Natlang Uses of Diacritics in the Latin Alphabet: Difference between revisions

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This page will list different uses of diacritical marks that have natlang precedence. Conlangers can use this to find inspiration for their own conlang romanizations.
Note that in this article combining diacritics are attached to a ◌. Diacritics without a ◌, like ¨ for example, are non-combining. Non-combining diacritics are sometimes called modifier letters in Unicode. The non-combining forms may for example be used when writing about a conlang's orthography, when one wants to refer to a diacritic without using any base letter with it.
When a letter is referred to without concerning about case, it is displayed like so: Ťť. This is for clarity's sake because some diacritics may look different depending on the letter's case.

Diacritics
Diacritic name	Other names	Character	Notes
Acute accent		ˊ
Bar	Stroke, horizontal bar, middle tilde	◌̵	Eth (Ðð) and capital African D (Ɖ) are listed here. See also stroke.
Breve		˘
Caron	Háček, haček	ˇ
Cedilla		¸	Some of the letters included here have in practice comma below, but Şş and Ţţ are listed under comma below.
Circumflex		ˆ
Comma below		◌̦	This article includes Şş and Ţţ, but not other letters containing a comma looking diacritic. Instead, see cedilla.
Diaeresis/umlaut	Tréma, trema	¨
Dot above		˙
Dot below	Underdot	◌̣
Double acute accent	Hungarumlaut	˝
Double grave accent		◌̏
Grave accent		ˋ
Hook above	Dấu hỏi	◌̉
Horn	Dấu móc	◌̛
Inverted breve	Arch	◌̑
Macron		ˉ
Middle dot	Interpunct, interpoint, centered dot, centred dot, space dot	·
Ogonek		˛
Retroflex hook	Hook, tail	◌̢
Ring above		˚
Ring below		˳
Stroke	Diagonal stroke, solidus, strikethrough	◌̷	Bar may also be called stroke. Eth (Ðð) is not listed here, but under bar.
Tilde		˜
Vertical line below		ˌ

Cedilla

Precomposed Letters with Cedilla
¸	◌̧	Ç	ç	Ḉ	ḉ	Ḑ	ḑ	Ȩ	ȩ	Ḝ	ḝ	Ģ
U+00B8	U+0327	U+00C7	U+00E7	U+1E08	U+1E09	U+1E10	U+1E11	U+0228	U+0229	U+1E1C	U+1E1D	U+0122
Cedilla	Combining Cedilla	Latin Capital Letter C With Cedilla	Latin Small Letter C With Cedilla	Latin Capital Letter C With Cedilla And Acute	Latin Small Letter C With Cedilla And Acute	Latin Capital Letter D With Cedilla	Latin Small Letter D With Cedilla	Latin Capital Letter E With Cedilla	Latin Small Letter E With Cedilla	Latin Capital Letter E With Cedilla And Breve	Latin Small Letter E With Cedilla And Breve	Latin Capital Letter G With Cedilla
ģ	Ḩ	ḩ	Ķ	ķ	Ļ	ļ	Ņ	ņ	Ŗ	ŗ	Ş	ş
U+0123	U+1E28	U+1E29	U+0136	U+0137	U+013B	U+013C	U+0145	U+0146	U+0156	U+0157	U+015E	U+015F
Latin Small Letter G With Cedilla	Latin Capital Letter H With Cedilla	Latin Small Letter H With Cedilla	Latin Capital Letter K With Cedilla	Latin Small Letter K With Cedilla	Latin Capital Letter L With Cedilla	Latin Small Letter L With Cedilla	Latin Capital Letter N With Cedilla	Latin Small Letter N With Cedilla	Latin Capital Letter R With Cedilla	Latin Small Letter R With Cedilla	Latin Capital Letter S With Cedilla	Latin Small Letter S With Cedilla
Note: The diacritic is placed on top of the letter to avoid the descender of the g.											Note: May be confused with Latin Capital Letter S With Comma Below, Ș (U+0218).	Note: May be confused with Latin Small Letter S With Comma Below, ș (U+0219).
Ţ	ţ
U+0162	U+0163
Latin Capital Letter T With Cedilla	Latin Small Letter T With Cedilla
Note: May be confused with Latin Capital Letter T With Comma Below, Ț (U+021A).	Note: May be confused with Latin Small Letter T With Comma Below, ț (U+021B).

Cedilla originates from a cursive form of Z.[1] Note that the cedilla may be confused with ogonek ˛ or comma below ◌̦. In some fonts, the cedilla together with some letters may look identical to the comma. In Romanian, the letters Șș and Țț are actually supposed to have a comma below and not a cedilla, while in most other languages Şş and Ţţ are supposed to have cedillas.

Uses of Cedilla
Usage	Language	Letters	Notes
Disambiguation of letter with several uses	Catalan	Çç /s/	Çç is used before Aa, Oo, Uu, or word-finally, and stands for /s/. Cc without cedilla would stand for /k/ in those positions. Intervocalic Çç is pronunced [s], while intervocalic Ss is [z].[2]
Palatal consonant	Latgalian, Latvian	Ģģ /ɟ/, Ķķ /c/, Ļļ /ʎ/, Ņņ /ɲ/
Palatal consonant	Livonian	Ḑḑ /ɟ/, Ļļ /ʎ/, Ņņ /ɲ/, Ţţ /c/
Palatalized consonant	Livonian	Ŗŗ /rʲ/
Postalveolar consonant	Turkish	Çç /tʃ/, Şş /ʃ/	Also note that the cedilla in Çç actually distinguishes voicing from Cc /dʒ/, not position.

Circumflex

Precomposed Letters with Circumflex
^	ˆ	◌̂	Â	â	Ấ	ấ	Ầ	ầ	Ẩ	ẩ	Ẫ	ẫ
U+005E	U+02C6	U+0302	U+00C2	U+00E2	U+1EA4	U+1EA5	U+1EA6	U+1EA7	U+1EA8	U+1EA9	U+1EAA	U+1EAB
Circumflex Accent	Modifier Letter Circumflex Accent	Combining Circumflex Accent	Latin Capital Letter A With Circumflex	Latin Small Letter A With Circumflex	Latin Capital Letter A With Circumflex And Acute	Latin Small Letter A With Circumflex And Acute	Latin Capital Letter A With Circumflex And Grave	Latin Small Letter A With Circumflex And Grave	Latin Capital Letter A With Circumflex And Hook Above	Latin Small Letter A With Circumflex And Hook Above	Latin Capital Letter A With Circumflex And Tilde	Latin Small Letter A With Circumflex And Tilde
Note: May be confused with Modifier Letter Up Arrowhead, ˄ (U+02C4); Combining Inverted Breve, ◌̑ (U+0311); or Up Arrowhead, ⌃ (U+2303).
Ậ	ậ	Ĉ	ĉ	Ê	ê	Ế	ế	Ề	ề	Ể	ể	Ễ
U+1EAC	U+1EAD	U+0108	U+0109	U+00CA	U+00EA	U+1EBE	U+1EBF	U+1EC0	U+1EC1	U+1EC2	U+1EC3	U+1EC4
Latin Capital Letter A With Circumflex And Dot Below	Latin Small Letter A With Circumflex And Dot Below	Latin Capital Letter C With Circumflex	Latin Small Letter C With Circumflex	Latin Capital Letter E With Circumflex	Latin Small Letter E With Circumflex	Latin Capital Letter E With Circumflex And Acute	Latin Small Letter E With Circumflex And Acute	Latin Capital Letter E With Circumflex And Grave	Latin Small Letter E With Circumflex And Grave	Latin Capital Letter E With Circumflex And Hook Above	Latin Small Letter E With Circumflex And Hook Above	Latin Capital Letter E With Circumflex And Tilde
ễ	Ệ	ệ	Ĝ	ĝ	Ĥ	ĥ	Î	î	Ĵ	ĵ	Ô	ô
U+1EC5	U+1EC6	U+1EC7	U+011C	U+011D	U+0124	U+0125	U+00CE	U+00EE	U+0134	U+0135	U+00D4	U+00F4
Latin Small Letter E With Circumflex And Tilde	Latin Capital Letter E With Circumflex And Dot Below	Latin Small Letter E With Circumflex And Dot Below	Latin Capital Letter G With Circumflex	Latin Small Letter G With Circumflex	Latin Capital Letter H With Circumflex	Latin Small Letter H With Circumflex	Latin Capital Letter I With Circumflex	Latin Small Ltter I With Circumflex	Latin Capital Letter J With Circumflex	Latin Small Letter J With Circumflex	Latin Capital Letter O With Circumflex	Latin Small Letter O With Circumflex
Ố	ố	Ồ	ồ	Ổ	ổ	Ỗ	ỗ	Ộ	ộ	Ŝ	ŝ	Û
U+1ED0	U+1ED1	U+1ED2	U+1ED3	U+1ED4	U+1ED5	U+1ED6	U+1ED7	U+1ED8	U+1ED9	U+015C	U+015D	U+00DB
Latin Capital Letter O With Circumflex And Acute	Latin Small Letter O With Circumflex And Acute	Latin Capital Letter O With Circumflex And Grave	Latin Small Letter O With Circumflex And Grave	Latin Capital Letter O With Circumflex And Hook Above	Latin Small Letter O With Circumflex And Hook Above	Latin Capital Letter O With Circumflex And Tilde	Latin Small Letter O With Circumflex And Tilde	Latin Capital Letter O With Circumflex And Dot Below	Latin Small Letter O With Circumflex And Dot Below	Latin Capital Letter S With Circumflex	Latin Small Letter S With Circumflex	Latin Capital Letter U With Circumflex
û	Ŵ	ŵ	Ŷ	ŷ	Ẑ	ẑ
U+00FB	U+0174	U+0175	U+0176	U+0177	U+1E90	U+1E91
Latin Small Letter U With Circumflex	Latin Capital Letter W With Circumflex	Latin Small Letter W With Circumflex	Latin Capital Letter Y With Circumflex	Latin Small Letter Y With Circumflex	Latin Capital Letter Z With Circumflex	Latin Small Letter Z With Circumflex

The circumflex comes from the Greek alphabet where it marked pitch. It was originally a combination of acute and grave accent.[3]

Uses of Circumflex
Usage	Language	Letters	Notes
Central vowel	Moldovan, Romanian	Ââ /ɨ/, Îî /ɨ/	Ââ and Îî both stand for the same sound, but Ââ is used word-internally, and Îî initially and finally. Exceptions are compound words and proper nouns.[4]
Diphthong	Slovak	Ôô /u̯o/
Long vowel with low pitch	Slovene (orthography with tonal accentuation)	Ââ /àː/, Êê /ɛ̀ː/, Ệệ /èː/, Îî /ìː/, Ôô /ɔ̀ː/, Ộộ /òː/, Ûû /ùː/	Inverted breve may be used instead of circumflex. These letters are not used in the standard orthography of Slovene, but in language materials.[5]
Raised vowel	Slovene (orthography with dynamic accentuation)	Êê /ˈeː/, Ôô /ˈoː/	The circumflex marks that these vowel are stressed, long, and mid-close instead of mid-open. These letters are not used in the standard orthography of Slovene, but in language materials.[6]
Raised vowel	Vietnamese	Ââ /ə˧/, Ấấ /ə˧˥/, Ầầ /ə̤˨˩/, Ẩẩ /ə˧˩˧/, Ẫẫ /əˀ˧˥/, Ậậ /ə̰ʔ˧˨/, Êê /e˧/, Ếế /e˧˥/, Ềề /e̤˨˩/, Ểể /e˧˩˧/, Ễễ /eˀ˧˥/, Ệệ /ḛʔ˧˨/, Ôô /o˧/, Ốố /o˧˥/, Ồồ /o̤˨˩/, Ổổ /o˧˩˧/, Ỗỗ /oˀ˧˥/, Ộộ /o̰ʔ˧˨/	Generally, unaccented Aa, Ee, Oo stand for /aː, ɛ, ɔ/. There are many exceptions to the phonemic value of all these letters though.[7]

Comma Below

Precomposed Letters with Comma Below
◌̦	Ș	ș	Ț	ț
U+0326	U+0218	U+0219	U+021A	U+021B
Combining Comma Below	Latin Capital Letter S With Comma Below	Latin Small Letter S With Comma Below	Latin Capital Letter T With Comma Below	Latin Small Letter T With Comma Below

Note that this diacritic may be confused with cedilla ¸. The comma below derives from a small cursive z placed under the base character.[8] Some of the precomposed characters that are listed as having a cedilla in Unicode, actually have commas. See Cedilla for those characters.

Uses of Comma Below
Usage	Language	Letters	Notes
Affrication	Moldovan (obsolete orthography), Romanian (obsolete orthography)	D̦d̦ /z, dz, ds/, Țț /t͡s/	D̦d̦ was abandoned in 1904.[9] Note that there is no precomposed form of it.
Affrication	Moldovan (current orthography), Romanian (current orthography)	Țț /t͡s/
Postalveolar consonant	Moldovan, Romanian	Șș /ʃ/

Diaeresis/Umlaut

Precomposed Letters with Diaeresis/Umlaut
¨	◌̈	Ä	ä	Ǟ	ǟ	Ë	ë	Ḧ	ḧ	Ï	ï	Ḯ
U+00A8	U+0308	U+00C4	U+00E4	U+01DE	U+01DF	U+00CB	U+00EB	U+1E26	U+1E27	U+00CF	U+00EF	U+1E2E
Diaeresis	Combining Diaeresis	Latin Capital Letter A With Diaeresis	Latin Small Letter A With Diaeresis	Latin Capital Letter A With Diaeresis And Macron	Latin Small Letter A With Diaeresis And Macron	Latin Capital Letter E With Diaeresis	Latin Small Letter E With Diaeresis	Latin Capital Letter H With Diaeresis	Latin Small Letter H With Diaeresis	Latin Capital Letter I With Diaeresis	Latin Small Letter I With Diaeresis	Latin Capital Letter I With Diaeresis And Acute
ḯ	Ö	ö	Ȫ	ȫ	Ṏ	ṏ	ẗ	Ü	ü	Ǖ	ǖ	Ǘ
U+1E2F	U+00D6	U+00F6	U+022A	U+022B	U+1E4E	U+1E4F	U+1E97	U+00DC	U+00FC	U+01D5	U+01D6	U+01D7
Latin Small Letter I With Diaeresis And Acute	Latin Capital Letter O With Diaeresis	Latin Small Letter O With Diaeresis	Latin Capital Letter O With Diaeresis And Macron	Latin Small Letter O With Diaeresis And Macron	Latin Capital Letter O With Tilde And Diaeresis	Latin Small Letter O With Tilde And Diaeresis	Latin Small Letter T With Diaeresis	Latin Capital Letter U With Diaeresis	Latin Small Letter U With Diaeresis	Latin Capital Letter U With Diaeresis And Macron	Latin Small Letter U With Diaeresis And Macron	Latin Capital Letter U With Diaeresis And Acute
ǘ	Ǚ	ǚ	Ǜ	ǜ	Ṻ	ṻ	Ẅ	ẅ	Ẍ	ẍ	Ÿ	ÿ
U+01D8	U+01D9	U+01DA	U+01DB	U+01DC	U+1E7A	U+1E7B	U+1E84	U+1E85	U+1E8C	U+1E8D	U+0178	U+00FF
Latin Small Letter U With Diaeresis And Acute	Latin Capital Letter U With Diaeresis And Caron	Latin Small Letter U With Diaeresis And Caron	Latin Capital Letter U With Diaeresis And Grave	Latin Small Letter U With Diaeresis And Grave	Latin Capital Letter U With Macron And Diaeresis	Latin Small Letter U With Macron And Diaeresis	Latin Capital Letter W With Diaeresis	Latin Small Letter W With Diaeresis	Latin Capital Letter X With Diaeresis	Latin Small Letter X With Diaeresis	Latin Capital Letter Y With Diaeresis	Latin Small Letter Y With Diaeresis

Diaeresis (known as tréma in French) and umlaut both employ the same character. But there is a difference of use between diaeresis and umlaut. Letters with umlaut stand for completely different sounds than their non-accented counterparts. For example in Swedish Oo represents /u/ while Öö represents /ø/. Diaeresis on the other hand does not change the sound value of a letter, but instead marks that a vowel is not part of a diphthong or digraph. Both are also known under the general name trema.
The diaeresis and umlaut characters have different origins. Diaeresis was borrowed from the Greek alphabet,[10] while umlaut began as a small e placed on top of Aa, Oo or Uu. This e then later evolved into the same shape as diaeresis.[11]

Uses of Diaeresis or Umlaut
Usage	Language	Letters	Notes
Front version of back vowel (this includes Ää even though its unaccented version is not a back vowel in all of these languages)	Estonian	Ää /æ/, Öö /ø/, Üü /y/
	Finnish	Ää /æ/, Öö /ø/	Usage borrowed from Swedish.
	Livonian	Ää /æ/, Ǟǟ /æː/
	Hungarian	Öö /ø/, Üü /y/
	Slovak	Ää /æ~ɛ/	/æ/ is archaic or dialectal pronunciation.[12]
	Swedish	Ää /ɛ/, Öö /ø/, Üü /y/	The umlaut evolved from the letter e in the digraphs ae[13] and oe[14]. Üü is not really a part of the Swedish alphabet, but is used in some loanwords and in many surnames.
Hiatus	Catalan	Ïï /i/, Üü /u/	Diaeresis on an Ii or Uu following another vowel marks that the two vowels are in different syllables. Without diaresis, the Ii or Uu would stand for a semivowel.[15]
Hiatus	French	Ëë, Ïï, Üü, Ÿÿ
Non-silent vowel	Catalan	Üü /w/	Diaresis on an Uu that is between Gg or Qq and a front vowel marks that this letter stands for /w/. Otherwise it would be a part of the digraph Gu gu /g/ or Qu qu /k/ that is used before front vowels.[16]
Raised vowel	Hungarian	Ëë /e/	Unaccented Ee stands for /ɛ/. Ëë is not really a part of the Hungarian alphabet however; it is used when writing down spoken or sung language in a dialect that has this phoneme.

Dot Above

Precomposed Letters with Dot Above
˙	◌̇	Ȧ	ȧ	Ǡ	ǡ	Ḃ	ḃ	Ċ	ċ	Ḋ	ḋ	Ė
U+02D9	U+0307	U+0226	U+0227	U+01E0	U+01E1	U+1E02	U+1E03	U+010A	U+010B	U+1E0A	U+1E0B	U+0116
Dot Above	Combining Dot Above	Latin Capital Letter A With Dot Above	Latin Small Letter A With Dot Above	Latin Capital Letter A With Dot Above And Macron	Latin Small Letter A With Dot Above And Macron	Latin Capital Letter B With Dot Above	Latin Small Letter B With Dot Above	Latin Capital Letter C With Dot Above	Latin Small Letter C With Dot Above	Latin Capital Letter D With Dot Above	Latin Small Letter D With Dot Above	Latin Capital Letter E With Dot Above
ė	Ḟ	ḟ	Ġ	ġ	Ḣ	ḣ	İ	i	Ṁ	ṁ	Ṅ	ṅ
U+0117	U+1E1E	U+1E1F	U+0120	U+0121	U+1E22	U+1E23	U+0130	U+0069	U+1E40	U+1E41	U+1E44	U+1E45
Latin Small Letter E With Dot Above	Latin Capital Letter F With Dot Above	Latin Small Letter F With Dot Above	Latin Capital Letter G With Dot Above	Latin Small Letter G With Dot Above	Latin Capital Letter H With Dot Above	Latin Small Letter H With Dot Above	Latin Capital Letter I With Dot Above	Latin Small Letter I	Latin Capital Letter M With Dot Above	Latin Small Letter M With Dot Above	Latin Capital Letter N With Dot Above	Latin Small Letter N With Dot Above
							Note: In most languages i is the lower case version of I, but in Turkish İ and i resp. I and ı go together. If Turkish case is used, you need to make sure that various software handles that correctly. For example dictionaries need to sort the letters in the right order.
Ȯ	ȯ	Ȱ	ȱ	Ṗ	ṗ	Ṙ	ṙ	Ṡ	ṡ	ẛ	Ṥ	ṥ
U+022E	U+022F	U+0230	U+0231	U+1E56	U+1E57	U+1E58	U+1E59	U+1E60	U+1E61	U+1E9B	U+1E64	U+1E65
Latin Capital Letter O With Dot Above	Latin Small Letter O With Dot Above	Latin Capital Letter O With Dot Above And Macron	Latin Small Letter O With Dot Above And Macron	Latin Capital Letter P With Dot Above	Latin Small Letter P With Dot Above	Latin Capital Letter R With Dot Above	Latin Small Letter R With Dot Above	Latin Capital Letter S With Dot Above	Latin Small Letter S With Dot Above	Latin Small Letter Long S With Dot Above	Latin Capital Letter S With Acute And Dot Above	Latin Small Letter S With Acute And Dot Above
Ṧ	ṧ	Ṩ	ṩ	Ṫ	ṫ	Ẇ	ẇ	Ẋ	ẋ	Ẏ	ẏ	Ż
U+1E66	U+1E67	U+1E68	U+1E69	U+1E6A	U+1E6B	U+1E86	U+1E87	U+1E8A	U+1E8B	U+1E8E	U+1E8F	U+017B
Latin Capital Letter S With Caron And Dot Above	Latin Small Letter S With Caron And Dot Above	Latin Capital Letter S With Dot Below And Dot Above	Latin Small Letter S With Dot Below And Dot Above	Latin Capital Letter T With Dot Above	Latin Small Letter T With Dot Above	Latin Capital Letter W With Dot Above	Latin Small Letter W With Dot Above	Latin Capital Letter X With Dot Above	Latin Small Letter X With Dot Above	Latin Capital Letter Y With Dot Above	Latin Small Letter Y With Dot Above	Latin Capital Letter Z With Dot Above
ż
U+017C
Latin Small Letter Z With Dot Above

Uses of Dot Above
Use	Language	Letters	Notes
Change of place of articulation	ISO 15919 romanization of Gurmukhī	Ṁṁ /ŋ/	Ṁṁ is realized as [m] before certain consonants.[17]
Raised vowel	Livonian	Ȯȯ /ʊ/, Ȱȱ /ʊː/
Postalveolar consonant	Polish	Żż /ʒ/
Other	ISO 15919 romanization of Indic scripts	Ṁṁ, Ṅṅ	Ṅṅ is used for transcribing the Indic diacritic anusvāra before velar consonants. Ṁṁ is used for a simplified romanization of anusvāra in all positions.[18]

Dot Below

Precomposed Letters with Dot Below
◌̣	Ạ	ạ	Ậ	ậ	Ặ	ặ	Ḅ	ḅ	Ḍ	ḍ	Ẹ	ẹ
U+0323	U+1EA0	U+1EA1	U+1EAC	U+1EAD	U+1EB6	U+1EB7	U+1E04	U+1E05	U+1E0C	U+1E0D	U+1EB8	U+1EB9
Combining Dot Below	Latin Capital Letter A With Dot Below	Latin Small Letter A With Dot Below	Latin Capital Letter A With Circumflex And Dot Below	Latin Small Letter A With Circumflex And Dot Below	Latin Capital Letter A With Breve And Dot Below	Latin Small Letter A With Breve And Dot Below	Latin Capital Letter B With Dot Below	Latin Small Letter B With Dot Below	Latin Capital Letter D With Dot Below	Latin Small Letter D With Dot Below	Latin Capital Letter E With Dot Below	Latin Small Letter E With Dot Below
Ệ	ệ	Ḥ	ḥ	Ị	ị	Ḳ	ḳ	Ḷ	ḷ	Ḹ	ḹ	Ṃ
U+1EC6	U+1EC7	U+1E24	U+1E25	U+1ECA	U+1ECB	U+1E32	U+1E33	U+1E36	U+1E37	U+1E38	U+1E39	U+1E42
Latin Capital Letter E With Circumflex And Dot Below	Latin Small Letter E With Circumflex And Dot Below	Latin Capital Letter H With Dot Below	Latin Small Letter H With Dot Below	Latin Capital Letter I With Dot Below	Latin Small Letter I With Dot Below	Latin Capital Letter K With Dot Below	Latin Small Letter K With Dot Below	Latin Capital Letter L With Dot Below	Latin Small Letter L With Dot Below	Latin Capital Letter L With Dot Below And Macron	Latin Small Letter L With Dot Below And Macron	Latin Capital Letter M With Dot Below
ṃ	Ṇ	ṇ	Ọ	ọ	Ộ	ộ	Ợ	ợ	Ṛ	ṛ	Ṝ	ṝ
U+1E43	U+1E46	U+1E47	U+1ECC	U+1ECD	U+1ED8	U+1ED9	U+1EE2	U+1EE3	U+1E5A	U+1E5B	U+1E5C	U+1E5D
Latin Small Letter M With Dot Below	Latin Capital Letter N With Dot Below	Latin Small Letter N With Dot Below	Latin Capital Letter O With Dot Below	Latin Small Letter O With Dot Below	Latin Capital Letter O With Circumflex And Dot Below	Latin Small Letter O With Circumflex And Dot Below	Latin Capital Letter O With Horn And Dot Below	Latin Small Letter O With Horn And Dot Below	Latin Capital Letter R With Dot Below	Latin Small Letter R With Dot Below	Latin Capital Letter R With Dot Below And Macron	Latin Small Letter R With Dot Below And Macron
Ṣ	ṣ	Ṩ	ṩ	Ṭ	ṭ	Ụ	ụ	Ự	ự	Ṿ	ṿ	Ẉ
U+1E62	U+1E63	U+1E68	U+1E69	U+1E6C	U+1E6D	U+1EE4	U+1EE5	U+1EF0	U+1EF1	U+1E7E	U+1E7F	U+1E88
Latin Capital Letter S With Dot Below	Latin Small Letter S With Dot Below	Latin Capital Letter S With Dot Below And Dot Above	Latin Small Letter S With Dot Below And Dot Above	Latin Capital Letter T With Dot Below	Latin Small Letter T With Dot Below	Latin Capital Letter U With Dot Below	Latin Small Letter U With Dot Below	Latin Capital Letter U With Horn And Dot Below	Latin Small Letter U With Horn And Dot Below	Latin Capital Letter V With Dot Below	Latin Small Letter V With Dot Below	Latin Capital Letter W With Dot Below
ẉ	Ỵ	ỵ	Ẓ	ẓ
U+1E89	U+1EF4	U+1EF5	U+1E92	U+1E93
Latin Small Letter W With Dot Below	Latin Capital Letter Y With Dot Below	Latin Small Letter Y With Dot Below	Latin Capital Letter Z With Dot Below	Latin Small Letter Z With Dot Below

The dot below is also known as underdot.

Uses of Dot Below
Usage	Language	Letters	Notes
Creaky voice	Vietnamese	Ạạ /a̰ːʔ˨˩/, Ặặ /a̰ʔ˨˩/, Ậậ /ə̰ʔ˨˩/, Ẹẹ /ɛ̰ʔ˨˩/, Ệệ /ḛʔ˨˩/, Ịị /ḭʔ˨˩/, Ọọ /ɔ̰ʔ˨˩/, Ộộ /o̰ʔ˨˩/, Ợợ /ə̰ːʔ˨˩/, Ụụ /ṵʔ˨˩/, Ựự /ɨ̰ʔ˨˩/, Ỵỵ /ḭʔ˨˩/	The dot below stands for low falling tone with creaky voice and a following glottal stop.[19] There are many exceptions to the phonemic values of these letters though.[20]
Lowered vowel	Yoruba (Crowther's alphabet)	Ẹẹ /ɛ̙/, Ọọ /ɔ̙/	In Yoruba these vowels are also accompanied by retracted tongue root. These letters were used in older forms of Yoruba orthography. See Vertical Line Below.
Raised vowel	Slovene (orthography with tonal accentuation)	Ẹẹ /e/, Ẹ́ẹ́ /éː/, Ẹ̀ẹ̀ /é/, Ẹ̏ẹ̏ /è/, Ẹ̑ẹ̑ or Ệệ /èː/, Ọọ /o/, Ọ́ọ́ /óː/, Ọ̀ọ̀ /ó/, Ọ̏ọ̏ /ò/, Ọ̑ọ̑ or Ộộ /òː/	These letters are not used in the standard orthography of Slovene, but in language materials.[21]
Other	ISO 15919 romanization of Indic scripts	Ṇṇ	Ṇṇ is used for transcribing the Indic diacritic anusvāra before retroflex consonants.[22]

Double Acute Accent

Precomposed Letters with Double Acute Accent
˝	˶	◌̋	Ő	ő	Ű	ű
U+02DD	U+02F6	U+030B	U+0150	U+0151	U+0170	U+0171
Double Acute Accent	Modifier Letter Middle Double Acute Accent	Combining Double Acute Accent	Latin Capital Letter O With Double Acute	Latin Small Letter O With Double Acute	Latin Capital Letter U With Double Acute	Latin Small Letter U With Double Acute
Note: May be confused with Modifier Letter Double Prime ʺ (U+02BA), Modifier Letter Double Apostrophe ˮ (U+02EE), Left Double Quotation Mark “ (U+201C), Right Double Quotation Mark ” (U+201D), or Double Prime ″ (U+2033).

The double acute accent (also known as Hungarumlaut) originates from Hungarian orthography. Őő and Űű were introduced to the Hungarian alphabet in the 19^th century to replace earlier Ö́ö́ and Ǘǘ.[23]

Uses of Double Acute Accent
Usage	Language	Letters	Notes
Long front version of back vowel	Hungarian	Őő /øː/, Űű /yː/

Double Grave Accent

Precomposed Letters with Double Grave Accent
˵	◌̏	Ȁ	ȁ	Ȅ	ȅ	Ȉ	ȉ	Ȍ	ȍ	Ȑ	ȑ	Ȕ
U+02F5	U+030F	U+0200	U+0201	U+0204	U+0205	U+0208	U+0209	U+020C	U+020D	U+0210	U+0211	U+0214
Modifier Letter Middle Double Grave Accent	Combining Double Grave Accent	Latin Capital Letter A With Double Grave	Latin Small Letter A With Double Grave	Latin Capital Letter E With Double Grave	Latin Small Letter E With Double Grave	Latin Capital Letter I With Double Grave	Latin Small Letter I With Double Grave	Latin Capital Letter O With Double Grave	Latin Small Letter O With Double Grave	Latin Capital Letter R With Double Grave	Latin Small Letter R With Double Grave	Latin Capital Letter U With Double Grave
ȕ
U+0215
Latin Small Letter U With Double Grave

The double grave accent is not part of the orthography of any language, but it is used in language learning materials of and linguistic publications about Serbian, Croatian and Slovene.[24]

Uses of Double Grave Accent
Usage	Language	Letters	Notes
Short vowel with pitch accent or tone	Croatian, Serbian	Ȁȁ /â/, Ȅȅ /ê/, Ȉȉ /î/, Ȍȍ /ô/, Ȑȑ /r̩̂/, Ȕȕ /û/	The double grave accent marks here a short vowel with falling pitch.[25]
Short vowel with pitch accent or tone	Slovene (orthography with tonal accentuation)	Ȁȁ /à/, Ȅȅ /ɛ̀/, Ẹ̏ẹ̏ /è/, Ȉȉ /ì/, Ȍȍ /ɔ̀/, Ọ̏ọ̏ /ò/, Ȑȑ /ə̀ɾ/, Ȕȕ /ù/	The double grave accent marks that the vowels are short and have low tone. These letters are not used in the standard orthography of Slovene, but in language materials.[26]

Grave Accent

Precomposed Letters with Grave Accent
`	ˋ	˴	◌̀	◌̀	À	à	Ầ	ầ	Ằ	ằ	È	è
U+0060	U+02CB	U+02F4	U+0300	U+0340	U+00C0	U+00E0	U+1EA6	U+1EA7	U+1EB0	U+1EB1	U+00C8	U+00E8
Grave Accent	Modifier Letter Grave Accent	Modifier Letter Middle Grave Accent	Combining Grave Accent	Combining Grave Tone Mark	Latin Capital Letter A With Grave	Latin Small Letter A With Grave	Latin Capital Letter A With Circumflex And Grave	Latin Small Letter A With Circumflex And Grave	Latin Capital Letter A With Breve And Grave	Latin Small Letter A With Breve And Grave	Latin Capital Letter E With Grave	Latin Small Letter E With Grave
Ḕ	ḕ	Ề	ề	Ì	ì	Ǹ	ǹ	Ò	ò	Ṑ	ṑ	Ồ
U+1E14	U+1E15	U+1EC0	U+1EC1	U+00CC	U+00EC	U+01F8	U+01F9	U+00D2	U+00F2	U+1E50	U+1E51	U+1ED2
Latin Capital Letter E With Macron And Grave	Latin Small Letter E With Macron And Grave	Latin Capital Letter E With Circumflex And Grave	Latin Small Letter E With Circumflex And Grave	Latin Capital Letter I With Grave	Latin Small Letter I With Grave	Latin Capital Letter N With Grave	Latin Small Letter N With Grave	Latin Capital Letter O With Grave	Latin Small Letter O With Grave	Latin Capital Letter O With Macron And Grave	Latin Small Letter O With Macron And Grave	Latin Capital Letter O With Circumflex And Grave
ồ	Ờ	ờ	Ù	ù	Ǜ	ǜ	Ừ	ừ	Ẁ	ẁ	Ỳ	ỳ
U+1ED3	U+1EDC	U+1EDD	U+00D9	U+00F9	U+01DB	U+01DC	U+1EEA	U+1EEB	U+1E80	U+1E81	U+1EF2	U+1EF3
Latin Small Letter O With Circumflex And Grave	Latin Capital Letter O With Horn And Grave	Latin Small Letter O With Horn And Grave	Latin Capital Letter U With Grave	Latin Small Letter U With Grave	Latin Capital Letter U With Diaeresis And Grave	Latin Small Letter U With Diaeresis And Grave	Latin Capital Letter U With Horn And Grave	Latin Small Letter U With Horn And Grave	Latin Capital Letter W With Grave	Latin Small Letter W With Grave	Latin Capital Letter Y With Grave	Latin Small Letter Y With Grave

Uses of Grave Accent
Use	Language	Letters	Notes
Falling tone	Vietnamese	Àà /a̤ː˨˩/, Ằằ /a̤˨˩/, Ầầ /ə̤˨˩/, Èè /ɛ̤˨˩/, Ềề /e̤˨˩/, Ìì /i̤˨˩/, Òò /ɔ̤˨˩/, Ồồ /o̤˨˩/, Ờờ /ə̤ː˨˩/, Ùù /ṳ˨˩/, Ừừ /ɨ̤˨˩/, Ỳỳ /i̤˨˩/	The grave accent stands for low falling tone with breathy voice. There are many exceptions to the phonemic values of these letters though.[27]
Short vowel	Croatian, Serbian	Àà /ǎ/, Èè /ě/, Ìì /ǐ/, Òò /ǒ/, R̀r̀ /ř̩/, Ùù /ǔ/	The grave accent marks that these vowels are short and have rising pitch. These letters are not used in the standard orthography of Croatian or Serbian, but in linguistic materials.[28]
	Slovene (orthography with dynamic accentuation)	Àà /ˈa/, Èè /ˈɛ/, Ìì /ˈi/, Òò /ˈɔ/, R̀r̀ /ˈəɾ/, Ùù /ˈu/	The grave accent marks that these vowels are stressed and short, and that Èè and Òò are mid-open vowels rather than mid-close. These letters are not used in the standard orthography of Slovene, but in language materials.[29]
	Slovene (orthography with tonal accentuation)	Àà /á/, Èè /ɛ́/, Ẹ̀ẹ̀ /é/, Ìì /í/, Òò /ɔ́/, Ọ̀ọ̀ /ó/, R̀r̀ /ə́ɾ/, Ùù /ú/	The grave accent marks that these vowels are short and have high pitch. These letters are not used in the standard orthography of Slovene, but in language materials.[30]
Stress	Catalan	Àà /ˈa/, Èè /ˈɛ/, Òò /ˈɔ/	The rules for when stress is to be marked in Catalan are quite complex. The grave accent also distinguishes stressed /ɛ ɔ/ from /e o/,[31] see Acute Accent, Catalan section on Uses of Acute Accent.

Hook Above

Precomposed Letters with Hook Above
◌̉	Ả	ả	Ẩ	ẩ	Ẳ	ẳ	Ẻ	ẻ	Ể	ể	Ỉ	ỉ
U+0309	U+1EA2	U+1EA3	U+1EA8	U+1EA9	U+1EB2	U+1EB3	U+1EBA	U+1EBB	U+1EC2	U+1EC3	U+1EC8	U+1EC9
Combining Hook Above	Latin Capital Letter A With Hook Above	Latin Small Letter A With Hook Above	Latin Capital Letter A With Circumflex And Hook Above	Latin Small Letter A With Circumflex And Hook Above	Latin Capital Letter A With Breve And Hook Above	Latin Small Letter A With Breve And Hook Above	Latin Capital Letter E With Hook Above	Latin Small Letter E With Hook Above	Latin Capital Letter E With Circumflex And Hook Above	Latin Small Letter E With Circumflex And Hook Above	Latin Capital Letter I With Hook Above	Latin Small Letter I With Hook Above
Ỏ	ỏ	Ổ	ổ	Ở	ở	Ủ	ủ	Ử	ử	Ỷ	ỷ
U+1ECE	U+1ECF	U+1ED4	U+1ED5	U+1EDE	U+1EDF	U+1EE6	U+1EE7	U+1EEC	U+1EED	U+1EF6	U+1EF7
Latin Capital Letter O With Hook Above	Latin Small Letter O With Hook Above	Latin Capital Letter O With Circumflex And Hook Above	Latin Small Letter O With Circumflex And Hook Above	Latin Capital Letter O With Horn And Hook Above	Latin Small Letter O With Horn And Hook Above	Latin Capital Letter U With Hook Above	Latin Small Letter U With Hook Above	Latin Capital Letter U With Horn And Hook Above	Latin Small Letter U With Horn And Hook Above	Latin Capital Letter Y With Hook Above	Latin Small Letter Y With Hook Above

The hook above (or dấu hỏi) is only used in the Vietnamese Quốc Ngữ orthography, where it marks a tone. Note that this diacritic can be hard to see or discern from other diacritics, especially in small font sizes. When it is stacked on top of another diacritic, it may be cut off in some applications, especially when it appears on a capital letter.

Uses of Hook Above
Usage	Language	Letters	Notes
Falling-rising (dipping) tone	Vietnamese	Ảả /aː˧˩˧/, Ẳẳ /a˧˩˧/, Ẩẩ /ə˧˩˧/, Ẻẻ /ɛ˧˩˧/, Ểể /e˧˩˧/, Ỉỉ /i˧˩˧/, Ỏỏ /ɔ˧˩˧/, Ổổ /o˧˩˧/, Ởở /əː˧˩˧/, Ủủ /u˧˩˧/, Ửử /ɨ˧˩˧/, Ỷỷ /i˧˩˧/	There are many exceptions to the phonemic values of these letters.[32]

Horn

Precomposed Letters with Horn
◌̛	Ơ	ơ	Ớ	ớ	Ờ	ờ	Ở	ở	Ỡ	ỡ	Ợ	ợ
U+031B	U+01A0	U+01A1	U+1EDA	U+1EDB	U+1EDC	U+1EDD	U+1EDE	U+1EDF	U+1EE0	U+1EE1	U+1EE2	U+1EE3
Combining Horn	Latin Capital Letter O With Horn	Latin Small Letter O With Horn	Latin Capital Letter O With Horn And Acute	Latin Small Letter O With Horn And Acute	Latin Capital Letter O With Horn And Grave	Latin Small Letter O With Horn And Grave	Latin Capital Letter O With Horn And Hook Above	Latin Small Letter O With Horn And Hook Above	Latin Capital Letter O With Horn And Tilde	Latin Small Letter O With Horn And Tilde	Latin Capital Letter O With Horn And Dot Below	Latin Small Letter O With Horn And Dot Below
Ư	ư	Ứ	ứ	Ừ	ừ	Ử	ử	Ữ	ữ	Ự	ự
U+01AF	U+01B0	U+1EE8	U+1EE9	U+1EEA	U+1EEB	U+1EEC	U+1EED	U+1EEE	U+1EEF	U+1EF0	U+1EF1
Latin Capital Letter U With Horn	Latin Small Letter U With Horn	Latin Capital Letter U With Horn And Acute	Latin Small Letter U With Horn And Acute	Latin Capital Letter U With Horn And Grave	Latin Small Letter U With Horn And Grave	Latin Capital Letter U With Horn And Hook Above	Latin Small Letter U With Horn And Hook Above	Latin Capital Letter U With Horn And Tilde	Latin Small Letter U With Horn And Tilde	Latin Capital Letter U With Horn And Dot Below	Latin Small Letter U With Horn And Dot Below

The horn diacritic (or dấu móc) is only used in the Vietnamese Quốc Ngữ orthography, where it is used for discerning different vowel qualities.

Uses of Horn
Usage	Language	Letters	Notes
Unrounded central vowel	Vietnamese	Ơơ /əː˧/, Ớớ /əː˧˥/, Ờờ /ə̤ː˨˩/, Ởở /əː˧˩˧/, Ỡỡ /əˀː˧˥/, Ợợ /ə̰ːʔ˨˩/, Ưư /ɨ˧/, Ứứ /ɨ˧˥/, Ừừ /ɨ̤˨˩/, Ửử /ɨ˧˩˧/, Ữữ /ɨˀ˧˥/, Ựự /ɨ̰ʔ˨˩/

Inverted Breve

Precomposed Letters with Inverted Breve
◌̑	Ȃ	ȃ	Ȇ	ȇ	Ȋ	ȋ	Ȏ	ȏ	Ȓ	ȓ	Ȗ	ȗ
U+0311	U+0202	U+0203	U+0206	U+0207	U+020A	U+020B	U+020E	U+020F	U+0212	U+0213	U+0216	U+0217
Combining Inverted Breve	Latin Capital Letter A With Inverted Breve	Latin Small Letter A With Inverted Breve	Latin Capital Letter E With Inverted Breve	Latin Small Letter E With Inverted Breve	Latin Capital Letter I With Inverted Breve	Latin Small Letter I With Inverted Breve	Latin Capital Letter O With Inverted Breve	Latin Small Letter O With Inverted Breve	Latin Capital Letter R With Inverted Breve	Latin Small Letter R With Inverted Breve	Latin Capital Letter U With Inverted Breve	Latin Small Letter U With Inverted Breve

The inverted breve is also known as an arch. Note that it may easily be confused with circumflex. The inverted breve is not part of the orthography of any language, but it is used in linguistic materials about Serbian, Croatian and Slovene.[33] It was derived from the circumflex in Ancient Greek.[34]

Uses of Inverted Breve
Usage	Language	Letters	Notes
Long vowel with pitch accent	Croatian, Serbian	Ȃȃ /âː/, Ȇȇ /êː/, Ȋȋ /îː/, Ȏȏ /ôː/, Ȓȓ /r̩̂ː/, Ȗȗ /ûː/	The inverted breve marks a long vowel with falling pitch. These letters are not used in the standard orthography of Croatian or Serbian, but in linguistic materials.[35]
Long vowel with pitch accent	Slovene (orthography with tonal accentuation)	Ȃȃ /àː/, Ȇȇ /ɛ̀ː/, Ẹ̑ẹ̑ /èː/, Ȋȋ /ìː/, Ȏȏ /ɔ̀ː/, Ọ̑ọ̑ /òː/, Ȗȗ /ùː/	The inverted breve marks a long vowel with low pitch. Circumflex may be used instead of the inverted breve. These letters are not used in the standard orthography of Slovene, but in language materials.[36]

Macron

Precomposed Letters with Macron
¯	ˉ	◌̄	Ā	ā	Ǟ	ǟ	Ǡ	ǡ	Ǣ	ǣ	Ē	ē
U+00AF	U+02C9	U+0304	U+0100	U+0101	U+01DE	U+01DF	U+01E0	U+01E1	U+01E2	U+01E3	U+0112	U+0113
Macron	Modifier Letter Macron	Combining Macron	Latin Capital Letter A With Macron	Latin Small Letter A With Macron	Latin Capital Letter A With Diaeresis And Macron	Latin Small Letter A With Diaeresis And Macron	Latin Capital Letter A With Dot Above And Macron	Latin Small Letter A With Dot Above And Macron	Latin Capital Letter Ae With Macron	Latin Small Letter Ae With Macron	Latin Capital Letter E With Macron	Latin Small Letter E With Macron
Note: May be confused with Overline, ‾ (U+203E); Combining Double Macron, ◌͞ (U+035E); or Superscript Minus, ⁻ (U+207B).
Ḕ	ḕ	Ḗ	ḗ	Ḡ	ḡ	Ī	ī	Ḹ	ḹ	Ō	ō	Ǭ
U+1E14	U+1E15	U+1E16	U+1E17	U+1E20	U+1E21	U+012A	U+012B	U+1E38	U+1E39	U+014C	U+014D	U+01EC
Latin Capital Letter E With Macron And Grave	Latin Small Letter E With Macron And Grave	Latin Capital Letter E With Macron And Acute	Latin Small Letter E With Macron And Acute	Latin Capital Letter G With Macron	Latin Small Letter G With Macron	Latin Capital Letter I With Macron	Latin Small Letter I With Macron	Latin Capital Letter L With Dot Below And Macron	Latin Small Letter L With Dot Below And Macron	Latin Capital Letter O With Macron	Latin Small Letter O With Macron	Latin Capital Letter O With Ogonek And Macron
ǭ	Ṑ	ṑ	Ṓ	ṓ	Ȫ	ȫ	Ȭ	ȭ	Ȱ	ȱ	Ṝ	ṝ
U+01ED	U+1E50	U+1E51	U+1E52	U+1E53	U+022A	U+022B	U+022C	U+022D	U+0230	U+0231	U+1E5C	U+1E5D
Latin Small Letter O With Ogonek And Macron	Latin Capital Letter O With Macron And Grave	Latin Small Letter O With Macron And Grave	Latin Capital Letter O With Macron And Acute	Latin Small Letter O With Macron And Acute	Latin Capital Letter O With Diaeresis And Macron	Latin Small Letter O With Diaeresis And Macron	Latin Capital Letter O With Tilde And Macron	Latin Small Letter O With Tilde And Macron	Latin Capital Letter O With Dot Above And Macron	Latin Small Letter O With Dot Above And Macron	Latin Capital Letter R With Dot Below And Macron	Latin Small Letter R With Dot Below And Macron
Ū	ū	Ṻ	ṻ	Ǖ	ǖ	Ȳ	ȳ
U+016A	U+016B	U+1E7A	U+1E7B	U+01D5	U+01D6	U+0232	U+0233
Latin Capital Letter U With Macron	Latin Small Letter U With Macron	Latin Capital Letter U With Macron And Diaeresis	Latin Small Letter U With Macron And Diaeresis	Latin Capital Letter U With Diaeresis And Macron	Latin Small Letter U With Diaeresis And Macron	Latin Capital Letter Y With Macron	Latin Small Letter Y With Macron

Uses of Macron
Use	Language	Letters	Notes
Long vowel	Croatian, Serbian	Āā /aː/, Ēē /eː/, Īī /iː/, Ōō /oː/, R̄r̄ /r̩ː/, Ūū /uː/	The macron marks a long vowel without pitch accent. These letters are not used in the standard orthography of Croatian or Serbian, but in linguistic materials.[37]
	Latgalian	Āā /ɑː/, Ēē /eː/, Īī /iː/, Ōō /oː/, Ūū /uː/
	Latvian	Āā /ɑː/, Ēē /eː/ and /æː/, Īī /iː/, Ūū /uː/
	Livonian	Āā /ɑː/, Ǟǟ /æː/, Ēē /ɛː/, Īī /iː/, Ōō /oː/, Ȱȱ /ʊː/, Ȭȭ /ɨː/, Ūū /u/

Middle Dot

Precomposed Letters with Middle Dot
·	Ŀ	ŀ
U+00B7	U+013F	U+0140
Middle Dot	Latin Capital Letter L With Middle Dot	Latin Small Letter L With Middle Dot
Note: May be confused with Modifier Letter Half Triangular Colon, ˑ (U+02D1); Bullet, • (U+2022); Bullet Operator, ∙ (U+2219); Dot Operator, ⋅ (U+22C5); or Hyphenation Point, ‧ (U+2027).

The middle dot is also known by the names interpunct, interpoint, centered (centred) dot and space dot. The dot operator ⋅ (U+22C5) may also be called middle dot.[[38]
In ancient Latin and several other scripts, the middle dot was used instead of space for separating words.[39]

Uses of Middle Dot
Usage	Language	Letters	Notes
Digraph disambiguation	Catalan	Ŀl ŀl /lː/	Ll ll without middle dot stands for /ʎ/.[40]

Ogonek

Precomposed Letters with Ogonek
˛	◌̨	Ą	ą	Ę	ę	Į	į	Ǫ	ǫ	Ǭ	ǭ	Ų
U+02DB	U+0328	U+0104	U+0105	U+0118	U+0119	U+012E	U+012F	U+01EA	U+01EB	U+01EC	U+01ED	U+0172
Ogonek	Combining Ogonek	Latin Capital Letter A With Ogonek	Latin Small Letter A With Ogonek	Latin Capital Letter E With Ogonek	Latin Small Letter E With Ogonek	Latin Capital Letter I With Ogonek	Latin Small Letter I With Ogonek	Latin Capital Letter O With Ogonek	Latin Small Letter O With Ogonek	Latin Capital Letter O With Ogonek And Macron	Latin Small Letter O With Ogonek And Macron	Latin Capital Letter U With Ogonek
ų
U+0173
Latin Small Letter U With Ogonek

In European languages the ogonek is attached to the right side of Aa, Ee and u, but in Native American languages it is supposed to be placed directly under the letter if technically possible.[41] There are no separate Unicode poins for these variants. Note that the ogonek may be confused with cedilla ¸.

Uses of Ogonek
Usage	Language	Letters	Notes

Retroflex Hook

Precomposed Letters with Retroflex Hook
◌̢	ɖ	ʯ	ɭ	ᶩ	ɳ	ᶯ	Ɽ	ɽ	ɻ	ʵ	ʂ	ᶳ
U+0322	U+0256	U+02AF	U+026D	U+1DA9	U+0273	U+1DAF	U+2C64	U+027D	U+027B	U+02B5	U+0282	U+1DB3
Combining Retroflex Hook Below	Latin Small Letter D With Tail	Latin Small Letter Turned H With Fishhook And Tail	Latin Small Letter L With Retroflex Hook	Modifier Letter Small L With Retroflex Hook	Latin Small Letter N With Retroflex Hook	Modifier Letter Small N With Retroflex Hook	Latin Capital Letter R With Tail	Latin Small Letter R With Tail	Latin Small Letter Turned R With Hook	Modifier Letter Small Turned R With Hook	Latin Small Letter S With Hook	Modifier Letter Small S With Hook
Note: It is not recommended that this combining diacritic is used with letters to create new characters.[42]	Note: Upper case of this letter is Latin Capital Letter African D, Ɖ (U+0189).	Note: Phonetic character used by sinologist to denote [ʐ̩ʷ].[43] Not used in any orthography.	Note: Phonetic character used in IPA. Not used in any orthography.	Note: Phonetic character; not used in any orthography.	Note: Phonetic character used in IPA. Not used in any orthography.	Note: Phonetic character; not used in any orthography.			Note: Phonetic character used in IPA. Not used in any orthography.	Note: Phonetic character; not used in any orthography.	Note: Phonetic character used in IPA. Not used in any orthography.	Note: Phonetic character; not used in any orthography.
Ʈ	ʈ	ʐ	ᶼ
U+01AE	U+0288	U+0290	U+1DBC
Latin Capital Letter T With Retroflex Hook	Latin Small Letter T With Retroflex Hook	Latin Small Letter Z With Retroflex Hook	Modifier Letter Small Z With Retroflex Hook
		Note: Phonetic character used in IPA. Not used in any orthography.	Note: Phonetic character; not used in any orthography.

The retroflex hook is variously also called just a hook, or a tail, in Unicode. They all have in common that it is a hook turning towards the right, attached to the bottom of a letter. The majority of these letters are used in IPA to represent retroflex consonants.
Note that the retroflex hook is easily confused with the similar looking Palatalized Hook ◌̡. There are also letters with other hooks, such as Ɓɓ, Ƈƈ, Ɗɗ, Ƒƒ, Ɠɠ, ʛ, ɦ, ɧ, Ƙƙ, ɱ, Ɲɲ, Ɋɋ, ʠ, Ƥƥ, Ƭƭ, Ʋʋ, Ƴƴ, Ȥȥ.

Uses of Retroflex Hook
Usage	Language	Letters	Notes

Ring Above

Precomposed Letters with Ring Above
˚	◌̊	Å	å	Ǻ	ǻ	Ů	ů	ẘ	ẙ
U+02DA	U+030A	U+00C5	U+00E5	U+01FA	U+01FB	U+016E	U+016F	U+1E98	U+1E99
Ring Above	Combining Ring Above	Latin Capital Letter A With Ring Above	Latin Small Letter A With Ring Above	Latin Capital Letter A With Ring Above And Acute	Latin Small Letter A With Ring Above And Acute	Latin Capital Letter U With Ring Above	Latin Small Letter U With Ring Above	Latin Small Letter W With Ring Above	Latin Small Letter Y With Ring Above
Note: May be confused with the Degree Sign ° (U+00B0)		Note: May be confused with the Ångström Sign Å (U+212B).

Uses of Ring Above
Use	Language	Letters	Notes
Back version of front vowel. Often also rounded.	Chamorro	Åå /ɑ/
	Danish, Norwegian	Åå /ɔ/	From an earlier digraph aa representing /ɔ/, which in turn came from /aː/.[44]
	Swedish	Åå /o/	From an earlier digraph aa representing /ɔ/, which in turn came from /aː/.[45]
Long vowel	Czech	Ůů /uː/	This comes from a diphthong /uo/, where the o was sometimes written as a ring above the u. A sound change then turned /uo/ into /uː/.[46]

Ring Below

Precomposed Letters with Ring Below
˳	◌̥	Ḁ	ḁ
U+02F3	U+0325	U+1E00	U+1E01
Modifier Letter Low Ring	Combining Ring Below	Latin Capital Letter A With Ring Below	Latin Small Letter A With Ring Below

Note that this diacritic may be confused with dot below ◌̣ or square below ◌̻, especially in small font sizes.

Uses of Ring Below
Usage	Language	Letters	Notes
Syllabic consonant	ISO 15919 romanization of Indic scripts	L̥l̥ /l̩/, L̥̄l̥̄ /l̩ː/, R̥r̥ /r̩/, R̥̄r̥̄ /r̩ː/

Stroke

Precomposed Letters with Stroke
◌̸	◌̷	Ⱥ	ⱥ	Ȼ	ȼ	Ɇ	ɇ	Ł	ł	ᴌ	ƛ	Ø
U+0338	U+0337	U+023A	U+2C65	U+023B	U+023C	U+0246	U+0247	U+0141	U+0142	U+1D0C	U+019B	U+00D8
Combining Long Solidus Overlay	Combining Short Solidus Overlay	Latin Capital Letter A With Stroke	Latin Small Letter A With Stroke	Latin Capital Letter C With Stroke	Latin Small Letter C With Stroke	Latin Capital Letter E With Stroke	Latin Small Letter E With Stroke	Latin Capital Letter L With Stroke	Latin Small Letter L With Stroke	Latin Letter Small Capital L With Stroke	Latin Small Letter Lambda With Stroke	Latin Capital Letter O With Stroke
				Note: May be confused with Cedi Sign, ₵ (U+20B5).	Note: May be confused with Cent Sign, ¢ (U+00A2).					Note: Phonetic character; not used in any orthography.		Note: May be confused with Empty Set, ∅ (U+2205).
ø	ᴓ	Ǿ	ǿ	ẜ	Ⱦ	ⱦ	ᵺ
U+00F8	U+1D13	U+01FE	U+01FF	U+1E9C	U+023E	U+2C66	U+1D7A
Latin Small Letter O With Stroke	Latin Small Letter Sideways O With Stroke	Latin Capital Letter O With Stroke And Acute	Latin Small Letter O With Stroke And Acute	Latin Small Letter Long S With Diagonal Stroke	Latin Capital Letter T With Diagonal Stroke	Latin Small Letter T With Diagonal Stroke	Latin Small Letter Th With Strikethrough
Note: May be confused with Diameter Sign, ⌀ (U+2300).	Note: Phonetic character; not used in any orthography.						Note: Phonetic character used in some American dictionaries.[47] Not used in any orthography.

This diacritic, and the one consisting of a horizontal bar, may both be called stroke in Unicode. In this article they are treated as two separate diacritics. Latin Small Letter Eth, ð, is listed under the bar diacritic. There are several currency symbols and mathematical symbols with strokes, but they are not included here.

Uses of Stroke
Usage	Language	Letters	Notes
Letter extension	Sahaptin	ƛ /t͡ɬ/, ƛ’ /t͡ɬʼ/	According to Wikipedia, it is "used in transcribing Sahaptin".[48]
Other	Polish	Łł /w/	Historically it stood for /ɫ/.

Tilde

Precomposed Letters with Tilde
~	˜	◌̃	Ã	ã	Ẫ	ẫ	Ẵ	ẵ	Ẽ	ẽ	Ễ	ễ
U+007E	U+02DC	U+0303	U+00C3	U+00E3	U+1EAA	U+1EAB	U+1EB4	U+1EB5	U+1EBC	U+1EBD	U+1EC4	U+1EC5
Tilde	Small Tilde	Combining Tilde	Latin Capital Letter A With Tilde	Latin Small Letter A With Tilde	Latin Capital Letter A With Circumflex And Tilde	Latin Small Letter A With Circumflex And Tilde	Latin Capital Letter A With Breve And Tilde	Latin Small Letter A With Breve And Tilde	Latin Capital Letter E With Tilde	Latin Small Letter E With Tilde	Latin Capital Letter E With Circumflex And Tilde	Latin Small Letter E With Circumflex And Tilde
Note: May be confused with swung dash ⁓ (U+2053).
Ĩ	ĩ	Ñ	ñ	Õ	õ	Ȭ	ȭ	Ṍ	ṍ	Ṏ	ṏ	Ỗ
U+0128	U+0129	U+00D1	U+00F1	U+00D5	U+00F5	U+022C	U+022D	U+1E4C	U+1E4D	U+1E4E	U+1E4F	U+1ED6
Latin Capital Letter I With Tilde	Latin Small Letter I With Tilde	Latin Capital Letter N With Tilde	Latin Small Letter N With Tilde	Latin Capital Letter O With Tilde	Latin Small Letter O With Tilde	Latin Capital Letter O With Tilde And Macron	Latin Small Letter O With Tilde And Macron	Latin Capital Letter O With Tilde And Acute	Latin Small Letter O With Tilde And Acute	Latin Capital Letter O With Tilde And Diaeresis	Latin Small Letter O With Tilde And Diaeresis	Latin Capital Letter O With Circumflex And Tilde
ỗ	Ỡ	ỡ	Ũ	ũ	Ṹ	ṹ	Ữ	ữ	Ṽ	ṽ	Ỹ	ỹ
U+1ED7	U+1EE0	U+1EE1	U+0168	U+0169	U+1E78	U+1E79	U+1EEE	U+1EEF	U+1E7C	U+1E7D	U+1EF8	U+1EF9
Latin Small Letter O With Circumflex And Tilde	Latin Capital Letter O With Horn And Tilde	Latin Small Letter O With Horn And Tilde	Latin Capital Letter U With Tilde	Latin Small Letter U With Tilde	Latin Capital Letter U With Tilde And Acute	Latin Small Letter U With Tilde And Acute	Latin Capital Letter U With Horn And Tilde	Latin Small Letter U With Horn And Tilde	Latin Capital Letter V With Tilde	Latin Small Letter V With Tilde	Latin Capital Letter Y With Tilde	Latin Small Letter Y With Tilde

Uses of Tilde
Use	Language	Letters	Notes
Glottalized vowel	Vietnamese	Ãã /aˀː˧˥/, Ẵẵ /aˀ˧˥/, Ẫẫ /əˀ˧˥/, Ẽẽ /ɛˀ˧˥/, Ễễ /eˀ˧˥/, Ĩĩ /iˀ˧˥/, Õõ /ɔˀ˧˥/, Ỗỗ /oˀ˧˥/, Ỡỡ /əˀː˧˥/, Ũũ /uˀ˧˥/, Ữữ /ɨˀ˧˥/, Ỹỹ /iˀ˧˥/	The tilde stands for mid rising tone interrupted by a glottal stop.[49] There are many exceptions to the phonemic values of these letters though.[50]
Unrounded vowel	Estonian	Õõ /ɤ/
Other	ISO 15919 romanization of Indic scripts	Ññ	Ññ is used for transcribing the Indic diacritic anusvāra before palatal consonants.[51]
Other	Livonian	Õõ /ɨ/, Ȭȭ /ɨː/

Vertical Line Below

Precomposed Letters with Vertical Line Below
ˌ	◌̩
U+02CC	U+0329
Modifier Letter Low Vertical Line	Combining Vertical Line Below
Note: Whether this can be said to be the non-combining version of vertical line below is open to debate. This character is used for marking secondary stress in IPA, while combining vertical line below is used for marking syllabic consonants in IPA.

No actual precomposed letters with this diacritic actually exist.

Uses of Vertical Line Below
Usage	Language	Letters	Notes
Lowered vowel with retracted tongue root	Yoruba (current Nigerian alphabet)	E̩e̩ /ɛ̙/, O̩o̩ /ɔ̙/	The vertical line below replaced an earlier dot below. This is because the dots get covered when a word is underlined. In Benin, a different alphabet is used for Yoruba.[52]
Postalveolar consonant	Yoruba (current Nigerian alphabet)	S̩s̩ /ʃ/

@@ Line 57: / Line 57: @@
 |-
 | [[Natlang_Uses_of_Vertical_Line_Below|Vertical line below]] || || style="font-size:180%" | ˌ ||
-|}
-== Caron ==
-{| class="wikitable"
-|+ Precomposed Letters with Caron
-| style="font-size:180%" | ˇ || style="font-size:180%" | ◌̌ || style="font-size:180%" | Ǎ || style="font-size:180%" | ǎ || style="font-size:180%" | Č || style="font-size:180%" | č || style="font-size:180%" | Ď || style="font-size:180%" | ď || style="font-size:180%" | Ǆ || style="font-size:180%" | ǅ || style="font-size:180%" | ǆ || style="font-size:180%" | Ě || style="font-size:180%" | ě
-|-
-| U+02C7 || U+030C || U+01CD || U+01CD || U+010C || U+010D || U+010E || U+010F || U+01C4 || U+01C5 || U+01C6 || U+011A || U+011B
-|-
-| Caron || Combining Caron || Latin Letter Capital A With Caron || Latin Letter Small A With Caron || Latin Capital Letter C With Caron || Latin Small Letter C With Caron || Latin Capital Letter D With Caron || Latin Small Letter D With Caron || Latin Capital Letter Dz With Caron || Latin Capital Letter D With Small Letter Z With Caron || Latin Small Letter Dz With Caron || Latin Capital Letter E With Caron || Latin Small Letter E With Caron
-|-
-| colspan="2" | '''Note:''' May be confused with Modifier Letter Down Arrowhead ˅ (U+02C5). || || || || || || '''Note:''' The caron looks actually like an apostrophe placed to the right of the ascender of the d. || || || || ||
-|-
-| style="font-size:180%" | Ǧ || style="font-size:180%" | ǧ || style="font-size:180%" | Ȟ || style="font-size:180%" | ȟ || style="font-size:180%" | Ǐ || style="font-size:180%" | ǐ || style="font-size:180%" | ǰ || style="font-size:180%" | Ǩ || style="font-size:180%" | ǩ || style="font-size:180%" | Ľ || style="font-size:180%" | ľ || style="font-size:180%" | Ň || style="font-size:180%" | ň
-|-
-| U+01E6 || U+01E7 || U+021E || U+021F || U+01CF || U+01D0 || U+01F0 || U+01E8 || U+01E9 || U+013D || U+013E || U+0147 || U+0148
-|-
-| Latin Capital Letter G With Caron || Latin Small Letter G With Caron || Latin Capital Letter H With Caron || Latin Small Letter H With Caron || Latin Capital Letter I With Caron || Latin Small Letter I With Caron || Latin Small Letter J With Caron || Latin Capital Letter K With Caron || Latin Small Letter K With Caron || Latin Capital Letter L With Caron || Latin Small Letter L With Caron || Latin Capital Letter N With Caron || Latin Small Letter N With Caron
-|-
-| || || || || || || || || || colspan="2" | '''Note:''' The caron looks actually like an apostrophe placed to the right of the ascender of the Ll. || ||
-|-
-| style="font-size:180%" | Ǒ || style="font-size:180%" | ǒ || style="font-size:180%" | Ř || style="font-size:180%" | ř || style="font-size:180%" | Š || style="font-size:180%" | š || style="font-size:180%" | Ṧ || style="font-size:180%" | ṧ || style="font-size:180%" | Ť || style="font-size:180%" | ť || style="font-size:180%" | Ǔ || style="font-size:180%" | ǔ || style="font-size:180%" | Ǚ
-|-
-| U+01D1 || U+01D2 || U+0158 || U+0159 || U+0160 || U+0161 || U+1E66 || U+1E67 || U+0164 || U+0165 || U+01D3 || U+01D4 || U+01D9
-|-
-| Latin Capital Letter O With Caron || Latin Small Letter O With Caron || Latin Capital Letter R With Caron || Latin Small Letter R With Caron || Latin Capital Letter S With Caron || Latin Small Letter S With Caron || Latin Capital Letter S With Caron And Dot Above || Latin Small Letter S With Caron And Dot Above || Latin Capital Letter T With Caron || Latin Small Letter T With Caron || Latin Capital Letter U With Caron || Latin Small Letter U With Caron || Latin Capital Letter U With Diaeresis And Caron
-|-
-| || || || || || || || || || '''Note:''' The caron looks actually like an apostrophe placed to the right of the ascender of the t. || || ||
-|-
-| style="font-size:180%" | ǚ || style="font-size:180%" | Ž || style="font-size:180%" | ž || style="font-size:180%" | Ǯ || style="font-size:180%" | ǯ
-|-
-| U+01DA || U+017D || U+017E || U+01EE || U+01EF
-|-
-| Latin Small Letter U With Diaeresis And Caron || Latin Capital Letter Z With Caron || Latin Small Letter Z With Caron || Latin Capital Letter Ezh With Caron || Latin Small Letter Ezh With Caron
-|}
-Caron is also known as háček or haček. It originated from [[Natlang_Uses_of_Diacritics_in_the_Latin_Alphabet#Dot_Above|dot above]] in Czech orthography.[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caron#Origin] Note that the caron is easily confused with the similar looking [[Natlang_Uses_of_Diacritics_in_the_Latin_Alphabet#Breve|breve]] ˘, especially in small font sizes.
-{| class="wikitable"
-|+ Uses of Caron
-! Usage
-! Language
-! Letters
-! Notes
-|-
-| Change of manner of articulation
-| [[Wikipedia:Czech_language|Czech]]
-| Řř /r̝/
-| This is a raised non-sonorant trill. Unaccented Rr stands for /r/.[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czech_language#Consonants]
-|-
-| rowspan=2 | Palatal phoneme
-| [[Wikipedia:Czech_language|Czech]]
-| Ďď /ɟ/, Ěě /(j)ɛ/, Ňň /ɲ/, Ťť /c/
-| Ěě stands for an /ɛ/ that makes a previous Dd, Nn, Tt be /ɟ, ɲ, c/, a previous Bb, Ff, Pp, Vv be /bj, fj, pj, vj/, and a previous Mm /mɲ/. This letter is not found in other positions.[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czech_orthography#Letter_.C4.9A]
-|-
-| [[Wikipedia:Slovak_language|Slovak]]
-| Ďď /ɟ/, Ľľ /ʎ/, Ňň /ɲ/, Ťť /c/
-| In Slovak handwriting ď, ľ and ť have an actual caron instead of an apostrophe.[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slovak_language#Orthography]
-|-
-| rowspan=3 | Postalveolar consonant
-| [[Wikipedia:Czech_language|Czech]], [[Wikipedia:Latgalian_language|Latgalian]], [[Wikipedia:Latvian_language|Latvian]]
-| Čč /tʃ/, Šš /ʃ/, Žž /ʒ/
-| Unaccented Cc stands for /ts/ in Czech, Latvian and Latgalian.
-|-
-| [[Wikipedia:Livonian_language|Livonian]]
-| Šš /ʃ/, Žž /ʒ/
-|
-|-
-| [[Wikipedia:Slovak_language|Slovak]]
-| Čč /tʃ/, DŽdž /dʒ/, Šš /ʃ/, Žž /ʒ/
-|
 |}