Proto-Uralic/O
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PU *a_ə
| Lexeme | Finnic | Samic | Mordv. | Mari | Permic | Hung. | Mansi | Khanty | Samoy. | Comments |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| *a_ə type 1: F. *a_i, S. *oa_ē (!), Mo. *u(CCə), Ma. *u, P. *uu, Ms. *aaC/aCC, Kh. *a (~ *oo), Smy. *å(CCə) | default | |||||||||
| "to be" | *olë- | - | *uľə- | *ŭla- | *vɤɤl(ɨ)- | val- | *aal- | E *waL- ~ W *ooL- |
*åə- | P. *wa- > *wo-, F. unstressed shortening? Hu. *alT > olT (volt) |
| "gadfly" | (*parma) | *poarō | *purəmə | (*parmə) | - | - | - | (O. puurəm) | - | *parə, *parma; cf. "sleep". F. paarma (_rN?) |
| "to tremble" | *tarkënë- "to stay warm" |
*toarkēstē- | *turgəďə- | - | K. tural- | - | N. toorɣ- | *ta(a)rəɣ- | - | |
| "raft" | *parvi | *poarē(vē) | - | - | *puurj | - | *paara | *parə | *pårV | Smy ← OU? |
| "flock" | *parvi | - | - | - | - | - | - | *parə | - | Same root as prev.? |
| "clay" | *savi | - | *śovəń | *šun | K. śun | - | *suwľ | *saɣɯɯ | - | Mo. > *-ow- > *-uw-. Kh. < *-əj. |
| "cold weather" | - | *joasō | - | *juž | U. juz | - | - | - | *jat | Smy > *a / Ć_. Cf. also SS juoskos ~ joåskos "cold" |
| "group" | *ko/unta | *kontē | Mk. końďä | - | - | had(a-) | *kaant | *kantəɣ | *kåntə | WU contam. with Gmc *hundra? |
| "willow" | *paju | *poajōi | - | - | *baď | faɟal(o-) | - | - | *päwə | S. *oa per -o? Not to be conflated with *pojə "aspen" |
| "horn" | *sarvi | *čoarvē | *śurə | *šur | *śuur | sarv(a-) | *saarəp | *ćärpə | - | ← II, Ug. separately? |
| "to go thru" | - | *soaŋē- | Er. sova- ~ Mo. suva- |
- | U. zum- ~ K. sun- | av- | *tuu- | *ɬaŋ- | *tüj- | Mo. *oŋ → oŋ |
| "bend" | - | NS moagge | - | - | *mög | - | *muuɣəl | *makəL | - | *maŋkə-la > *ma(ŋ)kla in pre-Ms? |
| "tin, lead" | - | - | - | *wulnə | - | oon(o-) | *alən | *ooLnaa | - | H. *alT > *olT, *Vln > VVn. Cf. WU *wala- 'to pour' |
| "to want" | *hapi-- | - | - | - | - | - | *taŋk- | *ɬaŋkaa- | - | *šaŋə- with F. analogical *v > p?? F. *soo- "to grant" ← *suwa- ← II. |
| "to bild" | Fi. rakenta- | - | - | - | - | rak- | - | - | - | Or Fi rather ← Gmc *rakjan |
| "lid" | *kanci | *koamtē | *kundə | *komdəš | K. kudj | - | - | - | - | |
| "oak" | *tammi | - | *tumə | *tumə | *tu | - | - | - | - | |
| "to split" | *halkët- | - | *Čulgə- | - | K. čaľal- | - | - | - | - | SKES; not in UEW. |
| "maple" | *vahtëra | - | *ukštər | *waštar | - | - | - | - | - | Ma. *a / w_ |
| *a_ə type 2: similar but S. *ō_ɤ, Mo. *a, P. *oo, Smy. *a / _Ć | palatalization | |||||||||
| "butter" | *voi | *vōjɤ | *vaj | *ü | U. vɤj ~ K vɨj |
vaj(a-) | *waaj | *wooj | - | ~ IA *āǵja — but *w- ? Maybe *wëjə. F. via *voojə |
| "to step" | *askël, *as-tu- |
- | Er. aśkiľa- | *aškəl- | *ooćkVl- | - | *uusəl | - | *asəl | |
| "to receive" | *saa- | NW *sākɤ- | Mk. sajə- | *šo- | K. su- | - | - | - | *tåj- | *saxə. Note assim. only in S/Mo. Hi. u per hiatus |
| "grass, awn" | - | *kōjɤ | - | - | *kɨ | haj(a-) | *kaaj | - | Sk. *quu < *kåə | |
| "spirit" | *vaimo | *vōjŋɤ | *vajmə | - | - | vaaɟ(a-) | - | - | *wajŋə | F. & Mo. < *vajŋ-ma-. Cf. S. *vājmō "heart"? |
| "to spread, bed" | - | *vōðō "bottom layer" |
- | - | *wååľ- | aaɟ(a-) | *aaľ | - | - | P. per class 4, F. vuode < vuota ← B, Mo. *aca ← Tat. |
| "river bend" | - | - | - | - | K. voľ | völɟ(ä-) | CMs *wooľ | *wakəĽ | Ne. wäej | NB *ľ?! |
| "penis" | - | *pōčɤ | - | - | - | fas | - | - | - | or H. ← German |
| *a_ə type 3: similar but F. *oo / _Rə (= std. PU *oo/*ox), Ma. *o | "long" cases | |||||||||
| "to lick" | *noolë- | *noalō- | *nola- | *nŭle- | *ńuul- | ńal- | *ńal-amt- | *ńaLaa- | *ńåə- | F. also cf. *nola "slime". Check Kh. forms. Mo. analogy with *elä- "live"? |
| "to die" | *koolë- | *koalō- "freeze" |
*kulə- | *kole- | *kuul- | hal- | *kaal- | *kaLaa- | *kåə- | S. may be ← Gmc. Cf. *kal-ma "death". |
| "intestine" | *sooli | *čoalē | *śulə/a | *šolə | *śuulj | saal(a-) "thread" |
- | *sooL | - | ← II *ćālā |
| "to sleep" | *voodë-k "bed" |
*oaðē- | *udə- | - | - | al- | *aal- | *aLaa- | - | or F. < *voota "hide"? *ad₂ə "bed" predicts *ota |
| "mountain" | *voori | - | - | - | *vɤɤr | orr(o-) | *waar | *woor | Km. boor | ~ II *aras — but *w- ? P. *wa- > *wo-. Also cf. *wara |
| "crust" | *koori | *koarē | *kaŕ | - | K. kɨrś | - | *kur- | W *karə, *kuurəp |
*kar | For Se. ker- cf. *kêri |
| "thicket" | - | - | Er. kuro | - | - | - | *kaarəp | S. xar | FNe. kuur | clearly not *kurV! |
| "to whittle, to plane" |
*voolë- | *oalō- | - | - | *vɤl- | - | *walt- | *waLt- | - | S. *vōlɤ- ← F.; P. *wa- > *wo- |
| "ash; heat; flame" | - | - | - | *lom(p)ɤž | *luum- | laaŋg(o-) | - | - | - | |
| *a_ə type 4: similar but F. *o_a, P. *wåå / #_ (bled by prev. two exception classes!) | ||||||||||
| "sleep" | - | - | *udəmə | *omə | *uunm | aalom(o-) | *uuləm | *aaLəm, *wuuLəm "dream" |
- | *aðəma; > *alma in P+Ug? cf. "to sleep" |
| "shoulder" | *o/õlka | *oalkē | - | - | K. volɨs | vaall(a-) | *waaɣləp | - | *wajk | Cf. BSl. *olkuti ? Ms. 'shoulderband'. NB Smy palzn |
| "awl" | *ora | *oarē | *urə | - | - | aar(a-) | - | - | - | ← II *ārā (Vo õra) |
| "slave" | *orja | *oarjē "south" |
*uŕɜ | - | U. war | - | - | - | - | ← II *ārya. K. verɤs 'husband' better < *wirä(s) ← IE (Katz) |
| "to shine" | - | - | - | - | *vååľ(k) | - | *waľɣ- | N. *waĽə- | - | *w- ?? Cf. *wëlkə "light"! |
| "early" | - | - | - | *ažno | *wåådź | - | - | - | - | |
*o_ə
F. *o_i/e-, S. *ō_ɤ, Mo. u(CCə)
| Lexeme | Finnic | Samic | Mordv. | Mari | Permic | Hung. | Mansi | Khanty | Samoy. | Comments |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| *o_ə type 1a > Ma. *a/*o, P. *(kʷ/w)ɤɤ, Ms. *aa, Kh *oo, Smy. *å) | all EU cases with medial clusters? | |||||||||
| "hollow, cavity" | *o/õnci | *vōmtɤ | *undə | - | U. udur | odur | *aantər | *oontər | - | *omtə(-rV) |
| "opening, mouth" | *o/õvvi | W *vōŋɤs | *oŋ-kst | *äŋ | *wɤɤm | ajak : ajka- |
- | *ooŋ | *aŋ | *owŋə? F. aukko ← *aŋa- "to open". Mo. *oŋ > oŋ. |
| "to chew" | - | *sōskɤ- | *suskə- | - | *sɤɤsk- | - | *taaɣt- | *ɬookəL- | #tutə- | |
| "bow" | *jousi | *jōksɤ | *joŋs | *jaŋež | - | iij(a-) | *jaaGt | *jookəL | *jïntə | *-ŋs-. Mo. *oŋ > oŋ |
| "tail" | *poč-ka | *poac-kē | - | *pač | *bɤɤž | far(o-) | *paanš | *pooč | *pånčə | *-č- or *-nč-? F, S *po(n)č-ka "shin" |
| "thick; many" | - | - | - | *čaka(-ta) | K. čɤk | šok | *šaaw | - | - | Cf. Turkic *čok |
| "net needle" | - | *čōpsēmē | - | *šapš | - | - | *taas | *soopəs | - | |
| "lung; gills" | - | - | - | *šoðɤ | K. šɤľ | - | - | - | - | no cluster? S. suovtē 'gills' better ← Gmc (and ≠ P anyway) |
| "" | ||||||||||
| *o_ə type 1b: similar except F. *uu (= PU *ow_ə?) | coronal or zero-ish medials | |||||||||
| "spruce" | *kuusi | *kōsɤ | *kuz | *kož | *kʷɤɤz | - | *kaaɣt | *kooL | *kåət | *kowsə? |
| "root, base" | *juuri | - | *jur | - | *jur | - | - | - | *jår | *jowrə? Smy not ~ F. jaaru |
| "cereal" | *suurimo "groats" |
- | *surə "millet" |
- | *zɤɤr "oats" |
- | - | - | - | Or F ~ Mo śu/orə 'corn' etc. |
| "drape" | *uudim | - | - | - | *wɤɤn(m-) | - | *aaməl | *ooLəp | - | *owðəmə? NB no *ð > ∅ in P. Possibly PMs *aalma > CMs *aaməl |
| "other" | *muu | *mū- | - | *molə | *mɤɤd *muuket |
maaš | *maat; S+E *mɤɤt |
- | *mow-?! | |
| *o_ə type 1c: similar except Ma. *u, P. *⁽ʷ⁾ɤ (U+KP /ɤ/, Zyrian /o/) | ||||||||||
| "to vomit" | *oksënta- | SS vuoksedi- | *uksəndə- | *ukšənća- | *wɤskɨ- | - | - | - | - | Core S *vōksē--, backformation? Or F. *a > *ə / T_T? |
| "to touch" | NF *koske- | *kōskɤ- | - | *kuške- | K. kos- | - | - | - | - | K from P. *kʷɤɤs-? |
| "(to) patch" | - | W *tōŋɤ- ~ E *tōvŋɤ- |
- | *tuməš | K. *dɤɤm- | - | - | - | - | ŋ/m? Ma. per *a-stem? |
| "belly, abdomen" | *ko/õktu | - | - | - | *kʷɤt | - | - | - | - | |
| "dry" | - | - | - | *kukšə | *kʷɤs | - | - | - | - | cf. *kôśkə? |
| "worm" | - | *sōksɤ | *suks | *šukš | - | - | - | - | - | |
| *o_ə type 1d: indistinct/unclear | ||||||||||
| "to wash" | *mo/õskë- | - | *muśkə- | *mŭška- | *mɨśk- | moš- | - | - | *måsə- | MaP *u, / m_? |
| "hole" | *oŋk- | *vōŋkō | - | - | - | - | *waaŋka | *wooŋk | *wåŋkə | F. onkalo cf. varsi : vartalo |
| "to scorch" | *ko/õrpët- | *kōrpɤ- | *kurva- | - | - | - | - | - | *kårpə- | |
| "knee" | *po/õlvi | *pōlvɤ | *pul- | *pŭl | - | - | - | - | *puəj | Ma. *ŭ / _[+LAB]_ |
| "thin" | *o/õhut | - | - | - | - | - | *waaɣta | *wookəL | - | *wokšə (AA13) |
| "netstring" | - | *cōncɤ | - | - | - | - | - | *čoončəɣ | - | |
| "hole in wood" | - | *vōwtɤ | - | - | - | - | - | *ooŋət | - | *oŋtə, cf. *omtə |
| "(to) knot" | *so/õlmi | *čōlmɤ | *śulma | - | - | čomoo | - | - | - | |
| "snot" | *no/õlki | *snōlkɤ | *nolgə | - | - | ńaal(a-) | - | - | - | S. affected by Gmc *snuut? |
| "spear" | - | - | - | *umdə | - | - | *aaGta | *ooŋtəw | *aŋtə | Tv awtā ← *-ɣt- , WMs *owta/NMs *oowta ← *wt = Ms *-ŋt-? F. *ota better < *woča |
| "woods" | - | - | - | - | - | vad(a-) | - | *woont | - | S. *vōvtē ← Gmc |
| "to pin; to sew" | - | - | - | - | - | - | *saalt- | - | *såjtə- | |
| "to oppose" | *to/õrju- | *toarjō- | *tuŕə- | - | - | - | - | - | - | S. "to support". Cf. *tora |
| *o_ə type 2: similar except P. *(k)wåå/*ooĆ/*uu, Ms. *u(u), Smy *o | open syllables with a dorsal medial | |||||||||
| "male" | - | *kōjɤ |
- | - | *koom | hiim | CMs *kuj, *kum |
*kuu₂j | - | *kojə(-ma). Ms. *uuj > *uj? |
| "to sound" | *so/õi- | *čōjɤ- | - | *ša-kte- | - | †saj- | *suj- | *söj- | *så(jmå) | Ms. *uuj > *uj? Better *a? |
| "to find; riddle" | - | - | *mujə- | *moa- | *mååď | mu(u)t | - | *muuj-- | - | F. mu/o/õista- "to remember" ← R. мысл- "to think" |
| "to bring" | *too- | *tōkɤ- | *tujə- | - | - | - | *tuul- | *tuu₂-~ *tuu₁ɣ- |
*tå- / *tə- | H. *toj- "lay eggs" may be ← Trc |
| "bosom" | *po/õvvi | *pōŋɤ | Er. poŋgo ~ Mk. pov |
Hi. poŋgəš ~ Me. poməš |
*pi | - | *puut | E puuɣəL ~ N poxəL |
*påŋə | *powŋə? Mo. *oŋ > *oŋ. Smy ment'd in AA13, reflexes?? |
| "to pursue" | *no/õu-ta- | - | - | - | - | - | *ńɤɤwl- | *ńuu₂/ååkəL- | *ńo- | V -uu-, Vj -ɔɔ-. Ms. cheshirization? Also cf. P. *nuu-, Ma. *nŭmala- "carry" |
| "to experience" | *koke- | I. kuoha- | - | - | - | - | - | - | *ko- | |
| "berry" | Võ pala | - | - | K. pul | boľoo, boɟoo ? |
*pul | - | Sk. *pəl- | Core F. *poola probably reshaped after *joo-la- "V. uliginosum" | |
| "steam, fog" | - | - | - | - | *ruu | - | - | *ruu₂t | - | |
| "to say" | *hoke- | - | - | - | *šuu- | - | - | - | - | |
| "barley" | - | - | *čuž | *šož | *čuužj | - | - | - | - | substratal? note *-š- |
| *o_ə type 3: as per *u in WU+P, H. uu, Ms. *u, Kh. *o, Smy *o | open syllables with an anterior medial | |||||||||
| "sno" | *lumi | *lomɤ | *loŋ | *lŭm | *lɨmɨ | lom | - | - | *jom- | Ma. *ŭ / _[+LAB]_ |
| "to bite" | *pure- | *porɤ- | *poŕə- | *pŭra- | *puur(ɨ)- | - | *pur- | *por- | *por- | Ma. *ŭ / _[+LAB]_ |
| "to blo" | *puhu- *puhalta- |
*posō- | - | - | K. puškɨ- | fuu- | *put- | *poLaa- | Sk. puttu? | K. ~ Fi. puhku-? |
| "bone" | *luu | - | *lovaža | *lu | *lɨ | - | *luw | *loɣ | *lɤ | Mari CV ⇒ long |
| "mouth" | *suu | *čovɤ, *čontɤk | - | *šu | - | saa-j | *sunt, *suup |
*ɬuuL | *so | *śowə. Mari CV ⇒ long. Kh *śowə-sa > *suu-ɬ > *ɬuuɬ?? |
| "new" | *uuci | *oðɤ | *od | *u | *vɨľ | uuj(a-) | - | - | Sk. oćɨŋ | Mari CV ⇒ long. F. length from *wu-? |
| "(to) coff" | - | *kosɤ(-) | *koz(ə-) | - | *kɨz(ɨ)- | - | - | *kooL(-) | *kot(-) | |
| "to pass by" | - | *molɤ- | *moľə- | - | *mɤɤjm | muul- | Tv mal- ~ CMs *mul- |
- | - | |
| "to come" | *tule- | *tolɤ- | - | *tola- | - | talaal- | - | - | *toj- | Ma/H. cf. F. *talla- "tread"? |
| "lake" | - | - | - | - | *tɨ | √tav- | Tv. too | *toɣ | *to | *towə, not *toxə. PMs *tow? SKh tew |
| "side" | - | - | - | - | K vɨj | - | *wujəl | - | - | Tv wɤjəl |
| "hut" | - | - | - | - | U. tɨlɨs | - | *tul | - | - | Ms. "tent pole". F. *talas/-oi ← Baltic *tala- |
| "steep" | - | - | - | - | *ńɨl- | - | *ńultəŋ | - | - | |
| "remaining sno" | - | W *jësë, E *jëcë |
- | *jož | *juuž 'hard snow' |
- | - | - | - | cf. *joččə 'path' |
| "sleep" | *uni | - | on | - | - | - | - | - | - | ← IE *oner |
| Indistinct between *o₁_ə and *o₂_ə | ||||||||||
| demonstrativ stem | *jo- | *jō- | E. ju- | *ju- | - | - | - | - | - | ← IE? |
| "" | ||||||||||
| "to be sick" | *po/õte- | *pōcɤ- | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | |
| "true" | *to/õci | *tōtɤ | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | |
| "" | ||||||||||
| "to cut" | - | - | - | - | - | farag | *paar | - | *pərå- | Smy. "to scrape", may not belong |
| "to dry" | - | - | - | - | - | asoo | *taaš | *soos | ||
| with Ms. *ɤɤ | ||||||||||
| "cheek" | *po/õski | - | - | - | - | - | *pɤɤjət | E puuɣLəm ~ W *poxLəm |
*påtə | |
| "tusk" | - | - | - | - | *wåådźer | aɟar(a-) | *ɤɤńćər | *eńćər | - | |
| "ghost" | - | - | *čo(v) | - | K. šɤn | - | *tɤɤw | *ɬuu₂ŋk | - | Mo. *oŋ > *oŋ, or *av > ov? Ms. cheshirization? F. huu better ← Gmc |
| *ô_ə (F. *o, Mo. *o, Ma. *a?) | ||||||||||
| "to dry; rapids" | *koski | *koškɤ- | *kośkə- | *kaške(-) | *kʷååś-/k | - | *kaš (?) | - | *kåsə- | F. → S. *kōškɤ "rapids" |
| "stick" | *po/?nci | - | Mk. ponda | *pandə | *pood | - | - | - | - | P. also *böd "staff" |
| "vessel" | - | - | *očkə | *wačkɤ | U. vɨčkɨ | - | - | - | - | |
| "grain" | - | - | *norəv | - | K nur(j-) | - | - | - | - | |
| "straw" | *o/õlki | - | *olgə | - | - | - | - | - | - | |
| "corner; to hide" | *so/?ppi | - | *śopə- | - | - | - | - | - | - | |
| "bear" | *o/?kci | - | *ovtə | - | - | - | - | - | - | Cf. late IE *arktos |
| "to sink" | *lo/?nteh | - | londado- | - | - | - | - | - | - | |
| IE loans | ||||||||||
| "salt" | suola | - | sal | Hi cal ~ Me ćal | U. sɨlal ~ K. sol | - | - | - | - | ← IE, multiple loans? Mari affricated prenasally? (#sÖnćAl) |
| "to sieve" | *pohtVj- | - | ponžavto- | - | *poož- | - | - | - | - | ← IE *powH-(ta-), *pewH- |
| "(to) hoe" | *kookka | - | - | - | *kook- | - | - | - | - | at least F ← Gmc *xōka |
| "gap" | *lo/õvi | - | *luv | *lu | - | - | - | - | - | ← Gmc. Mo/Ma better here than with F. *loma |
| "hook, to angle" | *o/õŋki | *vōŋkɤ *oaŋkō- |
- | *oŋgə | - | - | - | - | - | ← IE |
| "to dare" | *tohtVj- | *tōstɤ- | - | *tošta- | - | - | - | - | - | ← II *dʰr̥š-? |
| "protection" | suoja, hoi-va | *sōjē, šōjē | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | ← II *sćaajaa |
| Rejectable | ||||||||||
| "group" | *jo/õukko | - | - | - | *juuk | ɟakor | - | - | - | F. ← Sc. *jǫukja-, P. = *jëka- 'to divide' |
| "cover" | - | NS goaran | - | - | - | - | N. xuri | *koraa | - | better S < *koarō- 'to sew' (1), OU ← *kur- 'to skin' or *kur- 'to sew' (2), maybe Ms ← Kh. |
| Messy stuff | ||||||||||
| "those" | *noo | *nō- | nonat | *nŭnə | K. nɨ- | - | - | - | Se. na | |
| "that" | *too | *tō | to- | *tŭ | U. tu ~ K. tɨ | ta-, taa- | *tuu-, *tu- | *to₂-- | *tå- | |
| "3" | *kolmi | *kolmɤ | *kolmə | *kŭm | #kuuińm | haarom : harma- |
*kuurəm | *kooLəm | - | *-rm-, analogy to '4' outside H+Ms? |
| "aspen" | - | - | *poj | - | *pi | - | - | *paaj | #pij | |
| "to flay" | - | *ńōvɤ- | - | - | *ńij- | ńuuz- | Tv. ńooj- ~ CMs *ńuj- |
*-w-/*-j-? H. *ńoWə-ta-? | ||
| "pole" | - | *čōlčɤ | - | - | - | - | - | - | *səlčə | Bad |
| "pole" | Fi. vuoli | - | - | - | - | - | *ula | N. *(w)ooɭ | - | OU here under next item? |
| "pole" | ulku | *holkɤ | olga | - | K. ɨl | N. aawla | N. *oxəL | *uj | for comparision | |
| "straight" | *o/õikëda | *vōjkɤ | *vijəďɜ | *wij- | - | - | - | - | - | S. may be ← F. Mo/Ma *wejä/*weKä? |
| "buckle" | *so/õlki | *čūlkō- | *śulgamə | *šolkama | - | - | - | - | - | P. *śuul "ski" better ← *śëlka |
| "to feed" | - | - | - | *wurde- | *vördɨ- | - | - | - | - | Cf. IE *werdʰ- |
| "to throw" | *loo | *lū | *ľijə- | *loŋa- | *lɤd- | loog- | WTF | |||
| "dawn" | *koi | - | - | - | K. kɨa | - | - | - | - | Better *kajə? H. haj, Ms. *kuuj cf. *kaja "sun" |
| "a fish" | *to/õtki | - | *tutka | *tatə | - | tat | *tokt | - | Sk. tut | East *u? |
| "cloth" | - | - | - | *tŭɣər | *te/ɤra | - | - | - | - | |
| "many" | *mo/õni | moanɤk | - | - | *-mɨn | *-vAn | *-mən | - | - | Probly ← IE |
| "to lern; to see" | *o/õppe(j)- | - | - | - | - | - | *waapl- | *waapəɣ- | - | F. → S. *oappɤ- |
| "to be able; to fight" | *vo/õi- | - | - | - | - | viiv- | - | - | - | |
| "ski" | - | - | - | *ječe | - | - | *jašə | - | - | Bad |
| "weak" | - | - | - | - | K. rudź- | ross | - | - | - | |
| "to sweep" | Fi. huosi- | - | - | - | U. čuž- | - | *šaaš- | *čaač- | Sk čuuč-← *čåəč- | |
| "go sour" | - | - | - | Me. šua- | U. šut- ~ K. šuź- | - | - | - | - | Cf. čapp |
| "harness" | - | *vōtɤ | - | - | - | - | *vo/ät | *wäät | Sk. *kuu | |
| "moss" | - | *ńōrɤ | - | - | - | - | - | - | *ńår- | Cf. *ńërə |
| "" | ||||||||||
| "" | ||||||||||
*o_a
| Lexeme | Finnic | Samic | Mordv. | Mari | Permic | Hung. | Mansi | Khanty | Samoy. | Comments |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| F. *o_a, S. *oa_ē, Mo. *u_ə, Ma. *u, P. *uu, H. aa, Ms. *uu, Kh. *aa, Smy. *å_å | ||||||||||
| "part; flesh" | *osa | *oańčē | Me. ü/užas | - | aaɟek, ost- | *uunć | - | - | ← II? | |
| "fish trap" | *ota- | *oacē | - | - | K. vodž | - | *wuuš | *waač | *wåč | Mo. *oš "city" probably doesn't belong. Sk. *k⁽ʷ⁾ëččə a derivative? |
| "jaw" | - | *oalōl | *ulə | - | - | aall(a-) | *uuləć | - | - | |
| "awhile; to spend a night" | NF *kotva | *koaðvē | - | - | *kʷɤl | haal- | *kuul- | *kaaL- | - | AA15. Ma. kot "year" ← Ru. год (MZh14) |
| "time" | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | |||
| "to conjure" | - | - | Er. al(s)ta- | *ulte- | - | aald- | - | *aaLəL- | - | |
| "spirit" | - | - | - | - | *kuuľj | haɟ | *kuľ- | - | *kåjkə | *-d₂k-. F. *koljoi ← Gmc |
| "raw, meat" | - | - | - | - | *uuľ | - | - | - | *åjå | |
| "skin" | E. kõba | - | *kuvə | *kŭwə | *kuu | - | - | - | *kopå | Ma. *ŭ / _[+LAB]_ |
| "squirrel" | *orava | *oarēvē | *ur | *ur | K. ur | - | - | - | Mt. orop | Vo õrava. PSmy *årop / *oråp |
| "eagle" | *kotka | *koackēmē | *kućkan | *kučkəž | *kuuč | - | - | - | - | |
| similar but P. *kʷåå, Ms. *aa | ||||||||||
| "house" | *kota | *koatē | *kudə | *kuðɤ | *kʷåå | haaz(a-) | *kaatə | *kaat | - | Old Ms хоть, хоать. ← II? |
| "ear; leaf" | *ko/õrva | *koarvē | - | - | *kʷåår | harap | - | - | *kåw | |
| "small fly" | - | - | - | *lŭmej | U. ľum | - | *ľaaməj | - | - | Ma. *ŭ / _[+LAB]_ |
| indistinct | ||||||||||
| "head" | *oiva | *oajvē | Mk. uj- | *wuj | - | - | - | - | *åjwå | |
| "to bring" | - | *toalvō- | - | - | - | - | - | - | *tåjwå- | |
| "wedge" | *tolva | - | *tulə | - | *tuulj | - | - | - | *tajwA | F. → ?? |
| "hare" | - | *ńoamēlē | *numələ | - | K. ńimal | ńuul(a-) | - | - | *ńåmå | ← *ńoxə-ma(-la)? H. *m-lenition |
| "war" | *so/õta | - | *śudə- | *šuðə- "curse" |
- | - | - | - | *såjə | S. *soattē ← F. |
| "quarrel" | *to/õra | *toarō | *tuŕə- | - | - | - | - | *tåro- | Hi. "torle-" ∄ (MZh14) | |
| "aunt" | - | *koaskē | - | - | - | - | - | - | *kåtå | |
| "shallow; to dry" | - | *coakē- | - | - | - | - | - | - | Sk. *čëkə- | PSmy *čåkå-? |
| "to go" | - | - | juta-, Mk. jota- | - | - | - | - | - | *jåtA- | *jočə-ta-? Cf. OUg *jaač "path". S. *jotē- better ← B. *judē-. |
| "to dry" | - | - | - | - | *śuur- | saar- | - | *saar- | - | Ms. *šu(u)r(l)- ← Komi šural-? |
| "orphan" | *orpoj | *oarpēs | *urəs | - | - | aarva | - | E. uurwɯɯ | - | ← IE *(h₃)orbʰos |
| "to sew" | - | - | - | *ŭrɣe-; *wŭrɣəm "cloth" |
*vuurɨ- | var- | - | - | - | Ma. *ŭ / _[+LAB]_ |
| "south; day" | *lo/õuna | - | - | - | U nun, lum ~ K lun |
- | - | - | - | ← IE *louksnos |
| "to gather" | *korjat- | - | - | - | *kuurjal- | - | - | - | - | may be loan F → P (-rj-!) |
| "reindeer" | *poro | *poačōj | - | Hi. pučə ~ Me. püčö |
U. pudžej | - | - | - | - | ← II *paču-; Ms *pääš ~ Kh *peeč indep. |
| "to wait" | *odotta- | *oacōttē- | *učə- | *wŭče- | - | - | - | - | - | Ma. *ŭ / _[+LAB]_ |
| "shaman" | *no/õjta | *noajtē | Er. nuď-ńe- "to divine" |
- | - | - | *ńääjt | - | - | |
| "sleigh" | - | *čoanē "last sleigh" |
- | - | - | - | *šun | - | - | |
| "wave" | - | - | - | - | - | hab(o-) | *ku(m)p | *ko/uump | *kåmpå | Distinct from FP *kumpu "hill". |
| "hill" | - | - | - | *mŭčə | *muuč | - | - | - | - | *močča, Ma. *ŭ / _[+LAB]_? |
| "cold" | - | - | - | *juž | U. juz | - | - | - | - | |
| "bent, to bend" | *no/õtko/eda | *ńoackē | *nučka- | - | - | - | - | - | - | |
| "" | ||||||||||
| "" | ||||||||||
| West *o_a, Mari *ŭ?, East *ë (P ambiguous) | ||||||||||
| "man, male animal" | *koira(s) | - | - | - | K. kɨr | here | *kɤɤr | *kaar | *kora | *kojra ← *kojə-ra |
| "duck" | *so/õtka | *čoaðkē | *śulgə | *šooe | *šuul | - | *sɤɤľ | *saaj | - | *ś-l → *ś-ľ in Ug. |
| "ware" | *os-ta- "to buy" |
*oasē | - | *wŭža | *vuuz | - | *wɤɤta | - | - | ← IE *wosā, Ma. *ŭ / _[+LAB]_. Ms via II? |
| "to peel" | - | - | - | *kŭðaša- | *kuuľ- | - | *kɤɤľ- | - | - | |
| "to dive" | - | - | - | *šŭŋga- | *s/zuuŋ- | - | - | - | - | |
| "to take, to pluck" | *vo/õtta- | - | - | - | U. vɨtɨ- ~ K. vot- | - | *wɤɤt- | - | - | *wolə-kta-? |
| feat. Ms. *aCC, Kh. *oo | ||||||||||
| "soft" | - | *loančē | - | "lënzë-" | - | laaɟ | *lanćəŋ | *ɭoonćə(ɣ) | - | NB no palzn in S. |
| "rare" | *harva | *soarvē | *šurə | - | K. šur- | - | - | *ɬoorəp | #tïrå- | S. "dry tree", K. "to dry" |
| "soup" | *rokka | - | - | - | - | - | LU raɣt | *rook | - | |
| "to tire" | - | - | - | *noje- | - | - | - | *nooj- | - | |
| "to hack" | - | - | - | *roe- | - | rov- | - | *rooɣ- | - | Hi. u in hiatus |
| "to scrape" | - | - | - | - | *vuušt- | vaaš- | *ašɣ- | *woočəɣ- | - | |
| "to stick in" | - | - | - | - | - | ɟak- | *jɤɤkʷ- | *jooɣə- | Or H ~ Fi tokka-, Ma *loɣe- | |
| "sorcery" | - | - | - | - | - | taaltoš | *tooLt | - | NMs tuultən "light, easy" semantically bad | |
| "palm; span" | - | - | - | - | - | marok(o-) | - | S muurəs | - | |
| "collar" | - | - | - | - | - | - | *rɤɤkʷ | *rook | - | Ne. *ruku ← Kh. |
| feat. P *oo | ||||||||||
| "friend" | - | - | - | - | *joort | - | - | - | #(*j)üruŋ | |
| "dish, chest" | - | - | - | - | *dooz | - | - | *toL | - | |
| "piece" | - | - | - | - | *toor | - | *taawrV | - | - | |
| "twig" | *oksa | *oaksē | - | *ukš | *oosɨ | - | - | - | - | |
| "space; warm" | *hooneh | - | - | - | *šoon- | - | - | - | - | Or F. ← B. *šānas "side" → "room" |
| "sleigh" | - | - | *nurdə | - | *noort | - | - | - | - | |
| "narrow; to worry" | - | - | - | - | *šoog | aggod- , oog- | - | - | - | Semantics bad |
| "to stick" | - | - | - | - | *tooj- | †toľ- | - | - | - | |
| "to stretch" | - | - | - | - | U nujt- ~ K ńojd- | ńuujt- | - | - | - | |
| "to conjure" | - | - | - | - | K. vom-- | †wima- | - | - | - | *wojmɜ-, cf. F. voima?? (should be H. *-w-) |
| feat. P *åå | ||||||||||
| "cleft" | *kolo | *koalō | - | - | *kʷåål- | halok | *kal | *kååɭ | - | FS possibly ← Gmc |
| "pig" | *po/õrsas | - | *purćis | - | *påårś | - | - | - | - | ← IE |
| "healthy" | - | - | - | Hi. šu | *šååń | igen | - | - | - | H. "very". Expected P -m? |
| "to knead" | - | - | - | *lŭɣA- | *lååj- | - | - | - | - | |
| feat. Mo *o | ||||||||||
| "wet" | *loppa | - | *lop-aftə- | *lŭp | K lapɨd | - | - | - | - | Ma. *ŭ / _[+LAB]_, unless *u? |
| "valley" | *lotma | - | ložmo | - | - | - | - | - | - | Phonotax non-Uralic |
| "bad; lazy" | Fi. nolo | - | Mk. nola | - | - | - | - | - | - | Better F ← S (cf AASL), Mk < *novla |
| feat. Ma *a | ||||||||||
| "slime, phloam" | *nola, *nila | - | - | *nalɤ | U. ńɤl ~ K. ńiľ |
- | *ńiľ- "to peel" | *ńaL | Ne. nal- | Cf. *ńïla. F. also nula |
| "fat" | Fi. kuu | - | *kuja | *kaja | U. kɤj; U. kwajɨ- |
haaj(a-) | - | - | - | Maybe *koxa?? |
| "dung" | *sonta | - | - | *šandə | U. zud "mud" | - | - | - | - | |
| "brittle" | NF *rohka | - | - | *raš/čka | *rɨž, K. rɨš(k)- | - | - | - | - | *rošə, *roš-ka? OU ris etc. ← K. Don't see how H. roš- "slow" compares. Zek "P *ruuž" |
| East only | ||||||||||
| "hill" | - | - | - | - | - | domb(o-) | *tåmp | - | - | clearly not PU |
| "to sink" | - | - | - | - | - | rokkan- | *rowt-, N. räɣ- | *raak- | - | |
| "birch bark" | tidoo | + OU per *tana | ||||||||
| "to see" | - | - | - | - | - | oov- | *wɤɤ(j)- | *wuu-/waa- | *wë(ra)- | how about *ë |
| "to go" | - | - | - | - | - | in-- | *jaam- | - | Ne. jaam- | |
| "lead" | - | - | - | - | - | oolom(o-) | *wuuləm | - | - | |
| "hole" | - | - | - | - | - | - | N. waapi | - | *wåpə | Loan from Ne. → Ms? |
| "good" | - | - | - | - | - | joo, jav- | *jamas | *jem | - | or Kh ~ F. *imeh |
| "plane (tool)" | - | - | - | - | - | ɟal(l)u, ɟarol- | *jar(ɣə-) | - | - | H. *rl → ll? |
| "to remain; thrifty" | - | - | - | - | - | marad- | - | - | *mərəj | better *u? |
| "head" | - | - | - | - | - | - | *ɤɤw(t) | *ååk, *uu₂ŋkəL |
*ukə | Or Ms < *ojwa? |
| "road" | - | - | - | - | - | uut(a-) | *ɤɤKt | *ååkət | *uət | |
| TBS | ||||||||||
| "vessel" | F. purnu | *pōrnē | - | - | U. bɤrńo ~ K. burńa |
- | - | - | - | |
| "to sigh" | *hooka- | SS såagedh | - | #šootVć- "to rest" | - | - | *šëëk- | - | - | Consonants bad. F, S. better ← Gmc *swogan. F. → S. *śōkkē- |
| "stick" | *sompa | *soampē | - | šo/umba? | K. *zɨb | - | - | - | - | F. ← S. ← II? |
| "to prick" | F. tokkaa- | - | - | Hi. loɣe- | - | ɟak- | - | - | - | |
| "yellow" | - | - | *ťuža | - | U. čuž | - | - | - | - | Fairly bad |
| "1000" | - | - | - | - | *śuurs | - | *šatər- | *ćorəs | ← II *ǵʰasra, independantly? | |
| "to peel" | - | - | - | - | U. vɤľɨ- ~ K. *vɔľ- |
*woľćt- | - | - | - | S. *oalō- ← *walə-; E. *valə- ← *wala- "pour"?? |
| "Labrador tea" | - | ES *olo- | - | - | - | - | *waľ | *wääľ | - | Bad. Note *ľ. |
| "fat" | - | *jolē | - | - | - | - | - | *jaaL | - | *u ~ *ë/*a? |
| "middle; with" | Fi. jotka | - | *jutkə | - | - | jaat "friend" |
E/N *jat, S/W *jät |
TrJ jot, VVj jöt |
*jotä | |
| "slow" | - | *ńoacē | - | - | *ńož(jV-) | - | - | - | - | |
| "club" | *nujja, *nuhja |
|||||||||
| "diver" | - | *ńūNēl | - | - | - | - | - | - | *ńuənä | |
| "to press together" | - | - | - | *nŭmɤrge- | K. ńam- | ńom- | - | - | - | |
| "neck" | - | - | - | - | ńak | - | - | - | Sk. #nukV | |
| "to crawl; to grab" | - | *ńoamē- | - | - | - | ńuul- | - | - | *ńəʔmå- | |
| "to crawl" | - | E *ńoallē- | - | - | - | - | - | - | Ne. ńalo- | Suspicious |
| "nettle" | - | - | - | *nuž | - | - | - | - | Ne. nāca-- | medial?? |
| "burden" | - | - | - | - | U. nɨpɨ ~ K. nop, nup |
- | *nɤɤp | - | - | |
| "piece" | - | *(s)moalō | - | - | - | - | - | - | #mAlå | Rejectable; S ← Gmc |
| "~protrusion" | - | *mājrē "crop" |
- | Hi. mɤra "beehive" |
*moorɤs "breast" |
mar "withers" |
- | - | *mərki "shoulder" |
to disassemble |
| "long" | - | - | - | *kužə | *kuuź | hoss(a-) | *kʷašə | - | Km. kunzu | Cent. *o ~ East *u? |
| "hat" | - | - | - | *upšə | *uźɨ | - | - | - | - | Ma. *u despite _p!? |
| "brittle" | - | - | - | #rot | - | ruut, rot- | - | *ratək | - | Cf. *roška |
| "pit" | *kooppa | - | - | - | U. gop | - | - | - | - | Coincidental? |
| "" | ||||||||||
| "" | ||||||||||
