Novial: Difference between revisions
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==Morphology== | ==Morphology== | ||
The grammar of Novial largely follows [[Standard Average European]] patterns. ''Nouns'' are inflected only for plural (suffix '''-s''', '''-es''' after consonant). Nouns denoting males end in '''-o''', nouns denoting females end in '''-a''', nouns denoting beings of either sex end in '''-e'''. | The grammar of Novial largely follows [[Standard Average European]] patterns. ''Nouns'' are inflected only for plural (suffix '''-s''', '''-es''' after consonant) and genitive ('''–(e)n'''). Nouns denoting males end in '''-o''', nouns denoting females end in '''-a''', nouns denoting beings of either sex end in '''-e'''. | ||
Adjectives end in '''–i''', adverbs in '''–im'''. | |||
The definite ''article'' is an indeclinable '''li'''. The ''personal pronouns'' are: | The definite ''article'' is an indeclinable '''li'''. The ''personal pronouns'' are: | ||
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|colspan="2"|on | |colspan="2"|on | ||
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Like nouns, pronouns take genitive '''–(e)n'''. | |||
''Verbs'' form tenses with auxiliary verbs: | ''Verbs'' form tenses with auxiliary verbs: | ||
Revision as of 00:40, 7 March 2018
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| Novial | |
| Spoken in: | various countries |
| Timeline/Universe: | international auxiliary language |
| Total speakers: | ca. 1000 |
| Genealogical classification: | a posteriori
|
| Basic word order: | SVO |
| Morphological type: | agglutinating > isolating |
| Morphosyntactic alignment: | accusative |
| Created by: | |
| Otto Jespersen | 1928 |
Novial is an international auxiliary language designed by the Danish linguist Otto Jespersen, published in 1928. Novial is thus the only major auxlang designed by an academic linguist. It is a moderately naturalistic a posteriori language based on the major languages of Europe, mainly the Romance languages.
Novial never had a large speaker base, but a small international community exists.
Phonology
Consonants
| Labial | Alveolar | Postalveolar | Velar | Glottal | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Stops | p b | t d | tʃ~ʃ dʒ~ʒ | k g | |
| Fricatives | f v | s~z | h | ||
| Nasals | m | n | |||
| Liquids and Semivowel | l r | j |
Vowels
| Front | Central | Back | |
|---|---|---|---|
| High | i | u | |
| Mid | e | o | |
| Low | a |
Morphology
The grammar of Novial largely follows Standard Average European patterns. Nouns are inflected only for plural (suffix -s, -es after consonant) and genitive (–(e)n). Nouns denoting males end in -o, nouns denoting females end in -a, nouns denoting beings of either sex end in -e.
Adjectives end in –i, adverbs in –im.
The definite article is an indeclinable li. The personal pronouns are:
| Singular | Plural | |
|---|---|---|
| 1st person | me | nus |
| 2nd person | vu | vus |
| 3rd person, masculine | lo | los |
| 3rd person, feminine | la | las |
| 3rd person, common | le | les |
| 3rd person, neuter | lu | lus |
| Impersonal | on | |
Like nouns, pronouns take genitive –(e)n.
Verbs form tenses with auxiliary verbs:
| Tense | Auxiliary |
|---|---|
| Past | did |
| Future | sal |
| Conditional | vud |
| Perfect | ha |
The past tense can also be expressed by a suffix -(e)d.
There are two passives. The "become" passive is formed by the auxiliary bli and the uninflected verb. The "be" passive is formed by the auxiliary es and the past participle (suffix -(e)t.
External link
- Novial-Informatione by James Chandler, in Novial and English.
| This article is part of a series on International Auxiliary Languages. Romance-based Auxlangs: Aercant * Atlango * Interlingua * Latin Nov * Novial * Occidental (Interlingue) * Panroman * Romanal |
