Carune

Carune
Pronounced:	/karune/ /kar\une/ /ka4une/
Timeline and Universe:	Alternate Earth, modern era
Species:	Human
Spoken:	Carune
Total speakers:	23 million
Writing system:	Latin
Genealogy:	Indo-European  Italic   Romance    Italo-Western     Ibero-Italic      Italo-Carune       Central Carune        Carune
Typology
Morphological type:	Inflecting
Morphosyntactic alignment:	Nominative-Accusative
Basic word order:	SVO
Credits
Creator:	Sectori
Created:	December 2005

http://img50.imageshack.us/img50/7560/picture19nl.th.gif

The Carune flag has six colors: red, yellow, green, blue, white, and orange. Red and yellow represent Spain; Blue, white, and red represent France; Yellow, blue, and red represent Romania; green and red represent Portugal; and red, green, and white represent Italy, the major areas where Romance languages are spoken. Orange represents the sovereign nation of Carune.

Carune is spoken in a nation which is, in our world, northern Italy, a little part of southern France, and some of Switzerland (which annexed part of Austria in the first World War). This nation depends greatly on tourism, especially skiers (esquiare is to ski, sed io no esquio), as well as on mining and animal herding. However, the capital, Torine (Turin), as well as Milane (Milan) and Monze feature large computer industries, and Milane has become a world fashion center. The southern area of the country is also a haven for archaeologists seeking Roman ruins. Grenobela (Grenoble), in what is in our world France, Torine, Zergattum in our Switzerland, and Genova (Genoa), in our Italy have all hosted Olympic games at one time or another.

Phonology/Orthography

Carune has 20 letters in its alphabet.

• Vowels: /a e i o u/
• Vowel Orthography: <a e i o u>
• Consonants: /g|dZ s t d v n z m k|tS f b tS r kw l/
• Consonant Orthography: <g s t d v n z m c f b ch r qu l>

• Before /a/, /o/, or /u/, <g> is /g/. Before /e/ or /i/, <g> is /dZ/
• Before /a/, /o/, or /u/, <c> is /k/. Before /e/ or /i/, <c> is /tS/
• If /ke ki ge gi/ are needed, especially in loan words, the orthography becomes <che chi ghe ghi>. If any such words are used in the lessons, this pronounciation will be noted.
• Double consonants are pronounced twice: collere (to color) is /kol.lere/, not /koLere/, /kojere/, or any other variation thereof.
• Double vowels are pronounced individually: no diphthongs.

Syntax and Stress

Carune is an SVO language, usually, but in interrogative sentences, word order is VSO. Stress falls on the penultimate syllable in words ending in a vowel, and on the ultimate syllable in words ending in a consonant.

Subject Pronouns

Carune's subject pronouns are as follows:

• Io: I
• Tu: you, singular, familiar
• Ele: he
• Ela: she
• Vusse/vussa: you, singular, formal (vusse conjugates as the third person singular, not second person singular)
• Noi: we
• Voi: you, plural
• Eli: they, masculine
• Elae: they, feminine

Verbal Morphology: Indicative Mood Simple Tenses

There are five types of verbs in Carune: -a stem, -e stem, -i stem, -o stem, and irregular. Note, however, that -o stem and irregular verbs appear as -a, -e, and -i stem verbs in their infinitive forms. The three infinitive endings are:

• -are
• -ere
• -ire

To conjugate a regular verb, remove the infinitive ending and add a certain other ending, based on the subject of the sentence.

Present Indicative Conjugation

• The first person singular form always conjugates with an -o.
• The second person singular for -a stem verbs is -ai. For -e and -i stem verbs, -ei. For -o stem verbs, -oi.
• The third person singular form is the stem vowel. In the case of -o stem verbs, a -z is added.
• The first person plural ending is the stem vowel followed by -m.
• The second person plural ending is the stem vowel followed by -s.
• The third person plural ending is the stem vowel followed by -e. In the case of -e stem verbs, the added -e changes to -n.

Preterit Indicative Conjugation

In the preterit, -e and -o stem verbs are treated as -i stem verbs in relation to their stem vowel.

• The first person singular form conjugates with the stem vowel followed by -n.
• The second person singular form conjugates with the stem vowel, followed by -st.
• The third person singular form conjugates with -io.
• The first person plural conjugates as the present indicative first person plural, but ads an -o.
• The second person plural conjugates as the second person singular, but ads -i.
• The third person plural conjugates with the stem vowel followed by -do.

Future Indicative Conjugation

The future tense uses the verb infinitive, minus the final -e, as the stem. It is conjugated as follows:

• The first person singular form conjugates with -e
• The second person singular form conjugates with -ai
• The third person singular form conjugates with -a
• The first person plural conjugates with -em
• The second person plural form conjugates with -as
• The third person plural form conjugates with -ae

Imperfect Indicative Conjugation

The imperfect tense conjugates as the present indicative, but inserting -(stem vowel)v before the conjugation ending. It indicates a past action that was not completed or happened at an unspecified time.

Present Conditional Conjugation

The present conditional tense uses the same stem as the future indicative, and adds the following endings:

• The first person singular ending is -ia
• The second person singular ending is -iai
• The third person singular ending is -ia
• The first person plural ending is -iam
• The second person plural ending is -ias
• The third person plural ending is -iae

Nominal Morphology: Gender and Number

Nouns in Carune belong to one of three genders: masculine, feminine, and neuter. They have two forms: singular, and plural. These forms are determined as follows:

• Masculine: all masculine nouns end in -e in the singular form. To make a masculine noun plural, change -e to -i. For example: il fele-the cat; i feli-the cats.
• Feminine: all feminine nouns end in -a in the singular form. To make a feminine noun plural, add an -e to the end, after the -a. For example: al ava-the bird; a avae-the birds.
• Neuter: all neuter nouns end in -um in the singular form. To make a neuter noun plural, change -um to -o. For example: el frasum-the sentence; e fraso-the sentences.

Direct Object Pronouns

Direct object pronouns mark the object of a verb (the accusative case, essentially). They come before a conjugated verb or are attached to the future indicative stem of an infinitive verb. For example: Voi a fazerlo-I am going to do it. Lo is the direct object pronoun, voi is the conjugated verb, and fazer is the future indicative stem that lo is attached to. This sentence could be rewritten Lo voi a fazere with no change in meaning. The direct object pronouns are:

• Me: first person singular
• Te: second person singular, informal
• Lo: third person singular, second person singular formal
• Nos: first person plural
• Vos: second person plural
• Los: third person plural

Indirect Object Pronouns

Indirect object pronouns mark the indirect object of a verb (as the dative case). They tell to or for whom an action was done. They come before a conjugated verb or are attached to the future indicative stem of an infinitive verb. For example: Voi a irle-I am going to go to it. Le is the indirect object pronoun, voi is the conjugated verb, and ir is the future indicative stem that le is attached to. This sentence could be rewritten Le voi a ire with no change in meaning. The indirect object pronouns are:

• Me: first person singular
• Te: second person singular, informal
• Le: third person singular, second person singular formal
• Nos: first person plural
• Vos: second person plural
• Les: third person plural

Prepositional Object Pronouns

These are pronouns that mark the object of a preposition (the locative case). They are most commonly used in conjunction with com-with, para-for, in order to, and a-to. For example: A mi me gusta chantere-It is pleasing to me to sing. A mi is the preposition a and the prepositional object pronoun mi. Gusta is the third person singular form of gustare, to be pleasing. The prepositional object pronouns are:

• Mi: first person singular
• Ti: second person singular, informal
• Se: third person singular, third person plural, second person singular formal
• Nos: first person plural
• Vos: second person plural

Reflexive Verbs/Pronouns

This is the way of saying "I wash myself", "I ask myself", "I call myself", etc. There are two ways of conjugating reflexive verbs. The first makes a reflexive infinitive: to wash onesself, to ask onesself, etc. To form this type of reflexive, add a reflexive pronoun to the future indicative stem:

• Lavermi-to wash myself
• Laverti-to wash yourself
• Laversi-to wash onesself, to wash themselves
• Laverni-to wash ourselves
• Lavervi-to wash yourselves

This type of reflexive must be put after a conjugated verb: Voi a lavermi-I am going to wash myself. The second type of reflexive is a conjugated reflexive. To from this type of reflexive, place a reflexive pronoun before a conjugated verb:

• Mi lavo-I wash myself
• Ti lavei-you wash yourself
• Si lave-one washes onesself
• Ni lavem-we wash ourselves
• Vi laves-you all wash yourselves
• Si laven-they wash themselves

Verbal Morphology: Irregular Verbs

Here are some of the most common irregular verbs in Carune (excluding -o stem verbs), conjugated in all the indicative tenses.

Stare-to be, in relation to transient or changeable things

• Present indicative: stoi, stai, sta, stam, stas, stae
• Preterit Indicative: stin, stist, stio, stimo, stisti, stido
• Future Indicative: staran, starast, stario, staramo, starasti, starado
• Imperfect Indicative: stavoi, stavai, stava, stavam, stavas, stavae
• Present Conditional Indicative: staria, stariai, staria, stariam, starias, stariae
• Present Subjunctive: ste, stei, ste, stem, stes, sten
• Imperfect Subjunctive: stissa, stissai, stissa, stissam, stissas, stissan

Sere-to be, in relation to intransient or unchangeable things (present participle essent, past participle fuit)

• Present Indicative: esso, essei, es, som, sos, son
• Preterit Indicative: fui, fuist, fuio, fuimo, fuisti, fuido
• Future Indicative: sere, serai, sera, serem, seras, serae
• Imperfect Indicative: erro, errei, erre, errem, erres, erren
• Present Conditional Indicative: seria, seriai, seria, seriam, serias, seriae
• Present Subjunctive: essa, essai, essa, essam, essas, essan
• Imperfect Subjunctive: fuissa, fuissai, fuissa, fuissam, fuissas, fuissan

Ire-to go

• Present Indicative:vo, vai, va, vam, vas, vae
• Preterit Indicative: fui, fuist, fuio, fuimo, fuisti, fuido
• Future Indicative: ire, irai, ira, irem, iras, irae
• Imperfect Indicative: ivvo, ivvai, ivva, ivvam, ivvas, ivvae
• Present Conditional Indicative: iria, iriai, iria, iriam, irias, iriae
• Present Subjunctive: ve, vei, ve, vem, ves, ven
• Imperfect Subjunctive: fuissa, fuissai, fuissa, fuissam, fuissas, fuissan

Dicere-to say, tell

• Present Indicative: dicho, dicei, dice, dicem, dices, dicen
• Preterit Indicative: dicin, dicist, dicio, dicimo, dicisti, dicido
• Future Indicative: dicere, dicerai, dicera, dicerem, diceras, dicerae
• Imperfect Indicative: dicevo, dicevei, diceve, dicevem, diceves, diceven
• Present Conditional Indicative: diceria, diceriai, diceria, diceriam, dicerias, diceriae
• Present Subjunctive: dicha, dichai, dicha, dicham, dichas, dichan
• Imperfect Subjunctive: dicissa, dicissai, dicissa, dicissam, dicissan

Avere-to have (auxiliary verb, used in some commands: Avi cegrat al porta: have the door closed)

• Present Indicative: avo, avei, ai, avem, avec, aven
• Preterit Indicative: avin, avist, avio, avimo, avisti, avido
• Future Indicative: avre, avrai, avra, avrem, avras, avrae
• Imperfect Indicative: avvo, avvei, avve, avvem, avvec, avven
• Present Conditional Indicative: avria, avriai, avria, avriam, avrias, avriae
• Present Subjunctive: ava, avai, ava, avam, avas, avan
• Imperfect Subjunctive: avissa, avissai, avissa, avissam, avissas, avissan

Verbal Morphology: Indicative Mood Compound Tenses

There are three compound tenses in Carune: Pluperfect, Progressive, and Future Perfect. They involve the past and present participles of a verb. To form the present participle of a verb, first remove the infinitive ending. Then, add the stem vowel, followed by -nt. For example:

• Ire>int-to go>going
• Parlare>parlant-to speak>speaking

The past participle is formed similarly. Remove the infinitive ending and add the stem vowel, followed by -t. For example:

• Ire>it-to go>gone
• Parlare>parlat-to speak>spoken

Present Perfect Indicative Conjugation

The present perfect tense is equivalent to English "I have done something". To form the present perfect tense, take the present indicative form of avere and put the past participle of a verb after it. For example:

• Avo it a Zergattum: I have gone to Zergattum
• Me ave parlat: He has spoken to me

Pluperfect Indicative Conjugation

The pluperfect tense is equivalent to English "I had done something". To form the pluperfect tense, take the preterit indicative form of avere, and put the past participle of a verb after it. For example:

• Avin it a Zergattum-I had gone to Zergattum
• Me avio parlat-He had spoken to me

Present Progressive Indicative Conjugation

The present progressive is equivalent to English "I am doing something". To form the progressive tense, take the present indicative form of stare, and put the present participle of a verb after it. For example:

• Stoi int a Zergattum-I am going to Zergattum
• Me sta parlant-He is speaking to me

Future Perfect Indicative Conjugation

The future perfect tense is equivalent to English "I will have done something". To form the future perfect tense, take the future indicative form of avere, and put the past participle of a verb after it. For example:

• Io avere zat a Zergattum-I will have gone to Zergattum
• Me avera parlat-He will have spoken to me

Simple Future Indicative Conjugation

The simple future tense is equivalent to English "I am going to do something". It is formed with this pattern: ire a+infinitive. For example:

• Voi a ire a Zergattum-I am going to go to Zergattum
• Me va a parlare-He is going to speak to me

Past Conditional Indicative Conjugation

The past conditional tense is equivalent to English "would have ____ed". It is formed by combining the present conditional of avere with the past participle of a verb.

• Avria it a Zergattum-I would have gone to Zergattum
• Me avria parlat-He would have spoken to me

Imperfect Progressive Indicative Conjugation

The imperfect progressive is equivalent to English "I was doing something". It is formed by placing the imperfect form of stare before the present participle of a verb.

• Me stava parlant: he was speaking to me
• Stavo int a Zergattum: I was going to Zergattum

Nominal Morphology: Articles

There are twelve articles in Carune: six definite, and six indefinite. The six definite articles are:

• il-masculine singular
• i-masculine plural
• al-feminine singular
• a-feminine plural
• el-neuter singular
• e-neuter plural

The article comes before the noun it modifies. The six indefinite articles are:

• une-masculine singular
• uni-masculine plural
• una-feminine singular
• unae-feminine plural
• unum-neuter singular
• uno-neuter plural

Adjective Morphology: Gender and Number

Adjectives must agree with the noun they modify in gender and number. Adjectives end in -e in their base form (the masculine singular form) and decline as nouns: -i for masculine plural, -a for feminine singular, -ae for feminine plural, -um for neuter singular, and -o for neuter plural. For example:

• Une fele felice-a happy cat
• Una ava felica-a happy bird
• Unum frasum felicum-a happy sentence
• I feli felici-the happy cats
• A avae felicae-the happy birds
• E fraso felico-the happy sentences

To form an adverb from an adjective, take the feminine singular form of the adjective and add -mente. For example: felicamente-happily; rapidamente-quickly

Verbal Morphology: The Passive Voice

To form the passive voice, use this sentence structure:

[subject]-[stare (conjugated)]-[past participle]-sobre (by)-[agent (prepositional object pronoun if agent is "me", "him", "them", "you", etc.)]

The past participle is formed by removing the infinitive -re ending and adding -t.

Verbal Morphology: Subjunctive Mood Simple Tenses

The subjunctive mood (sometimes referred to as the conjunctive mood) is a grammatical mood of the verb that expresses wishes, commands (in subordinate clauses), emotion, possibility, judgment, necessity and statements that are contrary to fact.[1]

Present Subjunctive Conjugation

This covers such sentences as "if I were to..." and "that may be so..." The present subjunctive loses the first person singular present indicative stem. For example: evo>ev-, dicho>dich-, comprendo>comprend-, lavo>lav-, voi>v-, etc. In all of the subjunctive tenses, -o stem verbs are treated as if they were not -o stem verbs.

• The first person singular present subjunctive ending is -e for -a stem verbs, and -a for -e and -i stem verbs.
• The second person singular present subjunctive ending is -ei for -a stem verbs, and -ai for -e and -i stem verbs.
• The third person singular present subjunctive ending is -e for -a stem verbs, and -a for -e and -i stem verbs.
• The first person plural present subjunctive ending is -em for -a stem verbs, and -am for -e and -i stem verbs.
• The second person plural present subjunctive ending is -es for -a stem verbs, and -as for -e and -i stem verbs.
• The third person plural present subjunctive ending is -en for -a stem verbs, and -an for -e and -i stem verbs.

Imperfect Subjunctive Conjugation

The imperfect subjunctive describes actions that happen simultaneously with, or after, the action in the independent clause. It is also used if the verb in the independent clause were to be in a conditional form or a past form. The imperfect subjunctive is only used in dependent clauses. The imperfect subjunctive uses the third person plural preterit form as a base, but removes the final -do to form the imperfect stem: fuido>fui-, lavado>lava-, stido>sti-, etc.

• The first person singular ending is -ssa.
• The second person singular ending is -ssai
• The third person singular ending is -ssa
• The first person plural ending is -ssam
• The second person plural ending is -ssas
• The third person plural ending is -ssan

Verbal Morphology: Imperative Mood

The imperative is like a conjugation. Imperatives give command. They can only exist in the second person singular, first person plural, and second person plural forms. The Imperative conjugates as follows:

Tu/vusse: -i Noi: -in Voi: -is

The tu/vusse form is the collapse of -(stem vowel)±i+ti/li into -i. The Nio/Noi form is the collapse of -(stem vowel)mni into -in. The Vo/Voi form is the collapse of -(stem vowel)svi into -is. Now comes the complicated bit. Object and reflexive pronouns contract into limited forms and are attached to the front of the imperative:

• me/mi>m' /m=/ before a consonant, /m/ before a vowel: m'scusi, m'ignorri
• te/ti>t' /t=/ before a consonant, /t/ before a vowel: t'aiudi (help yourself), t'sinti sobre se (feel good about it)
• lo/le/si>l' /l=/ or /s=/ before a consonant, /l/ or /s/ before a vowel: l'olvidi, l'salti (l'salti=jump over it), s'dici
• nos/ni>n' /n=/ before a consonant, /n/ before a vowel: n'scusis, n'ignorris
• vos/vi>v' /v=/ before a consonant, /v/ before a vowel: v'scussis, v'lavis
• les/los/si>l' /l=/ or /s=/ before a consonant, /l/ or /s/ before a vowel: l'dici, l'olvidin

If there is a reflexive pronoun (mi, ti, si, ni, vi, si), this contracts first. The direct object pronoun is then placed before the contraction, not attached to the verb. Then the indirect object pronoun is placed after the verb. If there is no reflexive pronoun, the direct object pronoun contracts, and the indirect object pronoun is placed before the contraction. If there is only an indirect object, that is what contracts.

Contractions

There are a number of preposition/article contractions. They are as follows:

• di+il=dil, di+i=di
• di+al=dal, di+a=da
• di+el=del, di+e=de
• a+il=al, a+i=a
• a+al=al, a+a=a
• a+el=al, a+e=a
• in+il=nil, in+i=ni
• in+al=nal, in+a=na
• in+el=nel, in+e=ne

Pronominative Morphology: Nonpersonal Pronouns

As most languages, Carune has a set of non-personal pronouns. There are three types of these: interrogative, which ask a question, locative, which describe placement, and relative, which form relative clauses.

Interrogative Pronouns

Most languages incorporate some number of interrogative pronouns: who, what, where, when, why, which, how, and how much. In Carune, these are: quium, que, ube, per que, quandum, quale, comi, and quante.

Locative Pronouns

There are two main locative pronouns in Carune: aqui (here), and alla (there). To say, I am here, you say stoi aqui.

Relative Pronouns

Relative pronouns relate two clauses, forming a relative clause. The subjunctive mood is used after relative clauses. There are a few relative pronouns: quo (that, which), ubi (where: the place where I am), qua (what: I don't know what I want), quia (who: the person who runs), per qua (that is why I am here), quande (when: when I am gone), and come (how: that is how I came to be). Quo also means because: Per que vai a Zergattum? Quo quero fazerlo. (Why are you going to Zergattum? Because I want to.)

Verbal Morphology: Subjunctive Mood Compound Tenses

There are two of these: present perfect and pluperfect. These, like the other perfect tenses, are formed by adding forms of avere to the past participle of a verb.

Present Perfect Subjunctive Conjugation

The present perfect is equivalent to English "...if I were to have done something". The present perfect subjunctive is used wherever the present perfect indicative would be used, but only within dependent clauses. It is formed by adding the present subjunctive of avere to the past participle of a verb.

• ...si ava it a Zergattum: ...if I were to have gone to Zergattum
• ...si me ava parlat: ...if he were to have spoken to me

Pluperfect Subjunctive Conjugation

The pluperfect subjunctive is equivalent to English "...that I might have done something". The pluperfect subjunctive is used wherever the pluperfect indicative would be used, but only within dependent clauses. It is formed by adding the imperfect subjunctive of avere to the past participle of a verb.

• ...quo avissa it a Zergattum: ...that I might have gone to Zergattum
• ...quo me avissa parlat: ...that he might have spoken to me

Verbal Morphology: Idiomatic Verbs

Idiomatic verbs are things like English "to have to do something". Carune has a number of these, mostly using the verbs avere, fazere, and gustare/encantare.

With Avere

There are a number of Carune idiomatic phrases that are formed using avere. Here are some of the most common:

• avere quo: to have to (do something)
• avere sone: to be sleepy (lit. to have sleepiness)
• avere ambra: to be hungry (lit. to have hunger)
• avere tirsta: to be thirsty (lit. to have thirst)

With Fazere

There are also many idiomatic verbs describing weather that use fazere. Here are some:

• faze fresce: it's cold (lit. it makes cold)
• faze caldore: it's hot (lit. it makes heat)
• faze sole: it's sunny (lit. it makes sun)

With Gustare

Gustare is a complex verb. Loosely translated, sentences such as me gusta lignere mean "I like to read". Gustare is usually only used in the third person forms. It is used with an indirect object pronoun. Phrases with gustare are OVS instead of the usual SVO. Here are some examples:

• Me gusta ire a Zergattum: I like to go to Zergattum
• Le gusta parlarme: He likes to speak to me

Encantare

Encantare is an emphasized form of gustare. It works in exactly the same way, but is usually translated as "to love to do something". For example:

• Me encanta ire a Zergattum: I love to go to Zergattum
• Le encantaria parlarme: He would love to talk to me

Dialects

The dialect presented here is the standard version, that of Torine. There are several others, most notably formed by association with the other Italo-Carune languages spoken closer to the Italian border, but also the Zergattum and Grenobela dialects with more relation to German and French respectively. Some particular varieties:

• Milane: the Milane dialect features the following deviations: /a o/>[A O], /h/>Ø. In addition, Milani only use the tu pronoun with immediate family members and children, and occaisionally with exceptionally close friends. All other people are adressed with vusse or vussa as appropriate.
• Zergattum: the Zergattum dialect features the following deviations: /u/>/y/, /s z/>/z ts/. Zergatto tend to assimilate /t/ and /d/ into a single phoneme, /d/.
• Grenobela: the Grenobela dialect features the following deviations: /e/>/E/, /z/>/Z/, CC>C_h. Grenobelae, in contrast to Milani, don't use vusse or vussa, instead using voi as both the plural and formal versions of you.

Texts

The Tortoise and the Hare

Al tortuga via discretamente e busca comita. Hai une conohe, e es une fazedore di apure, unum pequene, desagradable, traviese. Es multe obstinate, e pues al tortuga desfia al conohe a una raza. Hai une muchedumbre alla para observirlo al raza. Al tortuga si aposta ventiunu, e il muchedumbre le aposta tamben. Al tortuga realiza quo il conohe puda ganare al media dal raza, sed continua al raza, e il conohe durmi in al cortina. Il conohe si levanta e perdi.

The Universal Declaration of Human Rights: Article 1

Todi somi stae nadat liberi e iquali in dignitate e libeti. Stae donat raisonne e consienze e les deven actare in une espirite di fraternitate.

Lessons

• Carune Lesson 1
• Carune Lesson 2
• Carune Lesson 3
• Carune Lesson 4