Proto-Hercynian: Difference between revisions
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! Palatal | ! Palatal | ||
! Velar | ! Velar | ||
! Glottal | |||
|- | |- | ||
! Voiceless stops | ! Voiceless stops | ||
| *p || *t || || || *k | | *p || *t || || || *k || | ||
|- | |- | ||
! Voiced stops | ! Voiced stops | ||
| *b || *d || || || *g | | *b || *d || || || *g || | ||
|- | |- | ||
! Voiceless fricatives | ! Voiceless fricatives | ||
| *ph || *th || *s || || *kh | | *ph || *th || *s || || *kh || *h | ||
|- | |- | ||
! Voiced fricatives | ! Voiced fricatives | ||
| *bh || *dh || *z || || *gh | | *bh || *dh || *z || || *gh || | ||
|- | |- | ||
! Nasals | ! Nasals | ||
| *m || *n || || || *ng | | *m || *n || || || *ng || | ||
|- | |- | ||
! Liquids | ! Liquids | ||
| || || *l *r || || | | || || *l *r || || || | ||
|- | |- | ||
! Semivowels | ! Semivowels | ||
| *w || || || *j || | | *w || || || *j || || | ||
|- | |- | ||
|} | |} | ||
Revision as of 10:18, 23 July 2018
Proto-Hercynian is the (intrafictionally) reconstructed common ancestor of the Hercynian languages, which form a branch of the Hesperic language family, a family of diachronic lostlangs designed by Jörg Rhiemeier.
Phonology
Consonants
| Labial | Dental | Alveolar | Palatal | Velar | Glottal | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Voiceless stops | *p | *t | *k | |||
| Voiced stops | *b | *d | *g | |||
| Voiceless fricatives | *ph | *th | *s | *kh | *h | |
| Voiced fricatives | *bh | *dh | *z | *gh | ||
| Nasals | *m | *n | *ng | |||
| Liquids | *l *r | |||||
| Semivowels | *w | *j |
Vowels
| Front | Non-front | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Unround | Round | Unround | Round | |
| Close | *i | *y | *u | |
| Mid | *e | *o | ||
| Open | *a | |||
All vowels can be long (written with a circumflex, e.g. â).
Sound changes from Proto-Hesperic
This section gives an overview of the sound changes that occured on the way from Proto-Hesperic to Proto-Hercynian.
Common West Hesperic developments
- x > 3
- Drummond's Law
- Senantho's Law
- Alfermann's Law
- x > h
Continental West Hesperic developments
- m > n /_#
- ng > n /_#
- Laryngeal loss
- V3 > V:
- 3 > 0 /otherwise
- Coda liquid chain shift
- l > u /V_(C,#)
- r > l /V_(C,#)
- Monophthongizations
- ai, ia > é
- au, ua > ó
- iu > ú
- ui > í
- VV > V: /if both of same quality
- Pre-sonorant vowel lowering
- * i > e, u > o before nasals and liquids (affects both long and short vowels)
- Vowel lengthenings and shortenings
- Long vowels are shorted in closed syllables
- Short vowels are lengthened in stressed open syllables
- Cluster simplifications
- rs > rr
- ls > ll
- ns > nn
Begemann's Law
- Aspirated stops become voiceless fricatives except after nasals and *s and in gemination. In the named positions, they merge with the neutral stops.
- Voiced stops become voiced fricatives except after nasals and *s and in gemination. In the named positions, they remain voiced stops.
- Neutral stops remain unchanged in all positions.
Origin of *z
- s > z / after nasals and liquids
- tj, kj > s
- dj, gj > z
Emergence of further non-apex vowels
This change affects short and long vowels accordingly. The vowel length is not changed.
- wa > o /C_
- wi > y /C_
- ja > e /C_
- ju > y /C_
