Proto-Uralic: Difference between revisions
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{| | {| | ||
! colspan="2"|2nd →<br/>1st ↓ | ! colspan="2"|2nd →<br/>1st ↓ | ||
! p !! t !! č !! k !! s !! ś !! ð !! l !! r !! w !! j !! m !! n !! ŋ | ! p !! t !! č !! k !! s !! ś !! š !! ð !! l !! r !! w !! j !! m !! n !! ŋ | ||
! ∑ | ! ∑ | ||
! width="25"| !! Notes !! width="25"| !! Frequency color code | ! width="25"| !! Notes !! width="25"| !! Frequency color code | ||
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! m | ! m | ||
| mp <!--lämpi-->|| style="background:#ffffe0"| mt <!--omti tumti---> || || | | mp <!--lämpi-->|| style="background:#ffffe0"| mt <!--omti tumti---> || || | ||
| ms <!--pImsimi-->|| style="background:#ffffe0"| mś <!--n'ims'a kums'i; Häkk. kuxs'i-->|| | | ms <!--pImsimi-->|| style="background:#ffffe0"| mś <!--n'ims'a kums'i; Häkk. kuxs'i-->|| || | ||
| colspan="2" rowspan="3" align="center" valign="center" style="background:#f0f0f0"| N/A | | colspan="2" rowspan="3" align="center" valign="center" style="background:#f0f0f0"| N/A | ||
| colspan="5" rowspan=" | | colspan="5" rowspan="10" align="center" valign="center" style="background:#f0f0f0"| N/A | ||
| 6 | | 6 | ||
| || mostly i-stems except *ńimśa | | || mostly i-stems except *ńimśa | ||
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! n | ! n | ||
| || style="background:#fff0c0"| nt <!--tanti- konta- lUnta kënta-->|| style="background:#ffc8c0"| nč <!--kyntSi n'antSa pantSa pontSa wantSa tSantSi--> || | | || style="background:#fff0c0"| nt <!--tanti- konta- lUnta kënta-->|| style="background:#ffc8c0"| nč <!--kyntSi n'antSa pantSa pontSa wantSa tSantSi--> || | ||
| || style="background:#fff0c0"| nś <!--ons'a luns'a kuns'i-->|| | | style="background:#c0f0ff"| || style="background:#fff0c0"| nś <!--ons'a luns'a kuns'i-->|| … || | ||
| 13 | | 13 | ||
| || mostly back-harmonic a-stems | | || mostly back-harmonic a-stems | ||
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! ŋ | ! ŋ | ||
| || style="background:#ffffe0"| ŋt <!--oNti uNta--> || || style="background:#ffc8c0"| ŋk <!--jäNka s'äNki s'aNka woNki pëNka---> | | || style="background:#ffffe0"| ŋt <!--oNti uNta--> || || style="background:#ffc8c0"| ŋk <!--jäNka s'äNki s'aNka woNki pëNka---> | ||
| ŋs <!--jUNsi--> || ŋś <!--sa/äNs'a--> || | | ŋs <!--jUNsi--> || ŋś <!--sa/äNs'a--> || … || | ||
| 9 | | 9 | ||
| || back-harmonic or *ä | | || back-harmonic or *ä | ||
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! p | ! p | ||
| pp <!--säppa-->|| style="background:#ffffe0"| pt <!--jupta- ëpti-->|| || | | pp <!--säppa-->|| style="background:#ffffe0"| pt <!--jupta- ëpti-->|| || | ||
| style="background:#ffffe0"| ps <!--ipsi kupsa--->|| pś <!--lëps'i-->|| pð <!--däpdä--> | | style="background:#ffffe0"| ps <!--ipsi kupsa--->|| pś <!--lëps'i-->|| … || pð <!--däpdä--> | ||
| … || | | … || | ||
| 7 | | 7 | ||
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! t | ! t | ||
| || … || || style="background:#fff0c0"| tk <!--kätki- kytki- tytki---> | | || … || || style="background:#fff0c0"| tk <!--kätki- kytki- tytki---> | ||
| || || | | || || || | ||
| || | | || | ||
| 3 | | 3 | ||
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! č | ! č | ||
| || … || || čk <!--putSki--> | | || … || || čk <!--putSki--> | ||
| || || | | || || || | ||
| … || | | … || | ||
| 1 | | 1 | ||
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! k | ! k | ||
| || style="background:#fff0c0"| kt <!--kakta tUkta tUkti ïkta-->|| … || kk <!--lükka--> | | || style="background:#fff0c0"| kt <!--kakta tUkta tUkti ïkta-->|| … || kk <!--lükka--> | ||
| style="background:#fff0c0"| ks <!--peksa- suksi mïksa-->|| style="background:#fff0c0"| kś <!--s'üks'i n'uks'i n'ëks'imi-->|| | | style="background:#fff0c0"| ks <!--peksa- suksi mïksa-->|| style="background:#fff0c0"| kś <!--s'üks'i n'uks'i n'ëks'imi-->|| … || | ||
| … || … | | … || … | ||
| 11 | | 11 | ||
|- | |- | ||
! rowspan=" | ! rowspan="3" valign="center" style="background:#f0f0f0"| S | ||
! s | ! s | ||
| || … || || style="background:#ffffe0"| sk <!--poski soski--> | | || … || || style="background:#ffffe0"| sk <!--poski soski--> | ||
| colspan=" | | colspan="6" rowspan="7" align="center" valign="center" style="background:#f0f0f0"| N/A | ||
| 2 | | 2 | ||
| || both o_i | | || both o_i | ||
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| 4 | | 4 | ||
| || mostly i-stems + *wäśka | | || mostly i-stems + *wäśka | ||
|- | |||
! š | |||
| || … || || … | |||
| … | |||
|- | |- | ||
! rowspan="3" valign="center" style="background:#f0f0f0"| L | ! rowspan="3" valign="center" style="background:#f0f0f0"| L | ||
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! x | ! x | ||
| || style="background:#ffffe0"| xt? <!--wixti kuxti-->|| (xč) <!--oxtSi-->|| style="background:#c0f0ff"| | | || style="background:#ffffe0"| xt? <!--wixti kuxti-->|| (xč) <!--oxtSi-->|| style="background:#c0f0ff"| | ||
| xs? <!--koxsi - or kowsi?-->|| || (xð) <!--oxdi--> | | xs? <!--koxsi - or kowsi?-->|| || || (xð) <!--oxdi--> | ||
| style="background:#f0c0f0"| xl <!--käxli pexli n'exli koxli n'oxli poxli woxli kUxli tuxli n'ëxli-->|| (xr) <!--woxri - or woori, cf. IE-->|| || style="background:#ffffe0"| xj <!--sexji (woxji)--> | | style="background:#f0c0f0"| xl <!--käxli pexli n'exli koxli n'oxli poxli woxli kUxli tuxli n'ëxli-->|| (xr) <!--woxri - or woori, cf. IE-->|| || style="background:#ffffe0"| xj <!--sexji (woxji)--> | ||
| style="background:#fff0c0"| xm <!--läxmi d'ëxmi s'ëxmi-->|| xn <!--sëxni--> || | | style="background:#fff0c0"| xm <!--läxmi d'ëxmi s'ëxmi-->|| xn <!--sëxni--> || | ||
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! rowspan="2" valign="center" style="background:#f0f0f0"| sV | ! rowspan="2" valign="center" style="background:#f0f0f0"| sV | ||
! w | ! w | ||
| colspan=" | | || … || colspan="5" rowspan="2" align="center" valign="center" style="background:#f0f0f0"| N/A? | ||
| style="background:#ffffe0"| wð <!--käwdi täwdi---> | | style="background:#ffffe0"| wð <!--käwdi täwdi---> | ||
| wl <!--lewli-->|| || || wj <!--jewji--> | | wl <!--lewli-->|| || || wj <!--jewji--> | ||
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|- | |- | ||
! j | ! j | ||
| | | … || … || | ||
| || … || style="background:#fff0c0"| jw <!--päjwa kajwa ojwa--> || … | | || … || style="background:#fff0c0"| jw <!--päjwa kajwa ojwa--> || … | ||
| jm <!--äjmä-->|| … || style="background:#ffffe0"| jŋ <!--wajNi ajNi--> | | jm <!--äjmä-->|| … || style="background:#ffffe0"| jŋ <!--wajNi ajNi--> | ||
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! colspan="2" align="center"| ∑ | ! colspan="2" align="center"| ∑ | ||
| 4 || 17 || 7 || 31 | | 4 || 17 || 7 || 31 | ||
| 8 || 10 || 4 | | 8 || 10 || … || 4 | ||
| 11 || (1) || 8 || 5 | | 11 || (1) || 8 || 5 | ||
| 10 || 1 || 4 | | 10 || 1 || 4 | ||
|} | |} | ||
Not all blank'd cells were necessarily impossible: some roots of limited distribution have examples of | Not all blank'd cells were necessarily impossible: some roots of limited distribution have examples of *kč, *pš, *kš, *pl, '''*ćl''', *čl, *kl, *kr, *tt, *čt, *st, *śt, *št, *šk, '''*ćk''', *nš, *ŋš, *lp, *lč, *ln, *rč, *rj, *rn, *rŋ, *jp, *jt, *jr, *jj, *jń, *wt (mark'd with an ellipsis in the table where applicable, others bolded). | ||
[[Category:Natlangs]] | [[Category:Natlangs]] | ||
[[Category:Reconstructed languages]] | [[Category:Reconstructed languages]] | ||
Revision as of 18:50, 15 December 2010
Fully a work in progress. Mistakes may occur.
Abbreviations used on these pages: B. = Baltic, Cf. = 'compare', En = Enets, Er. = Erźa, Es. = Estonian, F. = Finnish, Gmc. = Germanic, H. = Hungarian, Hi. = Hill Mari, IA = Indo-Aryan, IE = Indo-European, K. = Komi, Ka. = Kamass, Kh. = Khanty, Li. = Livonian, Ma. = Mari, Me. = Meadow Mari, Mk. = Mokša, Mo. = Mordvinic, Ms. = Mansi, N = North, Ne. = Nenets, Ng. = Nganasan, P. = Permic, PU = Proto-Uralic, S. = Samic, South, Se. = Selkup, Smy. = Samoyedic, U. = Udmurt, Ve. = Veps, Võ. = South Estonian (Võro)
Development
- Sound changes to Finnish
- Sound changes to Proto-Samic
- Sound changes to Proto-Samoyedic
Data subpages
| *i • *ü • *u |
| reduced vowels? • remaining cases of *e • *o |
| back unrounded vowels *a *ë • *ä |
| Known derivativs with -kA • -mA • Potential derivativs • Cluster issues |
Reconstructed phoneme inventory
Vowels: */i ü u e ë o ä a/ in the initial syllable. Only a two-way height-based contrast */I A/ is reconstructed in later syllables, which may have been realized as [i æ] after front vowels and [ɯ ɑ] after back vowels (ie. with vowel harmony); or as unalternating [i a]. Mid values [e ~ ə ~ ɤ] for */I/ are also possible.
It is furthermore unclear if (1st-syllable) *ë was [ɯ] or [ɤ], and *a [ɑ] or [ɒ], but substitution of Indo-Iranian *a by *ë in loans suggests the latter values (unless these particular words are newer loans.)
Two "reduced" or "semi-rounded" vowels */ê ô/ have been proposed recently.
Consonants: nasals */m n ń ŋ/, voiceless stops/affricates */p t ć č k/, voiceless sibilants */s ś š/, a "laryngeal" *x (likely a voiceless velar fricativ & a recent pre-Uralic split from *k), two "spirants" */ð ðʲ/, two liquids */l r/ and two semivowels */w j/.
*ć (as distinct from *ś?) and *š (as original Proto-Uralic?) are reconstructed less securely than the other consonants. A palatal liquid *ĺ is also found in old reconstructions, but the etyma involved do not really behave. The "palatal spirant" may be the actual palatal liquid; obstruent reflexes are limited to western branches, and external comparisions generally involve laterals. The dental spirant, while also merging with *l in most branches, is however certainly distinct.
A notable distributional feature was that *ŋ, *x and probably *ð, *r could not occur word-initially.
Roots generally had the form (C)V(C)C{A I}, with initial stress; in pronouns and prepositions and the copula also CV; and a single lone-V root, the negativ verb *e-
Basic consonant correspondences (gradation not included in Finno-Samic):
| C | Finnic | Samic | Mo. | Mari | Permic | Hung. | Ms. | Kh. | Smy. | Comments |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| *m | *m | *m | m, v | *m | *m | m, -v- | *m | *m | *m | Sporadic lenition in Mo, H. |
| *n | *n | *n | n, ń- / _F | *n, *-ń- / F_F |
*n | n | *n | *n | *n | |
| *ń | *ń | ń, n- /#_B |
*ń | ń | *ń | *ń | *ń | |||
| *-ŋ | *v, *ː | *ŋ | j / F_, v / B_ |
*ŋ | ń / F_, n / C_, m / B_ |
g | *ŋk | *ŋk | *ŋ | Irregularly split in ObU. (the more general development is *ŋk) Retained in some Erzya & Udmurt dialects |
| *ŋ | *ŋ | |||||||||
| *w | *v | v | *w | *v | v, -ː- | *w | *w | *w | ||
| *-w- | *ɣ | *ɣ | ∅ | |||||||
| *-x- | *ː | *k | j | ∅ | ∅ | |||||
| *-k- | *k | j, v | g | ∅ | Mordvinic split by vowel backness/frontness | |||||
| *k | k | *k | *k, *g | k, h /_B | *k | *k | *k | Stop voicing irregularly split in P. | ||
| *p | *p | *p | p, -v- | *p | *p, *b | f, -v- | *p | *p | *p | |
| *č | *t, *h | *c | č | *č | *č, *dž | č, š | *š | *č | *č | |
| *ć | *s | *č | ś | *ć ? | *ć, *dź | s, č | *s, *š | *s, *ť | *s | |
| *ś | ś, -ź- | *š | *ś, *-ź- | s | *s | |||||
| *s | *s | s, -z- | *s, *-z- | ∅ | *t | *ɬ | *t | |||
| *š | *h | š, -ž- | *š, *-ž- | |||||||
| *t | *t | *t | t, -d- tʲ, -dʲ- |
*t, *-d- | *t, *d | t, -z- | *t | |||
| *ðʲ | *ð | *l | *ĺ | ɟ | *ĺ | *j | *j | |||
| *ð | *l, *-d- | *l | l | *l | *l, *-ɬ- | *r | ||||
| *l | *l | *l | l | *l | *l, *j | |||||
| *j | *j, *ː | *j | j | *j | *j | j, ɟ | *j | *j | *j | |
| *r | *r | *r | r | *r | *r | r | *r | *r | *r |
Medial consonant clusters
Words included chiefly from appendix from this: http://urn.fi/URN:NBN:fi-fe20071746 (see comments in table code)
CF: http://books.google.fi/books?id=TM2NQ78dP2wC&pg=PA492&dq=phonotactics+of+PFU
| 2nd → 1st ↓ |
p | t | č | k | s | ś | š | ð | l | r | w | j | m | n | ŋ | ∑ | Notes | Frequency color code | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| N | m | mp | mt | ms | mś | N/A | N/A | 6 | mostly i-stems except *ńimśa | single root | |||||||||||
| n | nt | nč | nś | … | 13 | mostly back-harmonic a-stems | two roots | ||||||||||||||
| ŋ | ŋt | ŋk | ŋs | ŋś | … | 9 | back-harmonic or *ä | 3-4 roots | |||||||||||||
| P | p | pp | pt | ps | pś | … | pð | … | 7 | 5-6 roots | |||||||||||
| t | … | tk | 3 | all front-harmonic i-stems | ~10 roots | ||||||||||||||||
| č | … | čk | … | 1 | Most suspiciously none | ||||||||||||||||
| k | kt | … | kk | ks | kś | … | … | … | 11 | ||||||||||||
| S | s | … | sk | N/A | 2 | both o_i | |||||||||||||||
| ś | … | śk | 4 | mostly i-stems + *wäśka | |||||||||||||||||
| š | … | … | … | ||||||||||||||||||
| L | l | … | lt | … | lk | lw | lj | lm | … | lŋ | 21 | *lw *lj only a-stems; *lt may be derived ← *-lk-t- | |||||||||
| lʲ | lʲk | 1 | |||||||||||||||||||
| r | rp | rt | … | rk | rw | … | rm | … | … | 10 | mostly back-harmonic | ||||||||||
| (?) | ðʲ | ðʲk | ðʲw | 2 | |||||||||||||||||
| x | xt? | (xč) | xs? | (xð) | xl | (xr) | xj | xm | xn | 22 | i-stems only, some may be loans with long vowels | ||||||||||
| sV | w | … | N/A? | wð | wl | wj | wŋ | 5 | after e ä a only | ||||||||||||
| j | … | … | … | jw | … | jm | … | jŋ | 6 | after ä a o only | |||||||||||
| ∑ | 4 | 17 | 7 | 31 | 8 | 10 | … | 4 | 11 | (1) | 8 | 5 | 10 | 1 | 4 | ||||||
Not all blank'd cells were necessarily impossible: some roots of limited distribution have examples of *kč, *pš, *kš, *pl, *ćl, *čl, *kl, *kr, *tt, *čt, *st, *śt, *št, *šk, *ćk, *nš, *ŋš, *lp, *lč, *ln, *rč, *rj, *rn, *rŋ, *jp, *jt, *jr, *jj, *jń, *wt (mark'd with an ellipsis in the table where applicable, others bolded).
