Acute Accent: Difference between revisions

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The acute accent comes from a Latin diacritic called apex.{{ref|Apex}} There is a diacritic, called kreska in Polish, which looks similar to the acute accent, but which is more vertical and placed slightly to the right of the center of the base letter.{{ref|Kreska}} Unicode conflates these two diacritics though, so this article does not distinguish between them either.
The acute accent comes from a Latin diacritic called apex.<ref name=apex>[[Wikipedia:Acute_accent#Apex|Acute accent, Apex]] at Wikipedia.</ref> There is a diacritic, called kreska in Polish, which looks similar to the acute accent, but which is more vertical and placed slightly to the right of the center of the base letter.<ref name=kreska>[[Wikipedia:Acute_accent#Palatalization|Acute accent, Palatalization]] at Wikipedia.</ref> Unicode conflates these two diacritics though, so this article does not distinguish between them either.


== Acute Accent in Unicode ==
== Acute Accent in Unicode ==
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| [[Wikipedia:Alekano_language|Alekano]]
| [[Wikipedia:Alekano_language|Alekano]]
| Áá /ɑʔ/, Éé /eʔ/, Íí /iʔ/, Óó /ɤʔ/, Úú /ɯʔ/
| Áá /ɑʔ/, Éé /eʔ/, Íí /iʔ/, Óó /ɤʔ/, Úú /ɯʔ/
| The acute simply marks that the vowel is followed by a glottal stop. Unaccented vowels have the same vowel quality as the accented ones.{{ref|Alekano}}
| The acute simply marks that the vowel is followed by a glottal stop. Unaccented vowels have the same vowel quality as the accented ones.<ref name=alekano>[http://www.sil.org/pacific/png/pubs/928474542307/alekano_opd.pdf Alekano] at SIL.</ref>
|-
|-
| High [[Wikipedia:Tone_(linguistics)|tone]]
| High [[Wikipedia:Tone_(linguistics)|tone]]
| [[Wikipedia:Heiltsuk-Oowekyala_language|Heiltsuk-Oowekyala]] ([[Wikipedia:Heiltsuk_dialect|Heiltsuk]] dialect, official orthography and Rath's orthography)
| [[Wikipedia:Heiltsuk-Oowekyala_language|Heiltsuk-Oowekyala]] ([[Wikipedia:Heiltsuk_dialect|Heiltsuk]] dialect, official orthography and Rath's orthography)
| Áá /á/, Éé /ə́/, Íí /í/, Ḷ́ḷ́ /ĺ̩/, Ṃṃ /ḿ̩/, Ṇṇ /ń̩/, Úú /ú/
| Áá /á/, Éé /ə́/, Íí /í/, Ḷ́ḷ́ /ĺ̩/, Ṃṃ /ḿ̩/, Ṇṇ /ń̩/, Úú /ú/
| It is currently slightly unclear what quality the vowels have, and if Éé is really used in the official orthography. See {{ref|Heiltsuk1}} and {{ref|Heiltsuk2}}.
| It is currently slightly unclear what quality the vowels have, and if Éé is really used in the official orthography. See [http://www.languagegeek.com/wakashan/hailhzaqvla.html Languagegeek] and [http://heiltsuklanguage.tripod.com/Alphabet/alphabet.html Bella Bella Community School].
|-
|-
| rowspan=6 | [[Wikipedia:Vowel_length|Long vowel]]
| rowspan=6 | [[Wikipedia:Vowel_length|Long vowel]]
| [[Wikipedia:Croatian_language|Croatian]], [[Wikipedia:Serbian_language|Serbian]]
| [[Wikipedia:Croatian_language|Croatian]], [[Wikipedia:Serbian_language|Serbian]]
| Áá /ǎː/, Éé /ěː/, Íí /ǐː/, Óó /ǒː/, Ŕŕ /ř̩ː/, Úú /ǔː/
| Áá /ǎː/, Éé /ěː/, Íí /ǐː/, Óó /ǒː/, Ŕŕ /ř̩ː/, Úú /ǔː/
| The acute accent marks that these vowels are long and have rising pitch. These letters are not used in the standard orthography of Croatian or Serbian, but in linguistic materials.{{ref|Serbo-Croatian_pitch_accent}}
| The acute accent marks that these vowels are long and have rising pitch. These letters are not used in the standard orthography of Croatian or Serbian, but in linguistic materials.<ref name=serbo-croatian_pitch_accent>[[Wikipedia:Serbo-Croatian_phonology#Pitch_accent|Serbo-Croatian phonology, Pitch accent]] at Wikipedia.</ref>
|-
|-
| [[Wikipedia:Czech_language|Czech]]
| [[Wikipedia:Czech_language|Czech]]
| Áá /aː/, Éé /ɛː/, Íí /iː/, Óó /oː/, Úú /uː/, Ýý /iː/
| Áá /aː/, Éé /ɛː/, Íí /iː/, Óó /oː/, Úú /uː/, Ýý /iː/
| Íí and Ýý both represent the same phoneme in Standard Czech, but Íí may mark that the previous consonant is palatal, which Ýý does not.{{ref|Czech}}
| Íí and Ýý both represent the same phoneme in Standard Czech, but Íí may mark that the previous consonant is palatal, which Ýý does not.<ref name=czech>[[Wikipedia:Czech_orthography#.22Soft.22_I_and_.22Hard.22_Y|Czech orthography, "Soft" I and "Hard" Y]] at Wikipedia.</ref>
|-
|-
| [[Wikipedia:Hungarian_language|Hungarian]]
| [[Wikipedia:Hungarian_language|Hungarian]]
Line 81: Line 81:
| [[Wikipedia:Slovene_language|Slovene]] (orthography with dynamic accentuation)
| [[Wikipedia:Slovene_language|Slovene]] (orthography with dynamic accentuation)
| Áá /ˈaː/, Éé /ˈeː/, Íí /ˈiː/, Óó /ˈoː/, Ŕŕ /ˈəɾ/, Úú /ˈuː/
| Áá /ˈaː/, Éé /ˈeː/, Íí /ˈiː/, Óó /ˈoː/, Ŕŕ /ˈəɾ/, Úú /ˈuː/
| The acute accent marks that the vowel is stressed and long, and that Éé and Óó are mid-close rather than mid-open. These letters are not used in the standard orthography of Slovene, but in language materials.{{ref|Slovene_prosody}}
| The acute accent marks that the vowel is stressed and long, and that Éé and Óó are mid-close rather than mid-open. These letters are not used in the standard orthography of Slovene, but in language materials.<ref name=slovene_prosody>[[Wikipedia:Slovene_language#Prosody|Slovene language, Prosody]] at Wikipedia.</ref>
|-
|-
| [[Wikipedia:Slovene_language|Slovene]] (orthography with tonal accentuation)
| [[Wikipedia:Slovene_language|Slovene]] (orthography with tonal accentuation)
| Áá /áː/, Éé /ɛ́ː/, Ẹ́ẹ́ /éː/, Íí /íː/, Óó /ɔ́ː/, Ọ́ọ́ /óː/, Úú /úː/
| Áá /áː/, Éé /ɛ́ː/, Ẹ́ẹ́ /éː/, Íí /íː/, Óó /ɔ́ː/, Ọ́ọ́ /óː/, Úú /úː/
| The acute accent marks that these vowels are long and have high pitch. These letters are not used in the standard orthography of Slovene, but in language materials.{{ref|Slovene_prosody}}
| The acute accent marks that these vowels are long and have high pitch. These letters are not used in the standard orthography of Slovene, but in language materials.<ref name=slovene_prosody/>
|-
|-
| [[Wikipedia:Palatal_consonant|Palatal consonant]]
| [[Wikipedia:Palatal_consonant|Palatal consonant]]
Line 95: Line 95:
| [[Wikipedia:Polish language|Polish]]
| [[Wikipedia:Polish language|Polish]]
| Óó /u/
| Óó /u/
| Historically it comes from long /oː/.{{ref|Polish}} Polish uses [[Acute_Accent#top|kreska]] instead of acute accent.
| Historically it comes from long /oː/.<ref name=polish>[[Wikipedia:Polish_phonology#Historical_development|Polish phonology, Historical development]] at Wikipedia.</ref> Polish uses [[Acute_Accent#top|kreska]] instead of acute accent.
|-
|-
| Rising [[Wikipedia:Tone_(linguistics)|tone]]
| Rising [[Wikipedia:Tone_(linguistics)|tone]]
| [[Wikipedia:Vietnamese_language|Vietnamese]]
| [[Wikipedia:Vietnamese_language|Vietnamese]]
| Áá /aː˧˥/, Ắắ /a˧˥/, Ấấ /ə˧˥/, Éé /ɛ˧˥/, Ếế /e˧˥/, Íí /i˧˥/, Óó /ɔ˧˥/, Ốố /o˧˥/, Ớớ /əː˧˥/, Úú /u˧˥/, Ứứ /ɨ˧˥/, Ýý /i˧˥/
| Áá /aː˧˥/, Ắắ /a˧˥/, Ấấ /ə˧˥/, Éé /ɛ˧˥/, Ếế /e˧˥/, Íí /i˧˥/, Óó /ɔ˧˥/, Ốố /o˧˥/, Ớớ /əː˧˥/, Úú /u˧˥/, Ứứ /ɨ˧˥/, Ýý /i˧˥/
| There are many exceptions to the phonemic values of these letters.{{ref|Vietnamese}}
| There are many exceptions to the phonemic values of these letters.<ref name=vietnamese>[[Wikipedia:Vietnamese_orthography#Pronunciation|Vietnamese orthography, Pronunciation]] at Wikipedia.</ref>
|-
|-
| rowspan=2 | [[Wikipedia:Stress_(linguistics)|Stress]]
| rowspan=2 | [[Wikipedia:Stress_(linguistics)|Stress]]
| [[Wikipedia:Catalan_language|Catalan]]
| [[Wikipedia:Catalan_language|Catalan]]
| Éé /ˈe/, Íí /ˈi/, Óó /ˈo/, Úú /ˈu/
| Éé /ˈe/, Íí /ˈi/, Óó /ˈo/, Úú /ˈu/
| The rules for when stress is to be marked in Catalan are quite complex. The acute accent also distinguishes stressed /e o/ from /ɛ ɔ/,{{ref|Catalan}} see [[Grave_Accent#Grave_Accent_in_Natlangs|Grave Accent]], Catalan section on ''Grave Accent in Natlangs''.
| The rules for when stress is to be marked in Catalan are quite complex. The acute accent also distinguishes stressed /e o/ from /ɛ ɔ/,<ref name=catalan>[[Wikipedia:Catalan_alphabet#Acute_and_grave_accents|Catalan alphabet, Acute and grave accents]] at Wikipedia.</ref> see [[Grave_Accent#Grave_Accent_in_Natlangs|Grave Accent]], Catalan section on ''Grave Accent in Natlangs''.
|-
|-
| [[Wikipedia:Swedish_language|Swedish]]
| [[Wikipedia:Swedish_language|Swedish]]
| Éé /ˈeː/
| Éé /ˈeː/
| Éé is not really a part of the Swedish alphabet, but it is used in many loanwords and surnames. It is used word-finally to indicate a stressed (and therefore long) /e/. These Éé occur where the vowel would usually be unstressed.{{ref|É}}
| Éé is not really a part of the Swedish alphabet, but it is used in many loanwords and surnames. It is used word-finally to indicate a stressed (and therefore long) /e/. These Éé occur where the vowel would usually be unstressed.<ref name=swedish>[[Wikipedia:Acute_accent#Other_uses|Acute accent, Other uses]] at Wikipedia.</ref>
|}
|}


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== References ==
== References ==
# {{note|Apex}} See [[Wikipedia:Acute_accent#Apex|Acute accent, Apex]] at Wikipedia.
<references/>
# {{note|Kreska}} See [[Wikipedia:Acute_accent#Palatalization|Acute accent, Palatalization]] at Wikipedia.
<br>
# {{note|Alekano}} [http://www.sil.org/pacific/png/pubs/928474542307/alekano_opd.pdf Alekano] at SIL.
# {{note|Heiltsuk1}} [http://www.languagegeek.com/wakashan/hailhzaqvla.html Haiɫzaqvla] at Languagegeek.
# {{note|Heiltsuk2}} [http://heiltsuklanguage.tripod.com/Alphabet/alphabet.html Bella Bella Community School].
# {{note|Serbo-Croatian_pitch_accent}} [[Wikipedia:Serbo-Croatian_phonology#Pitch_accent|Serbo-Croatian phonology, Pitch accent]] at Wikipedia.
# {{note|Czech}} [[Wikipedia:Czech_orthography#.22Soft.22_I_and_.22Hard.22_Y|Czech orthography, "Soft" I and "Hard" Y]] at Wikipedia.
# {{note|Slovene_prosody}} [[Wikipedia:Slovene_language#Prosody|Slovene language, Prosody]] at Wikipedia.
# {{note|Polish}} [[Wikipedia:Polish_phonology#Historical_development|Polish phonology, Historical development]] at Wikipedia.
# {{note|Vietnamese}} [[Wikipedia:Vietnamese_orthography#Pronunciation|Vietnamese orthography, Pronunciation]] at Wikipedia.
# {{note|Catalan}} [[Wikipedia:Catalan_alphabet#Acute_and_grave_accents|Catalan alphabet, Acute and grave accents]] at Wikipedia.
# {{note|É}} [[Wikipedia:Acute_accent#Other_uses|Acute accent, Other uses]] at Wikipedia.
 
[[Category:Natscripts]]
[[Category:Natscripts]]

Revision as of 09:59, 19 February 2013

The acute accent comes from a Latin diacritic called apex.[1] There is a diacritic, called kreska in Polish, which looks similar to the acute accent, but which is more vertical and placed slightly to the right of the center of the base letter.[2] Unicode conflates these two diacritics though, so this article does not distinguish between them either.

Acute Accent in Unicode

Precomposed Letters with Acute Accent
´ ˊ ◌́ ◌́ Á á Ǻ ǻ Ấ ấ Ắ ắ Ǽ
U+00B4 U+02CA U+0301 U+0341 U+00C1 U+00E1 U+01FA U+01FB U+1EA4 U+1EA5 U+1EAE U+1EAF U+01FC
Acute Accent Modifier Letter Acute Accent Combining Acute Accent Combining Acute Tone Mark Latin Capital Letter A With Acute Latin Small Letter A With Acute Latin Capital Letter A With Ring Above And Acute Latin Small Letter A With Ring Above And Acute Latin Capital Letter A With Circumflex And Acute Latin Small Letter A With Circumflex And Acute Latin Capital Letter A With Breve And Acute Latin Small Letter A With Breve And Acute Latin Capital Letter Ae With Acute
Note: May be confused with Apostrophe, ' (U+0027); Modifier Letter Prime, ʹ (U+02B9); Modifier Letter Turned Comma, ʻ (U+02BB); Modifier Letter Apostrophe, ʼ (U+02BC); Modifier Letter Vertical Line, ˈ (U+02C8); Right Single Quotation Mark, ’ (U+2019); or Prime, ′ (U+2032). Note: May be confused with Combining Turned Comma Above, ◌̒ (U+0312).
ǽ Ć ć Ḉ ḉ É é Ḗ ḗ Ế ế Ǵ ǵ
U+01FD U+0106 U+0107 U+1E08 U+1E09 U+00C9 U+00E9 U+1E16 U+1E17 U+1EBE U+1EBF U+01F4 U+01F5
Latin Small Letter Ae With Acute Latin Capital Letter C With Acute Latin Small Letter C With Acute Latin Capital Letter C With Cedilla And Acute Latin Small Letter C With Cedilla And Acute Latin Capital Letter E With Acute Latin Small Letter E With Acute Latin Capital Letter E With Macron And Acute Latin Small Letter E With Macron And Acute Latin Capital Letter E With Circumflex And Acute Latin Small Letter E With Circumflex And Acute Latin Capital Letter G With Acute Latin Small Letter G With Acute
Í í Ḯ ḯ Ḱ ḱ Ĺ ĺ Ḿ ḿ Ń ń Ó
U+00CD U+00ED U+1E2E U+1E2F U+1E30 U+1E31 U+0139 U+013A U+1E3E U+1E3F U+0143 U+0144 U+00D3
Latin Capital Letter I With Acute Latin Small Letter I With Acute Latin Capital Letter I With Diaeresis And Acute Latin Small Letter I With Diaeresis And Acute Latin Capital Letter K With Acute Latin Small Letter K With Acute Latin Capital Letter L With Acute Latin Small Letter L With Acute Latin Capital Letter M With Acute Latin Small Letter M With Acute Latin Capital Letter N With Acute Latin Small Letter N With Acute Latin Capital Letter O With Acute
ó Ṓ ṓ Ố ố Ṍ ṍ Ớ ớ Ǿ ǿ Ṕ ṕ
U+00F3 U+1E52 U+1E53 U+1ED0 U+1ED1 U+1E4C U+1E4D U+1EDA U+1EDB U+01FE U+01FF U+1E54 U+1E55
Latin Small Letter O With Acute Latin Capital Letter O With Macron And Acute Latin Small Letter O With Macron And Acute Latin Capital Letter O With Circumflex And Acute Latin Small Letter O With Circumflex And Acute Latin Capital Letter O With Tilde And Acute Latin Small Letter O With Tilde And Acute Latin Capital Letter O With Horn And Acute Latin Small Letter O With Horn And Acute Latin Capital Letter O With Stroke And Acute Latin Small Letter O With Stroke And Acute Latin Capital Letter P With Acute Latin Small Letter P With Acute
Ŕ ŕ Ś ś Ṥ ṥ Ú ú Ǘ ǘ Ṹ ṹ Ứ
U+0154 U+0155 U+015A U+015B U+1E64 U+1E65 U+00DA U+00FA U+01D7 U+01D8 U+1E78 U+1E79 U+1EE8
Latin Capital Letter R With Acute Latin Small Letter R With Acute Latin Capital Letter S With Acute Latin Small Letter S With Acute Latin Capital Letter S With Acute And Dot Above Latin Small Letter S With Acute And Dot Above Latin Capital Letter U With Acute Latin Small Letter U With Acute Latin Capital Letter U With Diaeresis And Acute Latin Small Letter U With Diaeresis And Acute Latin Capital Letter U With Tilde And Acute Latin Small Letter U With Tilde And Acute Latin Capital Letter U With Horn And Acute
ứ Ẃ ẃ Ý ý Ź ź
U+1EE9 U+1E82 U+1E83 U+00DD U+00FD U+0179 U+017A
Latin Small Letter U With Horn And Acute Latin Capital Letter W With Acute Latin Small Letter W With Acute Latin Capital Letter Y With Acute Latin Small Letter Y With Acute Latin Capital Letter Z With Acute Latin Small Letter Z With Acute


Acute Accent in Natlangs

Uses of Acute Accent
Usage Language Letters Notes
Following glottal stop Alekano Áá /ɑʔ/, Éé /eʔ/, Íí /iʔ/, Óó /ɤʔ/, Úú /ɯʔ/ The acute simply marks that the vowel is followed by a glottal stop. Unaccented vowels have the same vowel quality as the accented ones.[3]
High tone Heiltsuk-Oowekyala (Heiltsuk dialect, official orthography and Rath's orthography) Áá /á/, Éé /ə́/, Íí /í/, Ḷ́ḷ́ /ĺ̩/, Ṃṃ /ḿ̩/, Ṇṇ /ń̩/, Úú /ú/ It is currently slightly unclear what quality the vowels have, and if Éé is really used in the official orthography. See Languagegeek and Bella Bella Community School.
Long vowel Croatian, Serbian Áá /ǎː/, Éé /ěː/, Íí /ǐː/, Óó /ǒː/, Ŕŕ /ř̩ː/, Úú /ǔː/ The acute accent marks that these vowels are long and have rising pitch. These letters are not used in the standard orthography of Croatian or Serbian, but in linguistic materials.[4]
Czech Áá /aː/, Éé /ɛː/, Íí /iː/, Óó /oː/, Úú /uː/, Ýý /iː/ Íí and Ýý both represent the same phoneme in Standard Czech, but Íí may mark that the previous consonant is palatal, which Ýý does not.[5]
Hungarian Áá /aː/, Éé /eː/, Íí /iː/, Óó /oː/, Úú /uː/ See also Double Acute Accent.
Slovak Áá /aː/, Éé /eː/, Íí /iː/, Ĺĺ /l̩ː/, Óó /oː/, Ŕŕ /r̩ː/, Úú /uː/, Ýý /iː/
Slovene (orthography with dynamic accentuation) Áá /ˈaː/, Éé /ˈeː/, Íí /ˈiː/, Óó /ˈoː/, Ŕŕ /ˈəɾ/, Úú /ˈuː/ The acute accent marks that the vowel is stressed and long, and that Éé and Óó are mid-close rather than mid-open. These letters are not used in the standard orthography of Slovene, but in language materials.[6]
Slovene (orthography with tonal accentuation) Áá /áː/, Éé /ɛ́ː/, Ẹ́ẹ́ /éː/, Íí /íː/, Óó /ɔ́ː/, Ọ́ọ́ /óː/, Úú /úː/ The acute accent marks that these vowels are long and have high pitch. These letters are not used in the standard orthography of Slovene, but in language materials.[6]
Palatal consonant Polish Ćć /tɕ/, Dź dź /d͡ʑ/, Ńń /ɲ/, Śś /ɕ/, Źź /ʑ/ Polish uses kreska instead of acute accent.
Raised vowel Polish Óó /u/ Historically it comes from long /oː/.[7] Polish uses kreska instead of acute accent.
Rising tone Vietnamese Áá /aː˧˥/, Ắắ /a˧˥/, Ấấ /ə˧˥/, Éé /ɛ˧˥/, Ếế /e˧˥/, Íí /i˧˥/, Óó /ɔ˧˥/, Ốố /o˧˥/, Ớớ /əː˧˥/, Úú /u˧˥/, Ứứ /ɨ˧˥/, Ýý /i˧˥/ There are many exceptions to the phonemic values of these letters.[8]
Stress Catalan Éé /ˈe/, Íí /ˈi/, Óó /ˈo/, Úú /ˈu/ The rules for when stress is to be marked in Catalan are quite complex. The acute accent also distinguishes stressed /e o/ from /ɛ ɔ/,[9] see Grave Accent, Catalan section on Grave Accent in Natlangs.
Swedish Éé /ˈeː/ Éé is not really a part of the Swedish alphabet, but it is used in many loanwords and surnames. It is used word-finally to indicate a stressed (and therefore long) /e/. These Éé occur where the vowel would usually be unstressed.[10]

See Also

References

  1. ↑ Acute accent, Apex at Wikipedia.
  2. ↑ Acute accent, Palatalization at Wikipedia.
  3. ↑ Alekano at SIL.
  4. ↑ Serbo-Croatian phonology, Pitch accent at Wikipedia.
  5. ↑ Czech orthography, "Soft" I and "Hard" Y at Wikipedia.
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 Slovene language, Prosody at Wikipedia.
  7. ↑ Polish phonology, Historical development at Wikipedia.
  8. ↑ Vietnamese orthography, Pronunciation at Wikipedia.
  9. ↑ Catalan alphabet, Acute and grave accents at Wikipedia.
  10. ↑ Acute accent, Other uses at Wikipedia.


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