|
|
Line 57: |
Line 57: |
| |- | | |- |
| | [[Natlang_Uses_of_Vertical_Line_Below|Vertical line below]] || || style="font-size:180%" | ˌ || | | | [[Natlang_Uses_of_Vertical_Line_Below|Vertical line below]] || || style="font-size:180%" | ˌ || |
| |}
| |
|
| |
| == Double Grave Accent ==
| |
| {| class="wikitable"
| |
| |+ Precomposed Letters with Double Grave Accent
| |
| | style="font-size:180%" | ˵ || style="font-size:180%" | ◌̏ || style="font-size:180%" | Ȁ || style="font-size:180%" | ȁ || style="font-size:180%" | Ȅ || style="font-size:180%" | ȅ || style="font-size:180%" | Ȉ || style="font-size:180%" | ȉ || style="font-size:180%" | Ȍ || style="font-size:180%" | ȍ || style="font-size:180%" | Ȑ || style="font-size:180%" | ȑ || style="font-size:180%" | Ȕ
| |
| |-
| |
| | U+02F5 || U+030F || U+0200 || U+0201 || U+0204 || U+0205 || U+0208 || U+0209 || U+020C || U+020D || U+0210 || U+0211 || U+0214
| |
| |-
| |
| | Modifier Letter Middle Double Grave Accent || Combining Double Grave Accent || Latin Capital Letter A With Double Grave || Latin Small Letter A With Double Grave || Latin Capital Letter E With Double Grave || Latin Small Letter E With Double Grave || Latin Capital Letter I With Double Grave || Latin Small Letter I With Double Grave || Latin Capital Letter O With Double Grave || Latin Small Letter O With Double Grave || Latin Capital Letter R With Double Grave || Latin Small Letter R With Double Grave || Latin Capital Letter U With Double Grave
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="font-size:180%" | ȕ
| |
| |-
| |
| | U+0215
| |
| |-
| |
| | Latin Small Letter U With Double Grave
| |
| |}
| |
| The double grave accent is not part of the orthography of any language, but it is used in language learning materials of and linguistic publications about [[Wikipedia:Serbian_language|Serbian]], [[Wikipedia:Croatian_language|Croatian]] and [[Wikipedia:Slovene_language|Slovene]].[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Double_grave_accent]
| |
|
| |
| {| class="wikitable"
| |
| |+ Uses of Double Grave Accent
| |
| ! Usage
| |
| ! Language
| |
| ! Letters
| |
| ! Notes
| |
| |-
| |
| | rowspan=2 | Short vowel with pitch accent or tone
| |
| | [[Wikipedia:Croatian_language|Croatian]], [[Wikipedia:Serbian_language|Serbian]]
| |
| | Ȁȁ /â/, Ȅȅ /ê/, Ȉȉ /î/, Ȍȍ /ô/, Ȑȑ /r̩̂/, Ȕȕ /û/
| |
| | The double grave accent marks here a short vowel with falling pitch.[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serbo-Croatian_phonology#Pitch_accent]
| |
| |-
| |
| | [[Wikipedia:Slovene_language|Slovene]] (orthography with tonal accentuation)
| |
| | Ȁȁ /à/, Ȅȅ /ɛ̀/, Ẹ̏ẹ̏ /è/, Ȉȉ /ì/, Ȍȍ /ɔ̀/, Ọ̏ọ̏ /ò/, Ȑȑ /ə̀ɾ/, Ȕȕ /ù/
| |
| | The double grave accent marks that the vowels are short and have low tone. These letters are not used in the standard orthography of Slovene, but in language materials.[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slovene_language#Prosody]
| |
| |} | | |} |
|
| |
|
This page will list different uses of diacritical marks that have natlang precedence. Conlangers can use this to find inspiration for their own conlang romanizations.
Note that in this article combining diacritics are attached to a ◌. Diacritics without a ◌, like ¨ for example, are non-combining. Non-combining diacritics are sometimes called modifier letters in Unicode. The non-combining forms may for example be used when writing about a conlang's orthography, when one wants to refer to a diacritic without using any base letter with it.
When a letter is referred to without concerning about case, it is displayed like so: Ťť. This is for clarity's sake because some diacritics may look different depending on the letter's case.
Diacritics
Diacritic name |
Other names |
Character |
Notes
|
Acute accent |
|
ˊ |
|
Bar |
Stroke, horizontal bar, middle tilde |
◌̵ |
Eth (Ðð) and capital African D (Ɖ) are listed here. See also stroke.
|
Breve |
|
˘ |
|
Caron |
Háček, haček |
ˇ |
|
Cedilla |
|
¸ |
Some of the letters included here have in practice comma below, but Şş and Ţţ are listed under comma below.
|
Circumflex |
|
ˆ |
|
Comma below |
|
◌̦ |
This article includes Şş and Ţţ, but not other letters containing a comma looking diacritic. Instead, see cedilla.
|
Diaeresis/umlaut |
Tréma, trema |
¨ |
|
Dot above |
|
˙ |
|
Dot below |
Underdot |
◌̣ |
|
Double acute accent |
Hungarumlaut |
˝ |
|
Double grave accent |
|
◌̏ |
|
Grave accent |
|
ˋ |
|
Hook above |
Dấu hỏi |
◌̉ |
|
Horn |
Dấu móc |
◌̛ |
|
Inverted breve |
Arch |
◌̑ |
|
Macron |
|
ˉ |
|
Middle dot |
Interpunct, interpoint, centered dot, centred dot, space dot |
· |
|
Ogonek |
|
˛ |
|
Retroflex hook |
Hook, tail |
◌̢ |
|
Ring above |
|
˚ |
|
Ring below |
|
˳ |
|
Stroke |
Diagonal stroke, solidus, strikethrough |
◌̷ |
Bar may also be called stroke. Eth (Ðð) is not listed here, but under bar.
|
Tilde |
|
˜ |
|
Vertical line below |
|
ˌ |
|
Grave Accent
Precomposed Letters with Grave Accent
` |
ˋ |
˴ |
◌̀ |
◌̀ |
À |
à |
Ầ |
ầ |
Ằ |
ằ |
È |
è
|
U+0060 |
U+02CB |
U+02F4 |
U+0300 |
U+0340 |
U+00C0 |
U+00E0 |
U+1EA6 |
U+1EA7 |
U+1EB0 |
U+1EB1 |
U+00C8 |
U+00E8
|
Grave Accent |
Modifier Letter Grave Accent |
Modifier Letter Middle Grave Accent |
Combining Grave Accent |
Combining Grave Tone Mark |
Latin Capital Letter A With Grave |
Latin Small Letter A With Grave |
Latin Capital Letter A With Circumflex And Grave |
Latin Small Letter A With Circumflex And Grave |
Latin Capital Letter A With Breve And Grave |
Latin Small Letter A With Breve And Grave |
Latin Capital Letter E With Grave |
Latin Small Letter E With Grave
|
Ḕ |
ḕ |
Ề |
ề |
Ì |
ì |
Ǹ |
ǹ |
Ò |
ò |
Ṑ |
ṑ |
Ồ
|
U+1E14 |
U+1E15 |
U+1EC0 |
U+1EC1 |
U+00CC |
U+00EC |
U+01F8 |
U+01F9 |
U+00D2 |
U+00F2 |
U+1E50 |
U+1E51 |
U+1ED2
|
Latin Capital Letter E With Macron And Grave |
Latin Small Letter E With Macron And Grave |
Latin Capital Letter E With Circumflex And Grave |
Latin Small Letter E With Circumflex And Grave |
Latin Capital Letter I With Grave |
Latin Small Letter I With Grave |
Latin Capital Letter N With Grave |
Latin Small Letter N With Grave |
Latin Capital Letter O With Grave |
Latin Small Letter O With Grave |
Latin Capital Letter O With Macron And Grave |
Latin Small Letter O With Macron And Grave |
Latin Capital Letter O With Circumflex And Grave
|
ồ |
Ờ |
ờ |
Ù |
ù |
Ǜ |
ǜ |
Ừ |
ừ |
Ẁ |
ẁ |
Ỳ |
ỳ
|
U+1ED3 |
U+1EDC |
U+1EDD |
U+00D9 |
U+00F9 |
U+01DB |
U+01DC |
U+1EEA |
U+1EEB |
U+1E80 |
U+1E81 |
U+1EF2 |
U+1EF3
|
Latin Small Letter O With Circumflex And Grave |
Latin Capital Letter O With Horn And Grave |
Latin Small Letter O With Horn And Grave |
Latin Capital Letter U With Grave |
Latin Small Letter U With Grave |
Latin Capital Letter U With Diaeresis And Grave |
Latin Small Letter U With Diaeresis And Grave |
Latin Capital Letter U With Horn And Grave |
Latin Small Letter U With Horn And Grave |
Latin Capital Letter W With Grave |
Latin Small Letter W With Grave |
Latin Capital Letter Y With Grave |
Latin Small Letter Y With Grave
|
Uses of Grave Accent
Use
|
Language
|
Letters
|
Notes
|
Falling tone
|
Vietnamese
|
Àà /a̤ː˨˩/, Ằằ /a̤˨˩/, Ầầ /ə̤˨˩/, Èè /ɛ̤˨˩/, Ềề /e̤˨˩/, Ìì /i̤˨˩/, Òò /ɔ̤˨˩/, Ồồ /o̤˨˩/, Ờờ /ə̤ː˨˩/, Ùù /ṳ˨˩/, Ừừ /ɨ̤˨˩/, Ỳỳ /i̤˨˩/
|
The grave accent stands for low falling tone with breathy voice. There are many exceptions to the phonemic values of these letters though.[1]
|
Short vowel
|
Croatian, Serbian
|
Àà /ǎ/, Èè /ě/, Ìì /ǐ/, Òò /ǒ/, R̀r̀ /ř̩/, Ùù /ǔ/
|
The grave accent marks that these vowels are short and have rising pitch. These letters are not used in the standard orthography of Croatian or Serbian, but in linguistic materials.[2]
|
Slovene (orthography with dynamic accentuation)
|
Àà /ˈa/, Èè /ˈɛ/, Ìì /ˈi/, Òò /ˈɔ/, R̀r̀ /ˈəɾ/, Ùù /ˈu/
|
The grave accent marks that these vowels are stressed and short, and that Èè and Òò are mid-open vowels rather than mid-close. These letters are not used in the standard orthography of Slovene, but in language materials.[3]
|
Slovene (orthography with tonal accentuation)
|
Àà /á/, Èè /ɛ́/, Ẹ̀ẹ̀ /é/, Ìì /í/, Òò /ɔ́/, Ọ̀ọ̀ /ó/, R̀r̀ /ə́ɾ/, Ùù /ú/
|
The grave accent marks that these vowels are short and have high pitch. These letters are not used in the standard orthography of Slovene, but in language materials.[4]
|
Stress
|
Catalan
|
Àà /ˈa/, Èè /ˈɛ/, Òò /ˈɔ/
|
The rules for when stress is to be marked in Catalan are quite complex. The grave accent also distinguishes stressed /ɛ ɔ/ from /e o/,[5] see Acute Accent, Catalan section on Uses of Acute Accent.
|
Hook Above
Precomposed Letters with Hook Above
◌̉ |
Ả |
ả |
Ẩ |
ẩ |
Ẳ |
ẳ |
Ẻ |
ẻ |
Ể |
ể |
Ỉ |
ỉ
|
U+0309 |
U+1EA2 |
U+1EA3 |
U+1EA8 |
U+1EA9 |
U+1EB2 |
U+1EB3 |
U+1EBA |
U+1EBB |
U+1EC2 |
U+1EC3 |
U+1EC8 |
U+1EC9
|
Combining Hook Above |
Latin Capital Letter A With Hook Above |
Latin Small Letter A With Hook Above |
Latin Capital Letter A With Circumflex And Hook Above |
Latin Small Letter A With Circumflex And Hook Above |
Latin Capital Letter A With Breve And Hook Above |
Latin Small Letter A With Breve And Hook Above |
Latin Capital Letter E With Hook Above |
Latin Small Letter E With Hook Above |
Latin Capital Letter E With Circumflex And Hook Above |
Latin Small Letter E With Circumflex And Hook Above |
Latin Capital Letter I With Hook Above |
Latin Small Letter I With Hook Above
|
Ỏ |
ỏ |
Ổ |
ổ |
Ở |
ở |
Ủ |
ủ |
Ử |
ử |
Ỷ |
ỷ
|
U+1ECE |
U+1ECF |
U+1ED4 |
U+1ED5 |
U+1EDE |
U+1EDF |
U+1EE6 |
U+1EE7 |
U+1EEC |
U+1EED |
U+1EF6 |
U+1EF7
|
Latin Capital Letter O With Hook Above |
Latin Small Letter O With Hook Above |
Latin Capital Letter O With Circumflex And Hook Above |
Latin Small Letter O With Circumflex And Hook Above |
Latin Capital Letter O With Horn And Hook Above |
Latin Small Letter O With Horn And Hook Above |
Latin Capital Letter U With Hook Above |
Latin Small Letter U With Hook Above |
Latin Capital Letter U With Horn And Hook Above |
Latin Small Letter U With Horn And Hook Above |
Latin Capital Letter Y With Hook Above |
Latin Small Letter Y With Hook Above
|
The hook above (or dấu hỏi) is only used in the Vietnamese Quốc Ngữ orthography, where it marks a tone. Note that this diacritic can be hard to see or discern from other diacritics, especially in small font sizes. When it is stacked on top of another diacritic, it may be cut off in some applications, especially when it appears on a capital letter.
Uses of Hook Above
Usage
|
Language
|
Letters
|
Notes
|
Falling-rising (dipping) tone
|
Vietnamese
|
Ảả /aː˧˩˧/, Ẳẳ /a˧˩˧/, Ẩẩ /ə˧˩˧/, Ẻẻ /ɛ˧˩˧/, Ểể /e˧˩˧/, Ỉỉ /i˧˩˧/, Ỏỏ /ɔ˧˩˧/, Ổổ /o˧˩˧/, Ởở /əː˧˩˧/, Ủủ /u˧˩˧/, Ửử /ɨ˧˩˧/, Ỷỷ /i˧˩˧/
|
There are many exceptions to the phonemic values of these letters.[6]
|
Horn
Precomposed Letters with Horn
◌̛ |
Ơ |
ơ |
Ớ |
ớ |
Ờ |
ờ |
Ở |
ở |
Ỡ |
ỡ |
Ợ |
ợ
|
U+031B |
U+01A0 |
U+01A1 |
U+1EDA |
U+1EDB |
U+1EDC |
U+1EDD |
U+1EDE |
U+1EDF |
U+1EE0 |
U+1EE1 |
U+1EE2 |
U+1EE3
|
Combining Horn |
Latin Capital Letter O With Horn |
Latin Small Letter O With Horn |
Latin Capital Letter O With Horn And Acute |
Latin Small Letter O With Horn And Acute |
Latin Capital Letter O With Horn And Grave |
Latin Small Letter O With Horn And Grave |
Latin Capital Letter O With Horn And Hook Above |
Latin Small Letter O With Horn And Hook Above |
Latin Capital Letter O With Horn And Tilde |
Latin Small Letter O With Horn And Tilde |
Latin Capital Letter O With Horn And Dot Below |
Latin Small Letter O With Horn And Dot Below
|
Ư |
ư |
Ứ |
ứ |
Ừ |
ừ |
Ử |
ử |
Ữ |
ữ |
Ự |
ự
|
U+01AF |
U+01B0 |
U+1EE8 |
U+1EE9 |
U+1EEA |
U+1EEB |
U+1EEC |
U+1EED |
U+1EEE |
U+1EEF |
U+1EF0 |
U+1EF1
|
Latin Capital Letter U With Horn |
Latin Small Letter U With Horn |
Latin Capital Letter U With Horn And Acute |
Latin Small Letter U With Horn And Acute |
Latin Capital Letter U With Horn And Grave |
Latin Small Letter U With Horn And Grave |
Latin Capital Letter U With Horn And Hook Above |
Latin Small Letter U With Horn And Hook Above |
Latin Capital Letter U With Horn And Tilde |
Latin Small Letter U With Horn And Tilde |
Latin Capital Letter U With Horn And Dot Below |
Latin Small Letter U With Horn And Dot Below
|
The horn diacritic (or dấu móc) is only used in the Vietnamese Quốc Ngữ orthography, where it is used for discerning different vowel qualities.
Uses of Horn
Usage
|
Language
|
Letters
|
Notes
|
Unrounded central vowel
|
Vietnamese
|
Ơơ /əː˧/, Ớớ /əː˧˥/, Ờờ /ə̤ː˨˩/, Ởở /əː˧˩˧/, Ỡỡ /əˀː˧˥/, Ợợ /ə̰ːʔ˨˩/, Ưư /ɨ˧/, Ứứ /ɨ˧˥/, Ừừ /ɨ̤˨˩/, Ửử /ɨ˧˩˧/, Ữữ /ɨˀ˧˥/, Ựự /ɨ̰ʔ˨˩/
|
|
Inverted Breve
Precomposed Letters with Inverted Breve
◌̑ |
Ȃ |
ȃ |
Ȇ |
ȇ |
Ȋ |
ȋ |
Ȏ |
ȏ |
Ȓ |
ȓ |
Ȗ |
ȗ
|
U+0311 |
U+0202 |
U+0203 |
U+0206 |
U+0207 |
U+020A |
U+020B |
U+020E |
U+020F |
U+0212 |
U+0213 |
U+0216 |
U+0217
|
Combining Inverted Breve |
Latin Capital Letter A With Inverted Breve |
Latin Small Letter A With Inverted Breve |
Latin Capital Letter E With Inverted Breve |
Latin Small Letter E With Inverted Breve |
Latin Capital Letter I With Inverted Breve |
Latin Small Letter I With Inverted Breve |
Latin Capital Letter O With Inverted Breve |
Latin Small Letter O With Inverted Breve |
Latin Capital Letter R With Inverted Breve |
Latin Small Letter R With Inverted Breve |
Latin Capital Letter U With Inverted Breve |
Latin Small Letter U With Inverted Breve
|
The inverted breve is also known as an arch. Note that it may easily be confused with circumflex. The inverted breve is not part of the orthography of any language, but it is used in linguistic materials about Serbian, Croatian and Slovene.[7] It was derived from the circumflex in Ancient Greek.[8]
Uses of Inverted Breve
Usage
|
Language
|
Letters
|
Notes
|
Long vowel with pitch accent
|
Croatian, Serbian
|
Ȃȃ /âː/, Ȇȇ /êː/, Ȋȋ /îː/, Ȏȏ /ôː/, Ȓȓ /r̩̂ː/, Ȗȗ /ûː/
|
The inverted breve marks a long vowel with falling pitch. These letters are not used in the standard orthography of Croatian or Serbian, but in linguistic materials.[9]
|
Slovene (orthography with tonal accentuation)
|
Ȃȃ /àː/, Ȇȇ /ɛ̀ː/, Ẹ̑ẹ̑ /èː/, Ȋȋ /ìː/, Ȏȏ /ɔ̀ː/, Ọ̑ọ̑ /òː/, Ȗȗ /ùː/
|
The inverted breve marks a long vowel with low pitch. Circumflex may be used instead of the inverted breve. These letters are not used in the standard orthography of Slovene, but in language materials.[10]
|
Macron
Precomposed Letters with Macron
¯ |
ˉ |
◌̄ |
Ā |
ā |
Ǟ |
ǟ |
Ǡ |
ǡ |
Ǣ |
ǣ |
Ē |
ē
|
U+00AF |
U+02C9 |
U+0304 |
U+0100 |
U+0101 |
U+01DE |
U+01DF |
U+01E0 |
U+01E1 |
U+01E2 |
U+01E3 |
U+0112 |
U+0113
|
Macron |
Modifier Letter Macron |
Combining Macron |
Latin Capital Letter A With Macron |
Latin Small Letter A With Macron |
Latin Capital Letter A With Diaeresis And Macron |
Latin Small Letter A With Diaeresis And Macron |
Latin Capital Letter A With Dot Above And Macron |
Latin Small Letter A With Dot Above And Macron |
Latin Capital Letter Ae With Macron |
Latin Small Letter Ae With Macron |
Latin Capital Letter E With Macron |
Latin Small Letter E With Macron
|
Note: May be confused with Overline, ‾ (U+203E); Combining Double Macron, ◌͞ (U+035E); or Superscript Minus, ⁻ (U+207B). |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Ḕ |
ḕ |
Ḗ |
ḗ |
Ḡ |
ḡ |
Ī |
ī |
Ḹ |
ḹ |
Ō |
ō |
Ǭ
|
U+1E14 |
U+1E15 |
U+1E16 |
U+1E17 |
U+1E20 |
U+1E21 |
U+012A |
U+012B |
U+1E38 |
U+1E39 |
U+014C |
U+014D |
U+01EC
|
Latin Capital Letter E With Macron And Grave |
Latin Small Letter E With Macron And Grave |
Latin Capital Letter E With Macron And Acute |
Latin Small Letter E With Macron And Acute |
Latin Capital Letter G With Macron |
Latin Small Letter G With Macron |
Latin Capital Letter I With Macron |
Latin Small Letter I With Macron |
Latin Capital Letter L With Dot Below And Macron |
Latin Small Letter L With Dot Below And Macron |
Latin Capital Letter O With Macron |
Latin Small Letter O With Macron |
Latin Capital Letter O With Ogonek And Macron
|
ǭ |
Ṑ |
ṑ |
Ṓ |
ṓ |
Ȫ |
ȫ |
Ȭ |
ȭ |
Ȱ |
ȱ |
Ṝ |
ṝ
|
U+01ED |
U+1E50 |
U+1E51 |
U+1E52 |
U+1E53 |
U+022A |
U+022B |
U+022C |
U+022D |
U+0230 |
U+0231 |
U+1E5C |
U+1E5D
|
Latin Small Letter O With Ogonek And Macron |
Latin Capital Letter O With Macron And Grave |
Latin Small Letter O With Macron And Grave |
Latin Capital Letter O With Macron And Acute |
Latin Small Letter O With Macron And Acute |
Latin Capital Letter O With Diaeresis And Macron |
Latin Small Letter O With Diaeresis And Macron |
Latin Capital Letter O With Tilde And Macron |
Latin Small Letter O With Tilde And Macron |
Latin Capital Letter O With Dot Above And Macron |
Latin Small Letter O With Dot Above And Macron |
Latin Capital Letter R With Dot Below And Macron |
Latin Small Letter R With Dot Below And Macron
|
Ū |
ū |
Ṻ |
ṻ |
Ǖ |
ǖ |
Ȳ |
ȳ
|
U+016A |
U+016B |
U+1E7A |
U+1E7B |
U+01D5 |
U+01D6 |
U+0232 |
U+0233
|
Latin Capital Letter U With Macron |
Latin Small Letter U With Macron |
Latin Capital Letter U With Macron And Diaeresis |
Latin Small Letter U With Macron And Diaeresis |
Latin Capital Letter U With Diaeresis And Macron |
Latin Small Letter U With Diaeresis And Macron |
Latin Capital Letter Y With Macron |
Latin Small Letter Y With Macron
|
Uses of Macron
Use
|
Language
|
Letters
|
Notes
|
Long vowel
|
Croatian, Serbian
|
Āā /aː/, Ēē /eː/, Īī /iː/, Ōō /oː/, R̄r̄ /r̩ː/, Ūū /uː/
|
The macron marks a long vowel without pitch accent. These letters are not used in the standard orthography of Croatian or Serbian, but in linguistic materials.[11]
|
Latgalian
|
Āā /ɑː/, Ēē /eː/, Īī /iː/, Ōō /oː/, Ūū /uː/
|
|
Latvian
|
Āā /ɑː/, Ēē /eː/ and /æː/, Īī /iː/, Ūū /uː/
|
|
Livonian
|
Āā /ɑː/, Ǟǟ /æː/, Ēē /ɛː/, Īī /iː/, Ōō /oː/, Ȱȱ /ʊː/, Ȭȭ /ɨː/, Ūū /u/
|
|
Middle Dot
Precomposed Letters with Middle Dot
· |
Ŀ |
ŀ
|
U+00B7 |
U+013F |
U+0140
|
Middle Dot |
Latin Capital Letter L With Middle Dot |
Latin Small Letter L With Middle Dot
|
Note: May be confused with Modifier Letter Half Triangular Colon, ˑ (U+02D1); Bullet, • (U+2022); Bullet Operator, ∙ (U+2219); Dot Operator, ⋅ (U+22C5); or Hyphenation Point, ‧ (U+2027). |
|
|
The middle dot is also known by the names interpunct, interpoint, centered (centred) dot and space dot. The dot operator ⋅ (U+22C5) may also be called middle dot.[[12]
In ancient Latin and several other scripts, the middle dot was used instead of space for separating words.[13]
Uses of Middle Dot
Usage
|
Language
|
Letters
|
Notes
|
Digraph disambiguation
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Catalan
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Ŀl ŀl /lː/
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Ll ll without middle dot stands for /ʎ/.[14]
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Ogonek
Precomposed Letters with Ogonek
˛ |
◌̨ |
Ą |
ą |
Ę |
ę |
Į |
į |
Ǫ |
ǫ |
Ǭ |
ǭ |
Ų
|
U+02DB |
U+0328 |
U+0104 |
U+0105 |
U+0118 |
U+0119 |
U+012E |
U+012F |
U+01EA |
U+01EB |
U+01EC |
U+01ED |
U+0172
|
Ogonek |
Combining Ogonek |
Latin Capital Letter A With Ogonek |
Latin Small Letter A With Ogonek |
Latin Capital Letter E With Ogonek |
Latin Small Letter E With Ogonek |
Latin Capital Letter I With Ogonek |
Latin Small Letter I With Ogonek |
Latin Capital Letter O With Ogonek |
Latin Small Letter O With Ogonek |
Latin Capital Letter O With Ogonek And Macron |
Latin Small Letter O With Ogonek And Macron |
Latin Capital Letter U With Ogonek
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ų
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U+0173
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Latin Small Letter U With Ogonek
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In European languages the ogonek is attached to the right side of Aa, Ee and u, but in Native American languages it is supposed to be placed directly under the letter if technically possible.[15] There are no separate Unicode poins for these variants. Note that the ogonek may be confused with cedilla ¸.
Uses of Ogonek
Usage
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Language
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Letters
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Notes
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Retroflex Hook
Precomposed Letters with Retroflex Hook
◌̢ |
ɖ |
ʯ |
ɭ |
ᶩ |
ɳ |
ᶯ |
Ɽ |
ɽ |
ɻ |
ʵ |
ʂ |
ᶳ
|
U+0322 |
U+0256 |
U+02AF |
U+026D |
U+1DA9 |
U+0273 |
U+1DAF |
U+2C64 |
U+027D |
U+027B |
U+02B5 |
U+0282 |
U+1DB3
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Combining Retroflex Hook Below |
Latin Small Letter D With Tail |
Latin Small Letter Turned H With Fishhook And Tail |
Latin Small Letter L With Retroflex Hook |
Modifier Letter Small L With Retroflex Hook |
Latin Small Letter N With Retroflex Hook |
Modifier Letter Small N With Retroflex Hook |
Latin Capital Letter R With Tail |
Latin Small Letter R With Tail |
Latin Small Letter Turned R With Hook |
Modifier Letter Small Turned R With Hook |
Latin Small Letter S With Hook |
Modifier Letter Small S With Hook
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Note: It is not recommended that this combining diacritic is used with letters to create new characters.[16] |
Note: Upper case of this letter is Latin Capital Letter African D, Ɖ (U+0189). |
Note: Phonetic character used by sinologist to denote [ʐ̩ʷ].[17] Not used in any orthography. |
Note: Phonetic character used in IPA. Not used in any orthography. |
Note: Phonetic character; not used in any orthography. |
Note: Phonetic character used in IPA. Not used in any orthography. |
Note: Phonetic character; not used in any orthography. |
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Note: Phonetic character used in IPA. Not used in any orthography. |
Note: Phonetic character; not used in any orthography. |
Note: Phonetic character used in IPA. Not used in any orthography. |
Note: Phonetic character; not used in any orthography.
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Ʈ |
ʈ |
ʐ |
ᶼ
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U+01AE |
U+0288 |
U+0290 |
U+1DBC
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Latin Capital Letter T With Retroflex Hook |
Latin Small Letter T With Retroflex Hook |
Latin Small Letter Z With Retroflex Hook |
Modifier Letter Small Z With Retroflex Hook
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Note: Phonetic character used in IPA. Not used in any orthography. |
Note: Phonetic character; not used in any orthography.
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The retroflex hook is variously also called just a hook, or a tail, in Unicode. They all have in common that it is a hook turning towards the right, attached to the bottom of a letter. The majority of these letters are used in IPA to represent retroflex consonants.
Note that the retroflex hook is easily confused with the similar looking Palatalized Hook ◌̡. There are also letters with other hooks, such as Ɓɓ, Ƈƈ, Ɗɗ, Ƒƒ, Ɠɠ, ʛ, ɦ, ɧ, Ƙƙ, ɱ, Ɲɲ, Ɋɋ, ʠ, Ƥƥ, Ƭƭ, Ʋʋ, Ƴƴ, Ȥȥ.
Uses of Retroflex Hook
Usage
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Language
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Letters
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Notes
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Ring Above
Precomposed Letters with Ring Above
˚ |
◌̊ |
Å |
å |
Ǻ |
ǻ |
Ů |
ů |
ẘ |
ẙ
|
U+02DA |
U+030A |
U+00C5 |
U+00E5 |
U+01FA |
U+01FB |
U+016E |
U+016F |
U+1E98 |
U+1E99
|
Ring Above |
Combining Ring Above |
Latin Capital Letter A With Ring Above |
Latin Small Letter A With Ring Above |
Latin Capital Letter A With Ring Above And Acute |
Latin Small Letter A With Ring Above And Acute |
Latin Capital Letter U With Ring Above |
Latin Small Letter U With Ring Above |
Latin Small Letter W With Ring Above |
Latin Small Letter Y With Ring Above
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Note: May be confused with the Degree Sign ° (U+00B0) |
Note: May be confused with the Ångström Sign Å (U+212B). |
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Uses of Ring Above
Use
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Language
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Letters
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Notes
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Back version of front vowel. Often also rounded.
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Chamorro
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Åå /ɑ/
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Danish, Norwegian
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Åå /ɔ/
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From an earlier digraph aa representing /ɔ/, which in turn came from /aː/.[18]
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Swedish
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Åå /o/
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From an earlier digraph aa representing /ɔ/, which in turn came from /aː/.[19]
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Long vowel
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Czech
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Ůů /uː/
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This comes from a diphthong /uo/, where the o was sometimes written as a ring above the u. A sound change then turned /uo/ into /uː/.[20]
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Ring Below
Precomposed Letters with Ring Below
˳ |
◌̥ |
Ḁ |
ḁ
|
U+02F3 |
U+0325 |
U+1E00 |
U+1E01
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Modifier Letter Low Ring |
Combining Ring Below |
Latin Capital Letter A With Ring Below |
Latin Small Letter A With Ring Below
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Note that this diacritic may be confused with dot below ◌̣ or square below ◌̻, especially in small font sizes.
Uses of Ring Below
Usage
|
Language
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Letters
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Notes
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Syllabic consonant
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ISO 15919 romanization of Indic scripts
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L̥l̥ /l̩/, L̥̄l̥̄ /l̩ː/, R̥r̥ /r̩/, R̥̄r̥̄ /r̩ː/
|
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Stroke
Precomposed Letters with Stroke
◌̸ |
◌̷ |
Ⱥ |
ⱥ |
Ȼ |
ȼ |
Ɇ |
ɇ |
Ł |
ł |
ᴌ |
ƛ |
Ø
|
U+0338 |
U+0337 |
U+023A |
U+2C65 |
U+023B |
U+023C |
U+0246 |
U+0247 |
U+0141 |
U+0142 |
U+1D0C |
U+019B |
U+00D8
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Combining Long Solidus Overlay |
Combining Short Solidus Overlay |
Latin Capital Letter A With Stroke |
Latin Small Letter A With Stroke |
Latin Capital Letter C With Stroke |
Latin Small Letter C With Stroke |
Latin Capital Letter E With Stroke |
Latin Small Letter E With Stroke |
Latin Capital Letter L With Stroke |
Latin Small Letter L With Stroke |
Latin Letter Small Capital L With Stroke |
Latin Small Letter Lambda With Stroke |
Latin Capital Letter O With Stroke
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Note: May be confused with Cedi Sign, ₵ (U+20B5). |
Note: May be confused with Cent Sign, ¢ (U+00A2). |
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Note: Phonetic character; not used in any orthography. |
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Note: May be confused with Empty Set, ∅ (U+2205).
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ø |
ᴓ |
Ǿ |
ǿ |
ẜ |
Ⱦ |
ⱦ |
ᵺ
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U+00F8 |
U+1D13 |
U+01FE |
U+01FF |
U+1E9C |
U+023E |
U+2C66 |
U+1D7A
|
Latin Small Letter O With Stroke |
Latin Small Letter Sideways O With Stroke |
Latin Capital Letter O With Stroke And Acute |
Latin Small Letter O With Stroke And Acute |
Latin Small Letter Long S With Diagonal Stroke |
Latin Capital Letter T With Diagonal Stroke |
Latin Small Letter T With Diagonal Stroke |
Latin Small Letter Th With Strikethrough
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Note: May be confused with Diameter Sign, ⌀ (U+2300). |
Note: Phonetic character; not used in any orthography. |
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Note: Phonetic character used in some American dictionaries.[21] Not used in any orthography.
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This diacritic, and the one consisting of a horizontal bar, may both be called stroke in Unicode. In this article they are treated as two separate diacritics. Latin Small Letter Eth, ð, is listed under the bar diacritic. There are several currency symbols and mathematical symbols with strokes, but they are not included here.
Uses of Stroke
Usage
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Language
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Letters
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Notes
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Letter extension
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Sahaptin
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ƛ /t͡ɬ/, ƛ’ /t͡ɬʼ/
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According to Wikipedia, it is "used in transcribing Sahaptin".[22]
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Other
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Polish
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Łł /w/
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Historically it stood for /ɫ/.
|
Tilde
Precomposed Letters with Tilde
~ |
˜ |
◌̃ |
à |
ã |
Ẫ |
ẫ |
Ẵ |
ẵ |
Ẽ |
ẽ |
Ễ |
ễ
|
U+007E |
U+02DC |
U+0303 |
U+00C3 |
U+00E3 |
U+1EAA |
U+1EAB |
U+1EB4 |
U+1EB5 |
U+1EBC |
U+1EBD |
U+1EC4 |
U+1EC5
|
Tilde |
Small Tilde |
Combining Tilde |
Latin Capital Letter A With Tilde |
Latin Small Letter A With Tilde |
Latin Capital Letter A With Circumflex And Tilde |
Latin Small Letter A With Circumflex And Tilde |
Latin Capital Letter A With Breve And Tilde |
Latin Small Letter A With Breve And Tilde |
Latin Capital Letter E With Tilde |
Latin Small Letter E With Tilde |
Latin Capital Letter E With Circumflex And Tilde |
Latin Small Letter E With Circumflex And Tilde
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Note: May be confused with swung dash ⁓ (U+2053). |
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Ĩ |
ĩ |
Ñ |
ñ |
Õ |
õ |
Ȭ |
ȭ |
Ṍ |
ṍ |
Ṏ |
ṏ |
Ỗ
|
U+0128 |
U+0129 |
U+00D1 |
U+00F1 |
U+00D5 |
U+00F5 |
U+022C |
U+022D |
U+1E4C |
U+1E4D |
U+1E4E |
U+1E4F |
U+1ED6
|
Latin Capital Letter I With Tilde |
Latin Small Letter I With Tilde |
Latin Capital Letter N With Tilde |
Latin Small Letter N With Tilde |
Latin Capital Letter O With Tilde |
Latin Small Letter O With Tilde |
Latin Capital Letter O With Tilde And Macron |
Latin Small Letter O With Tilde And Macron |
Latin Capital Letter O With Tilde And Acute |
Latin Small Letter O With Tilde And Acute |
Latin Capital Letter O With Tilde And Diaeresis |
Latin Small Letter O With Tilde And Diaeresis |
Latin Capital Letter O With Circumflex And Tilde
|
ỗ |
Ỡ |
ỡ |
Ũ |
ũ |
Ṹ |
ṹ |
Ữ |
ữ |
Ṽ |
ṽ |
Ỹ |
ỹ
|
U+1ED7 |
U+1EE0 |
U+1EE1 |
U+0168 |
U+0169 |
U+1E78 |
U+1E79 |
U+1EEE |
U+1EEF |
U+1E7C |
U+1E7D |
U+1EF8 |
U+1EF9
|
Latin Small Letter O With Circumflex And Tilde |
Latin Capital Letter O With Horn And Tilde |
Latin Small Letter O With Horn And Tilde |
Latin Capital Letter U With Tilde |
Latin Small Letter U With Tilde |
Latin Capital Letter U With Tilde And Acute |
Latin Small Letter U With Tilde And Acute |
Latin Capital Letter U With Horn And Tilde |
Latin Small Letter U With Horn And Tilde |
Latin Capital Letter V With Tilde |
Latin Small Letter V With Tilde |
Latin Capital Letter Y With Tilde |
Latin Small Letter Y With Tilde
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Uses of Tilde
Use
|
Language
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Letters
|
Notes
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Glottalized vowel
|
Vietnamese
|
Ãã /aˀː˧˥/, Ẵẵ /aˀ˧˥/, Ẫẫ /əˀ˧˥/, Ẽẽ /ɛˀ˧˥/, Ễễ /eˀ˧˥/, Ĩĩ /iˀ˧˥/, Õõ /ɔˀ˧˥/, Ỗỗ /oˀ˧˥/, Ỡỡ /əˀː˧˥/, Ũũ /uˀ˧˥/, Ữữ /ɨˀ˧˥/, Ỹỹ /iˀ˧˥/
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The tilde stands for mid rising tone interrupted by a glottal stop.[23] There are many exceptions to the phonemic values of these letters though.[24]
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Unrounded vowel
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Estonian
|
Õõ /ɤ/
|
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Other
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ISO 15919 romanization of Indic scripts
|
Ññ
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Ññ is used for transcribing the Indic diacritic anusvāra before palatal consonants.[25]
|
Livonian
|
Õõ /ɨ/, Ȭȭ /ɨː/
|
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Vertical Line Below
Precomposed Letters with Vertical Line Below
ˌ |
◌̩
|
U+02CC |
U+0329
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Modifier Letter Low Vertical Line |
Combining Vertical Line Below
|
Note: Whether this can be said to be the non-combining version of vertical line below is open to debate. This character is used for marking secondary stress in IPA, while combining vertical line below is used for marking syllabic consonants in IPA. |
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No actual precomposed letters with this diacritic actually exist.
Uses of Vertical Line Below
Usage
|
Language
|
Letters
|
Notes
|
Lowered vowel with retracted tongue root
|
Yoruba (current Nigerian alphabet)
|
E̩e̩ /ɛ̙/, O̩o̩ /ɔ̙/
|
The vertical line below replaced an earlier dot below. This is because the dots get covered when a word is underlined. In Benin, a different alphabet is used for Yoruba.[26]
|
Postalveolar consonant
|
Yoruba (current Nigerian alphabet)
|
S̩s̩ /ʃ/
|