Proto-Uralic/E
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Std. PU *e_ə
Finnic *e_i, Permic *oo, Khanty *e
| Lexeme | Finnic | Samic | Mordv. | Mari | Permic | Hung. | Mansi | Khanty | Samoy. | Comments |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| *ê_ə (S. *ɤ_ɤ, Mo. *e, Ms. *i, Smy *e → Ng. /ɨ/, *i elsewhere) | Old cases mostly open syllables | |||||||||
| "to fear" | *pel-kä- | *pɤlɤ- | *peĺə- | - | *pool- | fee/iil- | *pil- | *peL- | *pej- | |
| "blood" | *veri | *vɤrɤ | *veŕ | *wü̆r | *vir | veer | *wiɣər | *wer | - | |
| "water" | *veci | - | *veď | *wü̆t | *voo | viiz ~ vize- |
*wit | - | *wet | ← IE?! |
| "to go" | *mene- | *mɤnɤ- | - | *mije- | *munɨ- | mën- | *min- | *men- | *men- | Ma. cf. Kar. mäne- |
| "to do" | *teke- | *tɤkɤ- | Er. ťeje- | - | - | tëv- | *tij- | *tej- | - | ← IE. Mk. ťijə-. Source for OU?? |
| "lip" | - | *pɤŋsɤm | - | - | - | - | CMs *piťem |
*peLem | *päptän | -ms- ? |
| "to take" | *vee- | *vīkɤ- | *vijə- | - | *vajɨ- | vë-, vi- | *wiɣ-/*wäj- | *we- | *ü- | *ex > *ix in S/Mo?? H "take"/""carry" |
| "night" | *öö | *ījɤ | *vej | - | *ooj | ee/iij | *jiɣ | *jej | - | *ewjə, > FMo *üjə? Cf. *kowsə > Ms *kaɣt; *jäwjə > Kh *jeej |
| "owl" | *hüüp- | *ɤpɤkē | - | - | - | - | *jipəɣ | *jepəɣ | - | Onomatopoetics in F.? Compatible with WU *je → *ji |
| "warm" | E. eha | NS áccagas | *ežə- | - | - | - | *iš- | - | - | |
| "bee" | *mehi- | - | *mekš | *mükš | *mooš | meex | - | - | - | ← preII |
| "honey" | *meci | - | meď | *müj | *moo | meez | - | - | - | ← preII. Ma. cf. Kh. *määɣ |
| "skin" | *keri | *kɤrɤ | keŕ | *kü̆r | *koor | kee/iirëg | *keer | *käär | - | ObU *kEr. Cf. IE *(s)ker- |
| "skin" | *keci | *kɤtɤ | keď | - | - | - | - | - | *ket | Cf. prev; also *käðʲə → P. *kiĺ, Ms. *kääĺən |
| "to must" | - | *kɤlkɤ- | keĺge- | Me. küle- ~ Hi. kele- |
*kool- | kell- | - | - | - | Cf. IE. Check if not *i? |
| "to shake" | - | - | - | *rü̆ze- | U dźećɨra- | rësk | *risɣ- ~ N rasɣ- |
*reńć- | - | better *e-ä? |
| "young tree, twig" | - | - | - | *nörɣə | *ńɤr | ńiir | *ńir | *nér | - | Smy. #nËrkə "willow" may not belong - or is this *ë? |
| "exchange" | *vero | - | veŕe-nc | *werć- | U. vur | - | - | *weer | - | |
| "run; go" | - | *vēkɤ- | - | - | *vooɨ- | - | - | - | - | *wexə- |
| "handle" | - | *nɤvtɤ | - | - | *nud | - | - | - | - | *-ŋt-. Check if not *i |
| "middle" | *keski | *kɤskɤ | keska | - | *koos | - | - | - | - | |
| "throat" | NF *kero ~ EVo *kõri |
*kɤrɤs | - | - | *goor | - | - | - | - | Cf. Ir. *gara "throat"; Toch kor < *gʷerw- |
| "elder" | - | - | *čev-- | - | U. šu ~ K. žo |
- | - | - | - | - |
| "to wash" | *pese- | *pɤsɤ- | pezo- | - | - | - | - | - | - | ← IE |
| "to stretch" | *venü- | *vɤnɤ- | veńeme- | - | - | - | - | - | *wenä "rope" | |
| "boat" | *veneh | *vɤnɤs | veńeš | - | - | - | - | - | - | cf. "to stretch" |
| "to be in time" | *ehti- | *ɤstɤ- | - | *ĭšte- | K. eštɨ- | - | - | - | - | K. ← F? |
| "leaf" | *lehti | *lɤstɤ | - | *lĭštäš | - | - | - | - | - | ← IE |
| "work" | *töö | - | ťev | - | - | - | - | - | - | *tewə; cf. *tekə- |
| "lime, bast" | *lehmus | - | ĺevos | - | - | - | - | - | - | |
| "dove" | F metti-- ~ E meikas |
- | *mečə | - | - | - | - | - | - | |
| "pestle" | *petkel | - | peťkeĺ | - | - | - | - | - | - | |
| "feather" | *hewhen | *sɤvsɤm | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | NB difthong! Newer loan? -n ~ -m doesn't match |
| "to tear" | *repe- | *rɤpɤ- | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | |
| "next" | *enti | *ɤvtɤ | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | *-ŋt- |
| "berry" | - | - | - | - | *mooĺɨ | mëɟɟ | - | *-məĹ | - | preP → Ma *mooðə? |
| *e_ə (S. *ē_ɤ, Mo. *i, Smy. *i (some from *ä?) | all old cases long or difthongal? | |||||||||
| "to cook" | - | - | *pijə- | - | K. pu- | (föö-) | *pääj- | - | *pi- | *pexə-; cf. *pEsa- ! |
| "matter" | - | *sējɤ | sij | *šü | *śiś | eev | *säj | *ɬöj | *tiəj | |
| "to sell" | *möö- | *mēkɤ- | *mijə- | - | (*med) | - | *miɣ- | *me- | *mi- | *mexə. P. "loan" may be ← II *mīžda |
| "to boil" | *kee-, *kei- | *kī- | - | *küa- | - | köve- | - | - | - | |
| "meat" | - | - | *sivəĺ | *šĭl | *siĺ | - | - | - | - | *sewə-lɜ? |
| "round" | *kehkerä | - | *kičkərə | *kĭškär | - | - | - | - | compound *keččä-kerä?? | |
| "brother" | *velji | *vēljɤ | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | Short! ← IE? |
| "clear" | *selke- | *čēlkɤ | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | Liv. sieldɤ. Cf. F. *selvä "ibid." |
| "" | ||||||||||
| *E_ə (as per *e_ə but Ms *ee, Kh *ii) | generally coda glides, but note *Eði, *kEri | |||||||||
| "mushroom" | *seeni | *čānā | - | *šeen | U. śeńki | - | *šeenəɣ | *säänəɣ | - | *śE(x)nə? Maybe better *ä? H. seen ~ sene- "coal, fire" |
| "to eat" | *söö- | - | *śevə- | - | *śooj | ëv- | *tee-, *tääj- |
*ɬii₂- | *ti-mä | Smy. "tooth". U. *oo₂ → i between palatals? Sibilant & medial mismatch! |
| "soul, breath, steam" | *lewlü | *lēvlɤ | - | - | *lool | lee/iilëk ~ lëlk- |
#li/el | *ɬii₁L | - | Wrt. S, cf. difthong |
| "soul" | *iccek | *jēčɤ | *eś | *ĭške | K aćim | iis | *jis | *ii₁s | - | *jEćə, F. *je → *i? Kh *je → *ii?? |
| "night" | - | - | - | *jü̆t | - | - | *(j)eet | *äät, *ii₂tən | S #(ń)ütə | Kh *ii₂ / #_ ? Cf. F. *ilta?! |
| "front" | *eti | - | - | - | - | elöö | *eel | *ii₂L | *e/ir- | Kh *ii₂ / #_ ? Smy. "row" |
| "rope" | - | - | *piks | - | - | fiu | - | *pii₁ɣəL | - | |
| "smoke; fog" | - | - | - | - | *čɨŋ | - | *šeeŋkʷ- | - | Kh *čii₁ɣ "fog" rather ~ S *cēkɤ (StUE4) | |
| "(to) swear" | *irvɜ- | *ɤrvɤ- "be happy" |
- | - | *joo₂r-- | öröm 'joy' |
*jeer- | - | - | *jerwɜ-, F.& S. *je- → *(j)i- |
| "edge" | - | - | - | - | - | see/iil | *seel | *sii₁L | - | |
| "short; to cut" | - | - | - | - | - | rövid | - | Trj riiɣ- | - | |
Std. PU *e_ä
Finnic *e_ä, Samic *ea_ē, Mordvinic *i_ɜ, Permic *oo, Samoyedic *e (not **i!)
| Lexeme | Finnic | Samic | Mordv. | Mari | Permic | Hung. | Mansi | Khanty | Samoy. | Comments |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| *e_ä type 1: Ms *ä, Kh *e/*öɣ (in PMs CVCV stems?) | ||||||||||
| "ear" | - | *pealjē | *piľə | *pĭləš | *peľ | fül | *päľ | *peL | - | |
| "uncle" | *setä | *čeacē | Er. čiče | *čü̆čə | *čoož | - | CMs *šäša | - | *čečä | Sibilant assimilation east of F/S? K. also ćož |
| "knife" | - | - | - | *kü̆źə | - | keeš | CMs *käšäj | *kööčəɣ | - | or *kičɜ with H irreg. |
| "hook" | - | SS ńieccie | - | - | - | - | *ńäš(ə?) | N *ńešə | - | *ńeččä |
| *e_ä type 2: similar except Ms *i (in PMs CVC stems?) | more common than "regular" *ê_ä | |||||||||
| "ring" | *kehä | *kēsɤ | (či) | *keče | *kɨč | keeɟ | Tv küš ~ CMs *kiš |
*köč | *keččä. S, Ma *ä? Mo. "sun" may not belong | |
| "neck" | *sepä | *čeapē | *śivɜ | *šüj | *śil | - | CMs *šip | *sääpəL | - | Ma. *-epV > *-ĭw > *-ü ?? |
| "nest" | *pesä | *peasē | *pizə | *pĭžäš | *pooz | fee/iisek | *pit | *peL | *petä | |
| "catfish, burbot" |
*säkä | - | *śijɜ | *ši | - | - | *šiɣ | *seɣ | - | Ma. CV ⇒ *i |
| "to serch" | - | - | - | *kĭčälä- | *kooč-k/j- | ? kereš- | *kinš- | *kenč- | - | MaP *keččə- ~ OU *kenčə-? |
| indistinct between *e₁_ä and *e₂_ä | ||||||||||
| "4" | *neljä | *nealjē | *ńiľɜ | *nĭl | *ńooľ | nee/iiɟ | *ńilɜ ~ *n/ńäl- |
*ńeLää | - | Ms *ä in n/ńälmən "40" (*nelə-jä vs. *nelə-mon "40"?) |
| "to liv" | *elä- | *ealē- | - | *ĭle- | *ool- | eel- | *jäl- | *jeL- | *elä- | OUg both "visit", "recover". Ms > *i- > *jä-? Mo. *era-? |
| "big, uncle" | *enä | *eanē | *ińɜ | - | *uuna | - | *jänəɣ | *enə | *enä | Ms > *i > *jä-? |
| "uncle; father" | - | *eakē | - | - | - | - | *jäɣ CMs *äki |
*jeɣ *ii₁kii |
En ďiśi < *ekä | StUE4. Ms > *i- > *jä-? Ne. ńeekka? |
| "pine" | *petäkä | *peacē | *pičə | *pü̆nće | *poožɨm | - | - | - | *petä (> Ng.) | |
| "to beg" | *kerjät- | - | - | - | *koor- | keer- | - | - | - | ~ F. *kerät- "to collect" |
| "skillful" | *seppä | *čeappē | - | - | - | seep | - | - | - | |
| "dog" | *penVj | *peanɤk | *pińə | *pij ~ *pŭni | *poon(ɨ) | (fene) | - | - | - | Ma. *ɪ/əj > *ij? H. "wild" may not belong |
| "ring" | *keccV | - | - | - | - | - | - | *kösə | - | Cf. *kecrä |
| "brook" | - | - | - | - | *šoo₁r | eer | - | - | - | |
| "to get free" | - | *meanō- | mäńe- | K. mɨn- | ment- | - | - | Ne. mina- | *mänə-w-? Also cf. *menə- | |
| "a fish" | *keso | L. kääčuk | - | - | K. gɨć | keseg | *kääsəŋ | *kosə | - | or F. < kesä |
| "white" | - | *čeaskātɤ- *čeaskɤtē |
- | - | K. ćoćkɤm | - | - | - | - | *sk ~ *ćk? |
| "to scrape" | - | *neaskē- | - | *nü̆žä- | - | - | - | - | - | |
| "" | ||||||||||
| "" | ||||||||||
| *ê_a & such (FSM per *ü, Ma. *ü?, Ms *i; see also *ü_a) | ||||||||||
| "heart" | *sütäm | *čɤðēm | *śeďəŋ | *šüm | U. śulem ~ K. śɤlɤm |
siiv(e-) | *šim | *sem | *säjə | perhaps *śewd₁äm? |
| "brother-in-law" | *kütü | - | - | - | - | - | CMs *kil | *küüLi ? | - | or ~ *kälü? |
| "to plow" | *küntä- | - | - | *künče- | - | - | - | - | - | F. could be a later derivation from *künčə |
| "tail" | *häntä | S. câcka ~ P. ciskes |
- | - | - | - | *šiš | *čenč ~ V. čönč |
- | |
| "" | ||||||||||
| "" | ||||||||||
| "" | ||||||||||
| "" | ||||||||||
| "" | ||||||||||
| "" | ||||||||||
| "" | ||||||||||
| *E_a (Ms. *ee, Kh. *ää) | ||||||||||
| "to hit" | *peksä- | - | *piksə- | - | *pös- | - | - | *pääɣəL- | *petV- | 2ndary length in Fi. pieksä- |
| "2" | (*kakti) | (*kōktē) | (kavta) | (kok) | *kɨkt | keet | *kit | *käät | *ketä | Ms. *i before a cluster? Kh also *kii₁tənti "both". FV *kakta |
| "price" | - | - | - | - | *doon | - | CMs *tin | *tään, *tii₁n |
- | (no evidence for a cluster) |
| "duck" | - | - | - | - | *goordaa | - | *kirtəɣ | N. kaartaŋ | - | Ms. *i before a cluster? |
| "to dodge" | - | *kɤrvē- | - | - | - | kerül- | E ker ~ N kir- |
*käärəɣ- | - | |
| "to cook" | - | *pɤsē- | - | - | *pɤɤž- | - | *peet- | *pääL- | - | P also cf. F paah-ta- / OU *ponča-? Cf. *pexi- |
| "to separate" | - | *peacē- (S only) |
- | - | - | fesl- | *peešt- | V pääčii- ~ Vj pečää-- |
||
| "(to) thin" | - | *keancē | - | - | - | keškëń | - | *käänć- | - | Ms. *kAAnś- ← Kh. |
| "to miss" | - | *meantē- | - | - | - | - | - | Vj. miintəɣtə- | - | Or *men-tä-?? Cf. F. mene-ttä- |
| "to bind" | - | - | - | - | - | ńeek- | *neeɣ- | "Kr" neewəj- | - | Cf. Mong. *neke- "to weave"? |
| "room" | - | - | - | - | - | teer (tere-) | - | E. täär, tiir |
- | |
| similar except Kh. *(j)ii₂- (initially?) | ||||||||||
| "weather" | *ilma | *ɤlmē | - | - | U. in ~ K. jen | - | *jeeləm | *(j)ii₂Ləm | - | FS *je > *(j)i? |
| "to press" | - | - | *ičə- "knead" |
*jĭše- | *ɨčkɨ- | - | - | W *iiš- | - | |
| "to carve" | - | - | *inzəďə- | - | - | - | *jeen(s)- | *(j)ii₂nL- | - | |
| "clear day" | - | *jealɤkkɤs | - | - | - | - | - | E *jiiL | *jälä | |
| "(to) love" | - | *eaccē- | - | - | - | - | - | *(j)ii₂čəɣ | - | |
| IE loans etc. | ||||||||||
| "year" | *ikä "age" |
*jɤkē | *ij(ə) | *i | - | eev | - | - | - | ← IE *jegʷaa, FS *je > *ji? PreH *ewə rather than *eɣə? S *ɤkē "age" ← F. |
| "fox" | *repä | *rēp- | Er. ŕiveś | *rĭwəž | *ruć(i) | ravas | ← II, Ma. thru Hu. separately? | |||
| "blade, edge" | *terä | *tearē | - | *tü̆r | *door | töör | - | - | - | Cf. II *dʰārā. Also Ud. ter ~ tir "ax" |
| "tip" | *kasa | *keačē | - | hëɟ | - | - | - | ← IE *h₂aḱ-. Probably *a, S. > *ea / _Ć? Distinct from F. "pile" (← Gmc) | ||
| "to be born" | *süntü- | - | - | - | K. sod- | †edl- | - | - | - | ← preIr *dzen- + *tä- |
| "side, rib" | - | *earttē | *irdɜ | *örðəž | *oord- | - | - | - | - | ← II *erdʰa- |
| "summer" | *kesä | *keasē | *kizə | - | - | - | - | - | - | ← IE *h₁es-en/r-? |
| "human" | *inhimi- | - | *inžə(j) | - | - | - | - | - | - | ← IE *ǵnh₁-V-, with *je > F. ji? |
| "alder" | *leppä | *leapē | *ľepɜ | - | - | - | - | - | - | ← B; Mo. separately |
| "times" | *kërta | *keartē | *kirda | Hi. -kerðə | ← B. *kertā / II *kṛt-, later than Mo. -a > -ə? | |||||
| "all, whole" | - | - | *veśəj | - | *vååć | †ösve | - | - | #wAnsA | at least Mo Hu ← II *wićwa-. U. also viś, vɨć |
| "man" | - | - | *mirďɜ | - | *moort | - | - | - | - | ← II *mṛt- |
| "ring" | *kecrä | *kearsē | Er. *ščeŕe ~ Mk. kšťiŕ |
- | - | - | - | - | - | ← preII *kētstra? |
| "corn" | *jüvä | - | juv | - | U. ju ~ K. jɨki | - | - | - | - | ← IE *jewa/*jowa (Avestan yava etc.), F *je > *ji? |
| "grouse" | *tetri | - | - | - | *tooɜr | - | - | - | - | ← B. *tetVrV |
| "far; woods" | *meccä | *meaččē | - | - | - | (messe) | - | - | - | ← B *medja-, H perhaps unrelated |
| "ghost" | - | *šeartɤ | - | *šĭrt | U. šurd- | ördög | - | - | - | ~ Russian čert, Iranian? |
| "chin" | - | - | - | - | *aŋ | - | *eeɣən, Ko. iɣən |
*ääɣəɳ | *aŋå | ← Turk. *ēŋ, Smy via Oghur? (Chuv: ana). OU #eeɣän better ~ *jekən(ə) |
| Substrate loans? (Mari *i; note phonotax) | ||||||||||
| "wheat" | *vehnä | - | *viš(ɜ) | *wiśte | - | - | - | - | - | |
| "cow; horse" | *lehmä | - | *ľišmə | - | - | - | - | - | - | |
| "rope" | - | *reašmē | *ŕiśmə | - | - | - | - | - | - | Cf. II *raćmV; B. *rišima "thred" (→ F. *rihma) |
| TBS 1: Widespread | ||||||||||
| "us" | *mek | |||||||||
| "you" | *tek | #tīj | *ťiń | *tää | *ti | ti | - | - | #täŋ | |
| "bundle; to plait" | *kerä | - | *kiŕɜ | - | - | - | *keer- | *kiir- | OU swapped with *kärə- 'to wrap'. | |
| "to prick" | - | *peaðē- | *päľə- | - | - | - | *peel- | *peeL- | - | No regularity really. E/ä? l/ð? |
| TBS 2: FP/West only | ||||||||||
| "oar" | *mëla | *mealē | *miľə | - | K. maľ? | - | - | - | - | Looks newer per F. -a |
| "back" | *selkä ~ *sälkä |
*čēlkē | - | *šĭle | - | - | - | - | - | …*säälkä ?? |
| "spring, summer" | *kevät | - | - | *keŋəž | *goož(em) | - | - | - | - | P. metathesis or *ŋ-loss? Or ~ Kh *kaač "warm" |
| "dust; ash" | F. pelmV- | - | - | - | U. peńm- ~ K. pɤjim |
- | - | - | - | F → P? NB *ľ |
| "bare; good; clean" | F. pelkkä | - | - | *pelkə | K. peľk | - | - | - | - | Semantics bad. NB *ľ |
| "road" | *tee | - | - | - | K tuj, Jz tʉj |
- | - | - | - | |
| "ear of grain" | *tähkä | - | *ťikšɜ | *tü̆ška | *too₂šk "beard" |
- | - | - | - | |
| "to feed" | - | - | *ťiŕa- | - | K. tɤrśɨ- | - | - | - | - | |
| "drape" | *vërho | - | #orčta | - | - | - | - | - | - | |
| TBS 3: East only | ||||||||||
| "to narro" | - | - | - | - | - | mere- | CMs *mär- | *mer- | - | Check Kh, O /ä/ |
| "to darken" | - | - | - | - | - | šetët | *šät-- | W četimə- | ||
| "to sink" | - | - | - | - | - | †šeped- | šeep- | - | - | |
| "root" | - | - | - | - | - | ɟökeer | T jükäär ~ *jeekʷar |
- | - | better *ü?? |
| "kidney; penis" (?!) | - | - | - | - | - | veše | *wäćəɣ | - | - | bad; medial mismatch |
| "limb" | - | - | - | - | - | iiz | - | *jöt | - | alt etym for H: *jäsə- |
| "(to) work" | - | - | - | - | - | müü(ve-) | - | - | *mäj- | |
| "face" | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | *weenč | Sk. wandV | |
| "to dress" | - | - | - | - | - | mez(í)telen | *mäš- | - | - | ES *mācVkV 'coat' probs not here |
| "deep" | - | - | - | - | - | mee/il | *mil | *me₁L | - | |
| "to tear" | - | - | - | - | - | mëńül-/ít- | *mänəmt- | WKh *meenəm-, *men-čii- |
- | better *i? |
| "to press" | - | - | - | - | - | mered- | *mär- | *merəm | - | |
| "to laugh" | - | - | - | - | - | †mevet- | *mäwint-, *mäwäl- |
- | - | |
| TBS 4: Ma~P, P~H | ||||||||||
| "color; dawn" | - | - | - | *rü̆m(b)älɣə | *romɨt | - | - | - | - | |
| "good" | - | - | - | Hi. rəž | U. dźeć | - | - | - | - | perhaps *riććä? |
| "moss" | - | - | - | *reɣeńćə | *roojɨ | - | - | - | - | |
| "alder" | - | - | - | *lööl | *lool | - | - | - | - | |
| "to measure" | - | - | - | - | U. mertal- ~ K. *moortal- |
mee/iir- | - | - | - | |
| "breast" | - | - | - | #mer- | *moores | - | - | - | - | |
| "wool ~ ram" | - | - | - | mi/ež | K. mež | - | - | - | - | |
| "thick; more" | - | - | - | - | *too₁p(ɨt) | több | - | - | - | H. haplology *töpöbb > több? |
| TBS 5 | ||||||||||
| "light" | *kep-edä | *keappē | - | - | U. kapći | keveeš | - | - | *käjpɜ | |
| "warm" | - | - | - | - | *rög | reeg, rög | *riɣ ~ N reeɣ |
*reɣ | - | *-ŋ- ~ *-ɣ-? |
| "grey" | - | - | - | - | *dźåår | sir, sürke |
CMs *šir | - | - | Cf. Mong. *sira "yellow"?! |
| "wet" | - | - | - | - | *uuľ | - | CMs *iľ | - | - | Ma. iľe ← U. Or Ms other (cf. StarLing) |
| "" | ||||||||||
| "perch" | - | - | - | - | *joo(kɨ)š | - | - | *jööɣ | Ne. ńiix- | |
| "to dance" | - | - | - | - | U ektɨ- ~ K jɤktɨ- |
- | *jeekʷ- | *jœœk- | - | |
| "to err" | - | - | - | - | - | teeved- | CMs *tip- | *tep- | - | |
| "deer" | F. teva | - | - | - | - | teheen | - | - | #täə | |
| "full, to fill" | - | - | - | *temə, *teme-, *tema- |
- | †tëm, temet- | - | - | - | |
| "to stick in" | NF *työ-ntä- | - | - | - | *too₂j- | töv-- | *täɣ- | *töökən- | - | Medials messy, F. cf. "work" |
| "breath; heat" | *heŋki | - | - | - | - | - | - | *čeŋk | - | Ms #sääNk "hot weather" doesn't fit, U. džog < *r-. |
| "to run; to hurry" | - | - | Er. čije- | - | - | šiet- | - | - | - | |
| "to refine; flour" | *lese- | - | - | - | - | list | - | - | - | |
| "to sow" | - | - | *viďə- | *wüðe- | - | ve(e)t- | - | - | - | |
| "grouse" | *mecco, *mëttVs |
T. piecce | - | - | - | - | *mänšəm | - | - | Bad. F better ← *meccä 'forest' |
| "we" | *me(k) | *mī | *miń | *me | *mi | mi | *mäŋ du. meeN |
meŋ du. miin |
*mä- | |
| "to tear" | *repi- | *rɤpɤ- | - | - | - | *reped- | *reep- | - | - | *p / *pp? |
| "to flap" | *räppä- | - | - | - | - | *rëpít-/ül- | *reep- "shake" |
Vj reepää- ~ N raaw- "blink" |
- | |
| "to glue" | - | - | - | - | - | ragad- | - | *rööŋk- | - | better *ä or smth |
| "to step; wade" | - | - | - | - | - | ruug- | - | *röŋkää- | - | |
| "to be" | *lee- | *lea- | (*ľävks "young") |
*liä- | *loo- | *lë- | - | - | - | *lejə-? |
| "hard wood (for skis)" | *lülü | - | - | - | K. lol | - | - | *ɬeL | - | *e-ü > F *ü-ü?? |
| "soft" | CF *leina | - | - | - | K lɤń | - | *liń | *ɭeeń | - | |
| "under" | - | - | - | Hi. lə- | - | lë | - | - | - | or *li |
| "very" | - | - | - | *lĭŋ | - | -leg | - | - | - | |
| "butterfly" | E *liippo- | W *lɤplV- | - | *lĭpə | - | lepke | *läpäk | *ɭepAntaaj | ||
| "leaf" | *lepeh | - | - | - | - | leveel | *luupta | *ɭɯɯpət | - | |
| "dense; narrow" | - | - | - | - | U. ľukɨt | - | N. ľakʷ | *ɬ´ök | - | NB *ľ- |
| "cradle; to lull" | Fi liesku | - | - | *lüške | U. lećkal- | - | - | - | - | |
| "lime; bast" | *lëhmus | - | *ľevəš | *nĭmeštə | - | - | - | - | - | |
| "to shine" | E *čilketta- | - | *ćiľďər- | ćo/ɤlɣɤža- | U ćiľ/lal- ~ K. dźuljal- |
čillog- | CMs *śulɣ- | N *ćuulpəɣ- | better something like *o | |
| "small bird" | E čiučoi | - | - | - | - | - | *ćäŋći | *će₂ćkə | #sinsakV | probs onomatopoetic |
| "finger / knuckle" | - | - | - | - | U. ćińɨ ~ K. ćuń |
čüd, čüg | - | *ćoŋən | - | |
| "roe" | - | - | - | #mürtńə | - | - | *määrnä | *määrən | - | probably ≠ F-S #mätäHnä |
| "wing, upper arm" | - | - | - | - | - | - | *märkä | *me₁rəŋk | Ne. maŕ(jebsu) | perhaps *i (Smy *ə̈?) |
| "midge" | - | SS namek | - | - | U. nɨmɨ ~ K. *noom |
- | - | - | (*ńImärəj) | Smy. deriv. from *ńimə- 'to suck'? (+ #woj 'animal' ??) |
| "path" | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | *ńiiL ~ S ńiiɣət ~ ńääɣət |
Ne. ńeda, Km. nərmi |
Bad |
| "calf" | - | *ńāplō | - | - | - | - | - | - | Ne. ńāplūj | |
| "" | ||||||||||
| "" | ||||||||||
| "" | ||||||||||
| Rejectable | ||||||||||
| "to rub antlers against a tree" | - | *čɤlɤ- | - | - | - | - | - | - | Ne. śelə- | Ne. better ← *sälä- < *śälä- 'to rub' (AASmy2) |
| "mild; warm" | Fi lenseä | - | - | - | - | - | - | Vj ɭɯɯsək | Bad. Fi better = leppeä × penseä | |
| "to cut" | *lëikka- | - | - | - | - | leek | - | - | Ne. ľekā- | Bad; F ← Gmc |
| "to find" | *lewtä- | - | - | - | - | lel- | - | - | - | rather F ← Gmc |
