ending is not accented (I) and those in which the personal ending is accented (II).
• 049. The endings on the verbs are changed to denote person and number.

The Auxiliary Verbs - Το Βοιθιτίκ Ρίματα

• 050. The auxiliary verbs are two of the few remaining irregular verbs.

εχω, I have

	Present	Past	Future
1st singular	εχω, I have	ιχα, I had	θα εχω, I shall have
2nd singular	εχις, you have	ιχες, you had	θα εχις, you will have
3rd singular	εχι, he, she, it has	ιχε, he, she, it had	θα εχι, he, she, it will have
1st plural	έχομε, we have	ίχαμε, we hadεί	θα έχομε, we shall have
2nd plural	έχετε, you have	ίχaτε, you had,	θα έχετε, you will have
3rd plural	εχoυν, they have	ιχαν, they had	θα εχoυν, they will have

ιμε, I am

	Present	Past	Future
1st singular	ιμε, I am,	ιμουν, I was	θα ιμε, I shall be
2nd singular	ιςε, you are	ιςουν, you were	θα ιςε, you will be
3rd singular	ινε, he, she, it is	ιταν, he, she, it wαs	θα ινε, he, she, it will be
1st plural	έμαςτε, wε are	ίμαςταν, we were	θα ίμαςτε, we shall be
2nd plural	ιςτε, you are	ίςαςτε, you were	θα ιςτε, you will be
3rd plural	ινε, they are	ιταν, they were	θα ινε, they will be

The Active Voice - Η Ενέργ Φων

• 051. The active voice denotes that the agent is doing the action of the verb.

The Present Tense - Ο Ενεςτώτ Χρον

Class I

	Singular	Plural
1st	βλεπω, I see	βλέπouμε, we see
2nd	βλεπις, you see	βλέπετε, you see
3rd	βλεπι, he, she, it sees	βλεπουν, they see

Class II

	Singular	Plural
1st	αγαπώ, I love	αγαπάμε, we love
2nd	αγαπάς, you love	αγαπάτε, you love
3rd	αγαπά, he, she, it loves	αγαπάν, they love

The Past Tense - Ο Παρατατίκ Χρον

• 052. The past tense is formed by using endings different from the present and by removing the accent to the third syllable from the end.
• 053. When there is no third syllable, the augment ε- is added.

Class I

	Singular	Plural
1st	έβλεπα, I saw, was seeing	βλέπαμε, we saw, were seeing
2nd	έβλεπας, you saw, were seeing	βλέπατε, you saw, were seeing
3rd	έβλεπα, he, she, it saw, was seeing	έβλεπαν, they saw, were seeing

Class II

	Singular	Plural
1st	άγαπα, I loved, was loving	αγάπαμε, we loved, were loving
2nd	άγαπας, you loved, were loving	αγάπατε, you loved, were loving
3rd	άγαπα, he, she, it loved, was loving	άγαπαν, they loved, were loving

The Future Tense - Ο Μελοντίκ Χρον

• 054. The future tense is formed by putting the particle θα before the present tense.

Class I

	Singular	Plural
1st	θa βλεπω, I shall see	θa βλέπouμε, we shall see
2nd	θa βλεπις, you will see	θa βλέπετε, you will see
3rd	θa βλεπι, he, she, it will see	θa βλεπουν, they will see

Class II

	Singular	Plural
1st	θ' αγαπώ, I love	θ' αγαπάμε, we love
2nd	θ' αγαπάς, you love	θ' αγαπάτε, you love
3rd	θ' αγαπά, he, she, it loves	θ' αγαπάν, they love

The Present Perfect Tense - Ο Παρακίμεν Χρον

• 055. The perfect tenses are not used as frequently in Athonite as they are in English, the past tense usually being used.
• 056. The present perfect tense is formed by the present tense of the auxiliary verb εχω, I have, and the passive participle.
• 057. The present perfect tense is used to denote an event of the past which has a bearing on the present.

	Singular	Plural
1st	εχω βλέπομεν, I have seen	έχoυμe βλέπομεν, we have seen
2nd	εχις βλέπομεν, you have seen	έχετε βλέπομεν, you have seen
3rd	εχι βλέπομεν, he, she, it has seen	εχουν βλέπομεν, they have seen

The Past Perfect Tense - Ο Υπερςυντελικ Χρον

• 058. The past perfect tense is more frequent than the present perfect. It is used to denote an event of the past which occurred before another event of the past.
• 059. The past perfect tense is formed by the past tense of the auχiliary verb εχω and the passive participle.

	Singular	Plural
1st	ιχα βλέπομεν, I had seen	ιχαμε βλέπομεν, we had seen
2nd	ιχεs βλέπομεν, you had seen	ιχατε βλέπομεν, you had seen
3rd	ιχε βλέπομεν, he, she, it had seen	ιχαν βλέπομεν, they had seen

The Future Perfect Tense - Ο ςυντελεςμέν Μελοντ Χρον

• 060. The future perfect tense is used to denote an event in the future which will have occurred before another event in the future.
• 061. The future perfect tense is formed by the future tense of the auχiliary verb εχo and the passive participle.

	Singular	Plural
1st	θa εχω βλέπομεν, I shall have seen	θa έχoυμε βλέπομεν, we shall have seen
2nd	θa εχιs βλέπομεν, you will have seen	θa εχετε βλέπομεν, you will have seen
3rd	θa εχι βλέπομεν, he, she, it will have seen	θa εχoυν βλέπομεν, they will have seen

The Progressive Tenses

• 062. The active participle is used with the appropriate tense of ιμε, I am, to form progressive tenses.

present	past	future	present perfect	past perfect	future perfect
ιμε βλεποντ I am seeing, etc.	ιμουν βλεποντ I was seeing, etc.	θα ιμε βλεποντ I will be seeing, etc.	εχω ιμεν βλεποντ I have been seeing, etc.'	ιχα ιμεν βλεποντ I had been seeing, etc.	θα εχω ιμεν βλεποντ I will have been seeing, etc.

The Passive Voice - ι παθιτίκ φων

• 063. The passive voice denotes that the agent is being acted upon.
• 064. The many forms of the passive in Modern Greek have been abandoned in favor of periphrastic expressions using the verb ιμε, I am and the passive participle.

The Present Tense - ο Ενεςτώτ Χρον

	Singular	Plural
1st	ιμε βλέπoμεν, I am seen	ίμαςτε βλέπoμεν, we are seen
2nd	ιςε βλέπoμεν, you are seen	ιςτε βλέπoμεν, you are seen
3rd	ινε βλέπoμεν, he, she, it is seen	ινε βλέπoμεν, they are seen

The Past Tense - Ο Παρελθοντίκ Χρον

	Singular	Plural
1st	ιμουν βλέπoμεν, I was seen	ίμαςτε βλέπoμεν, we were seen
2nd	ιςουν βλέπoμεν, you were seen	ίςαςτε βλέπoμεν, you were seen
3rd	ιταν βλέπoμεν, he, she, it was seen	ιταν βλέπoμεν, they were seen

The Future Tense - Ο Μελοντίκ Χρον

	Singular	Plural
1st	θa ιμε βλέπoμεν, I shall be seen	θa ίμαςτε βλέπoμεν, we shall be seen
2nd	θa ιςε βλέπoμεν, you will be seen	θa ιςτε βλέπoμεν, you will be seen
3rd	θa ινε βλέπoμεν, he, she, it will be seen	θa ινε βλέπoμεν, they will be seen

The Perfect Tenses- Ο Παρακείμεν Χρον

• 065. The perfect tenses are formed by using the appropriate tense of εχω with the passive participle of ιμε.

present	past	future
εχω ιμεν βλέπoμεν I have been seen, etc.	ιχα ιμεν βλέπoμεν I had been seen, etc.	θα εχω ιμεν βλέπoμεν I shall have been seen, etc.

The Indefinite Form - Η Αοριςτ Μορφ

• 066. The indefinite form corresponds closely to what is called the infinitive in other languages.
• 067. The indefinite form is found only in the present tense.
• 068. Class I verbs form the indefinite by adding -ςω to the present form minus the -ω.

	Singular	Plural
1st	βλεπςω, I see	βλέπςoυμε, we see
2nd	βλεπςις, you see	βλέπςετε, you see
3rd	βλεπςι, he, she, it sees	βλεπςου, they see

• 069. Class II verbs form the indefinite by adding -ιςω to the present form minus the -ω.

	Singular	Plural
1st	αγάπιςω , I love	αγαπίςαμε, we love
2nd	αγάπιςας, you love	αγαπίςατε, you love
3rd	αγάπιςα, he, she, it love	αγάπιςαν, they love

• 070. There are a few verbs that form the indefinite irregularly:
  • λεγω, say > πω
  • δινω, give > δoςω

• 071. The indefinite form is preceded by να and follows the main verb.

θελo να βλεπςω, I want to see.

θελo ν' αγάπιςα, I want to love.

The Use of να - Ι Χρις του να

• 072. Intention, hope, desire and the like are eχpressed by using the particle να.
• 073. With the present tense, να eχpresses a continuous intention, etc.

θελω να δουλεψω εξι ωρες ι μερ.

I want to be working six hours a day.

άρχιςε να τραγουδίςα, He started singing.

• 074. With the past tense, να eχpresses a past intention, etc. This construction always follows a past tense.

Χτες το βραδυ έθελα να παςω ςτο θέατ αλά δεν έμπορα.

Last night I wanted to go to the theater, but I did not manage to.

• 075. With the indefinite να expresses a non-continuous future intention, etc.

ελπιζω να φταςω ς' ι Aθíν τρις μ.μ.

I hope to arrive at Athens at 3 p.m.

Μπορω να παρω τςιγάρ.

May I take a cigarette?

• 076. Certain verbs commonly used only in the third person are also followed by να.

πρεπι, it is necessary; αξιζι, it is worthwhile, etc.

Πρεπι να παςω τορα.

I must be going now.

Negation

• 077. Negation is expressed by putting the negative particle δεν in front of the verb.

το πρoíν ιν' ετιμ, Breakfast is ready.

το πρoíν δeν ιν' ετιμ, Breakfast is not ready.

το μπαρ δεν ινε γεμάτ, The bar is not full.

δεν παω, I'm not going.

The Imperative Mood - ι προςτακτίκ εγκλις

• 078. The formation of the imperative is greatly simplified in Athonite. There are only two forms.
• 079. The imperative of the simple present expresses duration or repetition of the action.
• 080. To form the continuous imperative, -ε for the singular and -(ε)τε for the plural replace the -ω of the present.

Singular	Plural
βλεπε, keep on seeing	βλεπ(ε)τε, keep on seeing
αγαπα, keep on loving	αγαπατε, keep on loving

• 081. The imperative of the simple past shows non-continuation which means either that the action is not ongoing or that the speaker is not interested in its duration.
• 082. To form the simple past imperative, -ε for the singular and -(ε)τε for the plural replace the -ω of the indefinite.

Singular	Plural
βλεπςε, see	βλέπςετε, see
αγάπιςε, love	αγαπιςτε, love

• 083. A negative command is expressed by μι and the indefinite or present depending on whether the action is fixed or continuous.

Mι τον αγάπιςε, Do not love him.

There Is/Are

• 084. Athonite has abandoned the conjugated verbs υπαρχεί and υπαρχούν in favor of the Turkish βαρ and the negative γιοκ.

Βαρ ανθ εν το τραπέζ.

There is a flower on the table.

Γιοκ ανθ εν το τραπέζ.

There is no flower on the table.

• 085. In reply to a βαρ or γιοκ question, the answer is always βαρ or γιοκ, never yes or no.

βαρ μιλα εν το τραπέζ;

Are there apples on the table?

βαρ, Yes, there are.

γιοκ, No, there are not.

To Have

• 086. βαρ and γιοκ are also used to express possession. The possessor is expressed with the possessive adjective.

βαρ τρις μιλα μου; I have three apples.

γιοκ αδέλφ τις ; She does not have a sister.

Deponent Verbs

• 087. The deponent verbs of Modern Greek have become regular verbs, e.g., έρχομαι, I come, > ερχω.

The Use of ίνε

• 088. When an adjective is used predicatively, the copula ίνε is not used, e.g., το κυαν ςπιτ, the blue house; but το ςπιτ κυαν, the house is blue.

Questions

• 089. A question with an interrogative pronoun has the same word order as a regular sentence.

Π' ιςε; Who are you?

πιόν έβλεπας; Whom did you see?

ςε πιον μιλίςας; To whom were you talking?

• 090. A yes-no question has the same word order as a regular sentence, but is followed by the interrogative particle μι.

Πας ςτο ςχολί. You are going to school.

Πας ςτο ςχολί μι; Are you going to school?

• 091. A question with a tag has the same word order as a regular sentence, but is followed by the interrogative particle ντιλ μι.

αυτ ινε βιβλί, ντιλ μι; This is a book, isn't it?

ςυ έγραφα ι επιςτόλ, ντιλ μι; You wrote the letter, didn't you?

ςυ ερχις αυρι, ντιλ μι; You'll come tomorrow, won't you?

Adverbs - επιρίματα

• 092. Adverbs are words used to modify verbs, adjectives, or other adverbs.
• 093. Some common adverbs:

εδó, here

εκί, there

πιςω, behind

μπρoςτά in front

τωρα, now

υςτερ, after, later

νωρίς, early

αυρι, tomorrow

εχθές, yesterday

πolύ, a lot, very

ιδι, already

ποτέ, never

παλι, again

ιςως, perhaps

παντα, always

ακomι, yet

ετςι, thus

• 094. As in Turkish adjectives may be used as adverbs without any change in form.

το ιςυχ πεδ , the quiet child.

τρεχε ιςυχ. Run quietly.

• 095.The comparative and superlative of adverbs are formed in the same way as with adjectives.

ευκολ, easy; ευκολ, easily

πιο ευκολ, easier, easiest; πιο ευκολ, more/most easily

Athonite Grammar I