This page will list different uses of diacritical marks that have natlang precedence. Conlangers can use this to find inspiration for their own conlang romanizations.
Note that in this article combining diacritics are attached to a ◌. Diacritics without a ◌, like ¨ for example, are non-combining. Non-combining diacritics are sometimes called modifier letters in Unicode. The non-combining forms may for example be used when writing about a conlang's orthography, when one wants to refer to a diacritic without using any base letter with it.
When a letter is referred to without concerning about case, it is displayed like so: Ťť. This is for clarity's sake because some diacritics may look different depending on the letter's case.
Diacritics
| Diacritic name |
Other names |
Character |
Notes
|
| Acute accent |
|
ˊ |
|
| Bar |
Stroke, horizontal bar, middle tilde |
◌̵ |
Eth (Ðð) and capital African D (Ɖ) are listed here. See also stroke.
|
| Breve |
|
˘ |
|
| Caron |
Háček, haček |
ˇ |
|
| Cedilla |
|
¸ |
Some of the letters included here have in practice comma below, but Şş and Ţţ are listed under comma below.
|
| Circumflex |
|
ˆ |
|
| Comma below |
|
◌̦ |
This article includes Şş and Ţţ, but not other letters containing a comma looking diacritic. Instead, see cedilla.
|
| Diaeresis/umlaut |
Tréma, trema |
¨ |
|
| Dot above |
|
˙ |
|
| Dot below |
Underdot |
◌̣ |
|
| Double acute accent |
Hungarumlaut |
˝ |
|
| Double grave accent |
|
◌̏ |
|
| Grave accent |
|
ˋ |
|
| Hook above |
Dấu hỏi |
◌̉ |
|
| Horn |
Dấu móc |
◌̛ |
|
| Inverted breve |
Arch |
◌̑ |
|
| Macron |
|
ˉ |
|
| Middle dot |
Interpunct, interpoint, centered dot, centred dot, space dot |
· |
|
| Ogonek |
|
˛ |
|
| Retroflex hook |
Hook, tail |
◌̢ |
|
| Ring above |
|
˚ |
|
| Ring below |
|
˳ |
|
| Stroke |
Diagonal stroke, solidus, strikethrough |
◌̷ |
Bar may also be called stroke. Eth (Ðð) is not listed here, but under bar.
|
| Tilde |
|
˜ |
|
| Vertical line below |
|
ˌ |
|
Ring Above
Precomposed Letters with Ring Above
| ˚ |
◌̊ |
Å |
å |
Ǻ |
ǻ |
Ů |
ů |
ẘ |
ẙ
|
| U+02DA |
U+030A |
U+00C5 |
U+00E5 |
U+01FA |
U+01FB |
U+016E |
U+016F |
U+1E98 |
U+1E99
|
| Ring Above |
Combining Ring Above |
Latin Capital Letter A With Ring Above |
Latin Small Letter A With Ring Above |
Latin Capital Letter A With Ring Above And Acute |
Latin Small Letter A With Ring Above And Acute |
Latin Capital Letter U With Ring Above |
Latin Small Letter U With Ring Above |
Latin Small Letter W With Ring Above |
Latin Small Letter Y With Ring Above
|
| Note: May be confused with the Degree Sign ° (U+00B0) |
Note: May be confused with the Ångström Sign Å (U+212B). |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Uses of Ring Above
| Use
|
Language
|
Letters
|
Notes
|
| Back version of front vowel. Often also rounded.
|
Chamorro
|
Åå /ɑ/
|
|
| Danish, Norwegian
|
Åå /ɔ/
|
From an earlier digraph aa representing /ɔ/, which in turn came from /aː/.[1]
|
| Swedish
|
Åå /o/
|
From an earlier digraph aa representing /ɔ/, which in turn came from /aː/.[2]
|
| Long vowel
|
Czech
|
Ůů /uː/
|
This comes from a diphthong /uo/, where the o was sometimes written as a ring above the u. A sound change then turned /uo/ into /uː/.[3]
|
Ring Below
Precomposed Letters with Ring Below
| ˳ |
◌̥ |
Ḁ |
ḁ
|
| U+02F3 |
U+0325 |
U+1E00 |
U+1E01
|
| Modifier Letter Low Ring |
Combining Ring Below |
Latin Capital Letter A With Ring Below |
Latin Small Letter A With Ring Below
|
Note that this diacritic may be confused with dot below ◌̣ or square below ◌̻, especially in small font sizes.
Uses of Ring Below
| Usage
|
Language
|
Letters
|
Notes
|
| Syllabic consonant
|
ISO 15919 romanization of Indic scripts
|
L̥l̥ /l̩/, L̥̄l̥̄ /l̩ː/, R̥r̥ /r̩/, R̥̄r̥̄ /r̩ː/
|
|
Stroke
Precomposed Letters with Stroke
| ◌̸ |
◌̷ |
Ⱥ |
ⱥ |
Ȼ |
ȼ |
Ɇ |
ɇ |
Ł |
ł |
ᴌ |
ƛ |
Ø
|
| U+0338 |
U+0337 |
U+023A |
U+2C65 |
U+023B |
U+023C |
U+0246 |
U+0247 |
U+0141 |
U+0142 |
U+1D0C |
U+019B |
U+00D8
|
| Combining Long Solidus Overlay |
Combining Short Solidus Overlay |
Latin Capital Letter A With Stroke |
Latin Small Letter A With Stroke |
Latin Capital Letter C With Stroke |
Latin Small Letter C With Stroke |
Latin Capital Letter E With Stroke |
Latin Small Letter E With Stroke |
Latin Capital Letter L With Stroke |
Latin Small Letter L With Stroke |
Latin Letter Small Capital L With Stroke |
Latin Small Letter Lambda With Stroke |
Latin Capital Letter O With Stroke
|
|
|
|
|
Note: May be confused with Cedi Sign, ₵ (U+20B5). |
Note: May be confused with Cent Sign, ¢ (U+00A2). |
|
|
|
|
Note: Phonetic character; not used in any orthography. |
|
Note: May be confused with Empty Set, ∅ (U+2205).
|
| ø |
ᴓ |
Ǿ |
ǿ |
ẜ |
Ⱦ |
ⱦ |
ᵺ
|
| U+00F8 |
U+1D13 |
U+01FE |
U+01FF |
U+1E9C |
U+023E |
U+2C66 |
U+1D7A
|
| Latin Small Letter O With Stroke |
Latin Small Letter Sideways O With Stroke |
Latin Capital Letter O With Stroke And Acute |
Latin Small Letter O With Stroke And Acute |
Latin Small Letter Long S With Diagonal Stroke |
Latin Capital Letter T With Diagonal Stroke |
Latin Small Letter T With Diagonal Stroke |
Latin Small Letter Th With Strikethrough
|
| Note: May be confused with Diameter Sign, ⌀ (U+2300). |
Note: Phonetic character; not used in any orthography. |
|
|
|
|
|
Note: Phonetic character used in some American dictionaries.[4] Not used in any orthography.
|
This diacritic, and the one consisting of a horizontal bar, may both be called stroke in Unicode. In this article they are treated as two separate diacritics. Latin Small Letter Eth, ð, is listed under the bar diacritic. There are several currency symbols and mathematical symbols with strokes, but they are not included here.
Uses of Stroke
| Usage
|
Language
|
Letters
|
Notes
|
| Letter extension
|
Sahaptin
|
ƛ /t͡ɬ/, ƛ’ /t͡ɬʼ/
|
According to Wikipedia, it is "used in transcribing Sahaptin".[5]
|
| Other
|
Polish
|
Łł /w/
|
Historically it stood for /ɫ/.
|
Tilde
Precomposed Letters with Tilde
| ~ |
˜ |
◌̃ |
à |
ã |
Ẫ |
ẫ |
Ẵ |
ẵ |
Ẽ |
ẽ |
Ễ |
ễ
|
| U+007E |
U+02DC |
U+0303 |
U+00C3 |
U+00E3 |
U+1EAA |
U+1EAB |
U+1EB4 |
U+1EB5 |
U+1EBC |
U+1EBD |
U+1EC4 |
U+1EC5
|
| Tilde |
Small Tilde |
Combining Tilde |
Latin Capital Letter A With Tilde |
Latin Small Letter A With Tilde |
Latin Capital Letter A With Circumflex And Tilde |
Latin Small Letter A With Circumflex And Tilde |
Latin Capital Letter A With Breve And Tilde |
Latin Small Letter A With Breve And Tilde |
Latin Capital Letter E With Tilde |
Latin Small Letter E With Tilde |
Latin Capital Letter E With Circumflex And Tilde |
Latin Small Letter E With Circumflex And Tilde
|
| Note: May be confused with swung dash ⁓ (U+2053). |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Ĩ |
ĩ |
Ñ |
ñ |
Õ |
õ |
Ȭ |
ȭ |
Ṍ |
ṍ |
Ṏ |
ṏ |
Ỗ
|
| U+0128 |
U+0129 |
U+00D1 |
U+00F1 |
U+00D5 |
U+00F5 |
U+022C |
U+022D |
U+1E4C |
U+1E4D |
U+1E4E |
U+1E4F |
U+1ED6
|
| Latin Capital Letter I With Tilde |
Latin Small Letter I With Tilde |
Latin Capital Letter N With Tilde |
Latin Small Letter N With Tilde |
Latin Capital Letter O With Tilde |
Latin Small Letter O With Tilde |
Latin Capital Letter O With Tilde And Macron |
Latin Small Letter O With Tilde And Macron |
Latin Capital Letter O With Tilde And Acute |
Latin Small Letter O With Tilde And Acute |
Latin Capital Letter O With Tilde And Diaeresis |
Latin Small Letter O With Tilde And Diaeresis |
Latin Capital Letter O With Circumflex And Tilde
|
| ỗ |
Ỡ |
ỡ |
Ũ |
ũ |
Ṹ |
ṹ |
Ữ |
ữ |
Ṽ |
ṽ |
Ỹ |
ỹ
|
| U+1ED7 |
U+1EE0 |
U+1EE1 |
U+0168 |
U+0169 |
U+1E78 |
U+1E79 |
U+1EEE |
U+1EEF |
U+1E7C |
U+1E7D |
U+1EF8 |
U+1EF9
|
| Latin Small Letter O With Circumflex And Tilde |
Latin Capital Letter O With Horn And Tilde |
Latin Small Letter O With Horn And Tilde |
Latin Capital Letter U With Tilde |
Latin Small Letter U With Tilde |
Latin Capital Letter U With Tilde And Acute |
Latin Small Letter U With Tilde And Acute |
Latin Capital Letter U With Horn And Tilde |
Latin Small Letter U With Horn And Tilde |
Latin Capital Letter V With Tilde |
Latin Small Letter V With Tilde |
Latin Capital Letter Y With Tilde |
Latin Small Letter Y With Tilde
|
Uses of Tilde
| Use
|
Language
|
Letters
|
Notes
|
| Glottalized vowel
|
Vietnamese
|
Ãã /aˀː˧˥/, Ẵẵ /aˀ˧˥/, Ẫẫ /əˀ˧˥/, Ẽẽ /ɛˀ˧˥/, Ễễ /eˀ˧˥/, Ĩĩ /iˀ˧˥/, Õõ /ɔˀ˧˥/, Ỗỗ /oˀ˧˥/, Ỡỡ /əˀː˧˥/, Ũũ /uˀ˧˥/, Ữữ /ɨˀ˧˥/, Ỹỹ /iˀ˧˥/
|
The tilde stands for mid rising tone interrupted by a glottal stop.[6] There are many exceptions to the phonemic values of these letters though.[7]
|
| Unrounded vowel
|
Estonian
|
Õõ /ɤ/
|
|
| Other
|
ISO 15919 romanization of Indic scripts
|
Ññ
|
Ññ is used for transcribing the Indic diacritic anusvāra before palatal consonants.[8]
|
| Livonian
|
Õõ /ɨ/, Ȭȭ /ɨː/
|
|
Vertical Line Below
Precomposed Letters with Vertical Line Below
| ˌ |
◌̩
|
| U+02CC |
U+0329
|
| Modifier Letter Low Vertical Line |
Combining Vertical Line Below
|
| Note: Whether this can be said to be the non-combining version of vertical line below is open to debate. This character is used for marking secondary stress in IPA, while combining vertical line below is used for marking syllabic consonants in IPA. |
|
No actual precomposed letters with this diacritic actually exist.
Uses of Vertical Line Below
| Usage
|
Language
|
Letters
|
Notes
|
| Lowered vowel with retracted tongue root
|
Yoruba (current Nigerian alphabet)
|
E̩e̩ /ɛ̙/, O̩o̩ /ɔ̙/
|
The vertical line below replaced an earlier dot below. This is because the dots get covered when a word is underlined. In Benin, a different alphabet is used for Yoruba.[9]
|
| Postalveolar consonant
|
Yoruba (current Nigerian alphabet)
|
S̩s̩ /ʃ/
|
