Proto-Uralic: Difference between revisions

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m (→‎Medial consonant clusters: flipping l r / w j columns, zap ńś xś)
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{|
{|
! colspan="2"|2nd →<br/>1st ↓
! colspan="2"|2nd →<br/>1st ↓
! p !! t !! č !! k !! s !! ś !! ð !! w !! j !! l !! r !! m !! n !! ŋ
! p !! t !! č !! k !! s !! ś !! ð !! l !! r !! w !! j !! m !! n !! ŋ
! ∑
! ∑
! width="25"| !! Notes !! width="25"| !! Frequency color code
! width="25"| !! Notes !! width="25"| !! Frequency color code
|-
|-
! rowspan="4" valign="center" style="background:#f0f0f0"| N
! rowspan="3" valign="center" style="background:#f0f0f0"| N
! m
! m
| mp <!--lämpi-->|| style="background:#ffffe0"| mt <!--omti tumti---> || ||
| mp <!--lämpi-->|| style="background:#ffffe0"| mt <!--omti tumti---> || ||
| ms <!--pImsimi-->|| mś <!--n'ims'a-->||
| ms <!--pImsimi-->|| style="background:#ffffe0"| mś <!--n'ims'a kums'i; Häkk. *xs'-->||
| colspan="7" rowspan="10" align="center" valign="center" style="background:#f0f0f0"| N/A
| colspan="7" rowspan="9" align="center" valign="center" style="background:#f0f0f0"| N/A
| 5
| 5
| || mostly i-stems except *mś
| || mostly i-stems except *ńimśa
| || single root
| || single root
|-
|-
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| || mostly back-harmonic a-stems
| || mostly back-harmonic a-stems
| || style="background:#ffffe0"| two roots
| || style="background:#ffffe0"| two roots
|-
! ń
| || || ||
| || ńś <!--san's'a-->||
| 1
| || might not be distinct from *nś
| || style="background:#fff0c0"| 3-4 roots
|-
|-
! ŋ
! ŋ
| || style="background:#ffffe0"| ŋt <!--oNti uNta--> || || style="background:#ffc8c0"| ŋk <!--jäNka s'äNki s'aNka woNki pëNka--->
| || style="background:#ffffe0"| ŋt <!--oNti uNta--> || || style="background:#ffc8c0"| ŋk <!--jäNka s'äNki s'aNka woNki pëNka--->
| ŋs <!--jUNsi--> || ||
| ŋs <!--jUNsi--> || ŋś <!--sa/äNs'a--> ||
| 8
| 9
| || back-harmonic or *ä
| || back-harmonic or *ä
| || style="background:#ffc8c0"| 5-6 roots
| || style="background:#fff0c0"| 3-4 roots
|-
|-
! rowspan="4" valign="center" style="background:#f0f0f0"| P
! rowspan="4" valign="center" style="background:#f0f0f0"| P
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| 7
| 7
| ||
| ||
| || style="background:#f0c0f0"| ~10 roots
| || style="background:#ffc8c0"| 5-6 roots
|-
|-
! t
! t
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| 3
| 3
| || all front-harmonic i-stems
| || all front-harmonic i-stems
| || style="background:#c0f0ff"| Most suspiciously none
| || style="background:#f0c0f0"| ~10 roots
|-
|-
! č
! č
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| || ||
| || ||
| 1
| 1
| ||
| || style="background:#c0f0ff"| Most suspiciously none
|-
|-
! k
! k
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! l
! l
| || lt <!--kUlta--> || || style="background:#f0c0f0"| lk <!--jälki mälki pelka wolka tulka ulki kulki s'ëlka- wëlka--->
| || lt <!--kUlta--> || || style="background:#f0c0f0"| lk <!--jälki mälki pelka wolka tulka ulki kulki s'ëlka- wëlka--->
| colspan="2" rowspan="4" align="center" valign="center" style="background:#f0f0f0"| N/A
| style="background:#fff0c0"| lw <!--talwa tolwa pëlwa-->|| style="background:#ffffe0"| lj <!--n'elja pelja-->
| style="background:#fff0c0"| lw <!--talwa tolwa pëlwa-->|| style="background:#ffffe0"| lj <!--n'elja pelja-->
| colspan="2" rowspan="4" align="center" valign="center" style="background:#f0f0f0"| N/A
|style="background:#ffc8c0"| lm <!--n'elma Ilma s'ilma pilmita kUlmi-->|| || lŋ <!--pIlNi-->
|style="background:#ffc8c0"| lm <!--n'elma Ilma s'ilma pilmita kUlmi-->|| || lŋ <!--pIlNi-->
| 21
| 21
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! x
! x
| || style="background:#ffffe0"| xt? <!--wixti kuxti-->|| (xč) <!--oxtSi-->|| style="background:#c0f0ff"| &nbsp;
| || style="background:#ffffe0"| xt? <!--wixti kuxti-->|| (xč) <!--oxtSi-->|| style="background:#c0f0ff"| &nbsp;
| xs <!--koxsi-->|| xś? <!--kuxs'i-->|| (xð) <!--oxdi-->
| xs? <!--koxsi - or kowsi?-->|| || (xð) <!--oxdi-->
| || style="background:#ffffe0"| xj <!--sexji (woxji)-->|| style="background:#f0c0f0"| xl <!--käxli pexli n'exli koxli n'oxli poxli woxli kUxli tuxli n'ëxli-->|| (xr) <!--woxri-->
| style="background:#f0c0f0"| xl <!--käxli pexli n'exli koxli n'oxli poxli woxli kUxli tuxli n'ëxli-->|| (xr) <!--woxri - or woori, cf. IE-->|| || style="background:#ffffe0"| xj <!--sexji (woxji)-->
| style="background:#fff0c0"| xm <!--läxmi d'ëxmi s'ëxmi-->|| xn <!--sëxni--> ||
| style="background:#fff0c0"| xm <!--läxmi d'ëxmi s'ëxmi-->|| xn <!--sëxni--> ||
| 23
| 23
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| colspan="6" rowspan="2" align="center" valign="center" style="background:#f0f0f0"| N/A?
| colspan="6" rowspan="2" align="center" valign="center" style="background:#f0f0f0"| N/A?
| style="background:#ffffe0"| wð <!--käwdi täwdi--->
| style="background:#ffffe0"| wð <!--käwdi täwdi--->
| || wj <!--jewji-->|| wl <!--lewli-->||
| wl <!--lewli-->|| || || wj <!--jewji-->
| || || wŋ <!--s'awNa-->
| || || wŋ <!--s'awNa-->
| 5
| 5
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! j
! j
|
|
| style="background:#fff0c0"| jw <!--päjwa kajwa ojwa-->|| || ||
| || || style="background:#fff0c0"| jw <!--päjwa kajwa ojwa--> ||
| jm <!--äjmä-->|| || style="background:#ffffe0"| jŋ <!--wajNi ajNi-->
| jm <!--äjmä-->|| || style="background:#ffffe0"| jŋ <!--wajNi ajNi-->
| 6
| 6
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| 4 || 17 || 7 || 31
| 4 || 17 || 7 || 31
| 8 || 10 || 4
| 8 || 10 || 4
| 8 || 5 || 11 || (1)
| 11 || (1) || 8 || 5
| 10 || 1 || 4
| 10 || 1 || 4
|}
|}

Revision as of 15:21, 15 October 2010

Fully a work in progress. Mistakes may occur.

Abbreviations used on these pages: B. = Baltic, Cf. = 'compare', En = Enets, Er. = Erźa, Es. = Estonian, F. = Finnish, Gmc. = Germanic, H. = Hungarian, Hi. = Hill Mari, IA = Indo-Aryan, IE = Indo-European, K. = Komi, Ka. = Kamass, Kh. = Khanty, Li. = Livonian, Ma. = Mari, Me. = Meadow Mari, Mk. = Mokša, Mo. = Mordvinic, Ms. = Mansi, N = North, Ne. = Nenets, Ng. = Nganasan, P. = Permic, PU = Proto-Uralic, S. = Samic, South, Se. = Selkup, Smy. = Samoyedic, U. = Udmurt, Ve. = Veps, Võ. = South Estonian (Võro)


Development

Data subpages

*i • *ü • *u
reduced vowels? • remaining cases of *e • *o
back unrounded vowels *a *ë • *ä
Known derivativs with -kA • -mA • Potential derivativs • Cluster issues

Reconstructed phoneme inventory

Vowels: */i ü u e ë o ä a/ in the initial syllable. Only a two-way height-based contrast */I A/ is reconstructed in later syllables, which may have been realized as [i æ] after front vowels and [ɯ ɑ] after back vowels (ie. with vowel harmony); or as unalternating [i a]. Mid values [e ~ ə ~ ɤ] for */I/ are also possible.

It is furthermore unclear if (1st-syllable) *ë was [ɯ] or [ɤ], and *a [ɑ] or [ɒ], but substitution of Indo-Iranian *a by *ë in loans suggests the latter values (unless these particular words are newer loans.)

Two "reduced" or "semi-rounded" vowels */ê ô/ have been proposed recently.

Consonants: nasals */m n ń ŋ/, voiceless stops/affricates */p t ć č k/, voiceless sibilants */s ś š/, a "laryngeal" *x (likely a voiceless velar fricativ & a recent pre-Uralic split from *k), two "spirants" */ð ðʲ/, two liquids */l r/ and two semivowels */w j/.

*ć (as distinct from *ś?) and *š (as original Proto-Uralic?) are reconstructed less securely than the other consonants. A palatal liquid *ĺ is also found in old reconstructions, but the etyma involved do not really behave. The "palatal spirant" may be the actual palatal liquid; obstruent reflexes are limited to western branches, and external comparisions generally involve laterals. The dental spirant, while also merging with *l in most branches, is however certainly distinct.

A notable distributional feature was that *ŋ, *x and probably *ð, *r could not occur word-initially.

Roots generally had the form (C)V(C)C{A I}, with initial stress; in pronouns and prepositions and the copula also CV; and a single lone-V root, the negativ verb *e-

Basic consonant correspondences (gradation not included in Finno-Samic):

C Finnic Samic Mo. Mari Permic Hung. Ms. Kh. Smy. Comments
*m *m *m m, v *m *m m, -v- *m *m *m Sporadic lenition in Mo, H.
*n *n *n n, ń- / _F *n,
*-ń- / F_F		 *n n *n *n *n
*ń *ń ń,
n- /#_B		 *ń ń *ń *ń *ń
*-ŋ *v, *ː *ŋ j / F_,
v / B_		 *ŋ ń / F_,
n / C_,
m / B_ 		g *ŋk *ŋk *ŋ Irregularly split in ObU. (the more general development is *ŋk)

Retained in some Erzya & Udmurt dialects

*ŋ *ŋ
*w *v v *w *v v, -ː- *w *w *w
*-w- *ɣ *ɣ ∅
*-x- *ː *k j ∅ ∅
*-k- *k j, v g ∅ Mordvinic split by vowel backness/frontness
*k k *k *k, *g k, h /_B *k *k *k Stop voicing irregularly split in P.
*p *p *p p, -v- *p *p, *b f, -v- *p *p *p
*č *t, *h *c č *č *č, *dž č, š *š *č *č
*ć *s *č ś *ć ? *ć, *dź s, č *s, *š *s, *ť *s
*ś ś, -ź- *š *ś, *-ź- s *s
*s *s s, -z- *s, *-z- ∅ *t *ɬ *t
*š *h š, -ž- *š, *-ž-
*t *t *t t, -d-
tʲ, -dʲ-		 *t, *-d- *t, *d t, -z- *t
*ðʲ *ð *l *ĺ ɟ *ĺ *j *j
*ð *l, *-d- *l l *l *l, *-ɬ- *r
*l *l *l l *l *l, *j
*j *j, *ː *j j *j *j j, ɟ *j *j *j
*r *r *r r *r *r r *r *r *r

Medial consonant clusters

Words included chiefly from appendix from this: http://urn.fi/URN:NBN:fi-fe20071746 (see comments in table code)

CF: http://books.google.fi/books?id=TM2NQ78dP2wC&pg=PA492&dq=phonotactics+of+PFU

2nd →
1st ↓ 		p t č k s ś ð l r w j m n ŋ ∑ Notes Frequency color code
N m mp mt ms mś N/A 5 mostly i-stems except *ńimśa single root
n nt nč nś 13 mostly back-harmonic a-stems two roots
ŋ ŋt ŋk ŋs ŋś 9 back-harmonic or *ä 3-4 roots
P p pp pt ps pś pð 7 5-6 roots
t tk 3 all front-harmonic i-stems ~10 roots
č čk 1 Most suspiciously none
k kt kk ks kś 11
S s sk N/A 2 both o_i
ś śk 4 mostly i-stems + *wäśka
L l lt lk N/A lw lj lm lŋ 21 *lw *lj only a-stems; *lt may be derived ← *-lk-t-
lʲ lʲk 1
r rp rt rk rw rm 10 mostly back-harmonic
(?) ðʲ ðʲk ðʲw 2
x xt? (xč)   xs? (xð) xl (xr) xj xm xn 23 i-stems only, some may be loans with long vowels
sV w N/A? wð wl wj wŋ 5 after e ä a only
j jw jm jŋ 6 after ä a o only
∑ 4 17  7  31 8 10 4 11 (1) 8 5 10 1 4
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