Háfrig: Difference between revisions

Revision as of 13:55, 8 March 2009

General information - Óroil śíre

The flag of the Háfrig (Avorenta) language

Háfrig [IPA: ˈhaːfrig] (other names: Háfrigerrak [ˈhaːfrigˌɛrːɒk], HGE or Avorenta [ˈɒvorɛntɒ]) is a constructed language created by Attila Répai in 2008. The word ’háfrigerrak’ means ’secret language’, as in the beginning it was used for making secret notes. Its grammar is based on the Hungarian language, therefore it is an agglutinating language. Its dictionary contains over 2100 words, most of them are ficticious, but a few derive from Turkish, Lithuanian, Latin, Germanic and Celtic languages.

The main advantages of HGE:

It has a logical grammar without a lot of exceptions.
Its vocabulary can be enlarged without restraint because we can form a large amount of words with suffixes.
Words are easy to pronounce.
We can express long English sentences very briefly.
eg. 'I and you could have taken them back down to the cellar' = Ájdivvélüstivemó l-ármoga.
We can express slight differences of importance with word order.
eg. I vínor ővixe gefűleó ha fereneldum. = 'When I was walking on the street, I saw one of my friends.'
A fereneldum gefűleó hi vínor ővixe. = 'When I was walking on the street, I saw one of my friends.'
Ővixe hi vínor gefűleó ha fereneldum. = 'When I was walking on the street, I saw one of my friends.'
Gefűleó ha fereneldum i vínor ővixe. = 'When I was walking on the street, I saw one of my friends.'

Alphabet and pronounciation - Abece het átcórán

The alphabet of the Háfrigvotán (HGV) script

HGE is originally written with a unique script called Háfrigvotán [IPA: ˈhaːfrigˌvotaːn] (HGV) but the latin alphabet is more widely used.

Vowels
Short	a	â	e	ê/ä	i	o	ö	u	ü/y
Short	ɒ/a	a	ɛ	e	i	o	ø	u	y
Long	á		é		í	ó	ő	ú	ű/ý
Long	aː		eː		iː	oː	øː	uː	yː

Consonants
Voiced	b	d	dz	(dź)	g	v	z	(ź)	j	l	m	n	ń	q	r	w
Voiced	b	d	ʣ	ʤ	g	v	z	ʒ	j	l	m	n	ɲ	k/ʦ	r	w
Unvoiced	p	t	c	ć	k	f	s	ś									h	ch	x
Unvoiced	p	t	ʦ	ʧ	k	f	s	ʃ									h	ç/x	ks

Notes:

Dź and ź appear only in foreign words.
Q is pronounced as [k] before a, â, á, o, ó, u, ú and [ʦ] before e, ê, é, i, í, ö, ő, ü, ű.

Linking vowels and consonants - Roêndögarce

We use them to avoid consonant or vowel clusters.

Between words and suffixes we use a definite linking vowel (see below)
Between any types of words we use h- or ö- (eg. mínisse h-effár, ortend ö-gnu)

That's why HGE has 6 forms of the words i ('the'), e ('and') and a ('a/an').

	i		a		e
V - V	hil l-	réve hil afallum réve l-afallum	had d-	réve had afallum réve d-afallum	het t-	tága het esne tága t-esne
V - C	hi	réve hi piktum	ha	réve ha piktum	he	tága he kecán
C - V	il i h-	révest il afallum révest i h-afallum	ad a h-	révest ad afallum révest a h-afallum	et e h-	kecán et esne kecán e h-esne
C - C	i	révest i piktum	a	révest a piktum	e	kecán e tága

Grammar - Errakniff

Nouns and adjectives - Hênmisse he nilganmisse

Like Hungarian, HGE is an agglutinaing language. Nouns and adjectives can be in 18 cases either singular or in plural. Words does not have gender. Nouns can be divided into 5 groups:

Nouns ending in a consonant (eg. hutt 'house')
a-stem (eg. capta 'room')
e-stem (eg. pikte 'bag')
i-stem (eg. zülti 'thing')
u-stem (eg. histu 'news')

Suffixes have two types:

Suffixes starting with a vowel (eg. -um, -áma)
Suffixes starting with a consonant (These suffixes also have a linking vowel, which is to be used after a consonant. (eg. -(e)n, -(é)ti)

If you add a suffix starting with a vowel to a noun ending in a vowel, the original vowel at the end of the word disappears (eg. capta + -iri > capt- + -iri > captiri). If the final vowel and the suffix is the same, we write a long vowel instead of both (eg. histu + -u > histú). We don't use a linking vowel after words ending in an N, R or L (eg. veffel + -(i)s > veffels). The ending -S changes into a -Z and -AU/-EU changes into -AW/-EW (eg. katas + -um > katazum, bláneu > blánewio).

Case	Hungarian suffix	HGE suffix (singular)	Example	HGE suffix (plural)	Example
Nominative	-	-	hutt, capta	-e	hutte, capte
Accusative	-t	-um	huttum, captum	-u	huttu, captu
Genitive	-nak	-(i)s	huttis, captas	(i)sse	huttisse, captasse
Dative	-nak	-áj	huttáj, captáj	-o	hutto, capto
Instrumental-comitative	-val	-(e)n	hutten, captan	-(é)ne	hutténe, captáne
Causal-final	-ért	-ad	huttad, captad	-áde	huttáde, captáde
Translative	-vá	-uá	huttuá, captuá	-ué	huttué, captué
Terminative	-ig	-(é)ti	huttéti, captáti	-(é)te	huttéte, captáte
Essive-formal/modal	-ként / -ül	-oj	huttoj, captoj	-ówe	huttówe, captówe
Inessive	-ban	-io	huttio, captio	-eo	hutteo, capteo
Adessive	-nál	-ómo / -om	huttómo, captómo	-óme	huttóme, camtóme
Superessive	-on	-óro / -or	huttóro, captóro	-óre	huttóre, captóre
Elative	-ból	-i	hutti, capti	-ei	huttei, captei
Ablative	-tól	-ími / -im	huttími, captími	-íme	huttíme, captíme
Delative	-ról	-íri / -ir(i)	huttíri, captíri	-íre	huttíre, captíre
Illative	-ba	-a	hutta, captá	-ea	huttea, captea
Allative	-hoz	-áma / -am	huttáma, captáma	-áme	huttáme, captáme
Sublative	-ra	-ára / -ar	huttára, captára	-áre	huttáre, captáre

Comparison - Pűronán

In HGE, we can compare not only adjectives, but every types of words.

	Singular nominative		Stem
superlative	-iś	il iskéniś ('the most beautiful')	-iśś-	iskéniśś-
comparative	-ér	iskénér ('more beautiful')	-ér-	iskénér-
base form	-	iskén ('beautiful')	-	iskén-
negative comparative	-eri	iskéneri ('less beautiful')	-err-	iskénerr-
negative superlative	-eś	il iskéneś ('the least beautiful')	-eśś-	iskéneśś-

Samle sentences:

Comparison of adjectives: Árpád ö-śűdér, sir Romulâs. / Árpád ö-śűdér Romulázom. ('Árpád is taller than Romulus.')
Comparison of nouns: Mes jamattu Árpádér, sir i tis. ('My statue looks like Árpád more than yours.' Literally: 'My statue is more Árpád than the yours')
Comparison of verbs: I vittegum mítiśśe. ('I like spring the best')

Verbs - Dífekke

Verbs have three forms: D1 for present, D2 for past and D3 for future. There are three tenses (present, past, future) and four moods (declarative, conditional, conjunctive, imperative). Past tense is formed with the suffix -ó and future tense is formed with the suffix -á added to the conjugated D1 form. As there are only verbs ending in a consonant, we can add the suffixes without any changes. When we use the imperative, we put the personal pronoun or its short form before the D1 form of the verb.

	Declarative	Conditional	Imperative 1 Conjunctive	Imperative 2
SG1	-e	-ive	-ez	-
SG2	-i	-ivi	-iz	ti-- / t'-
SG3a (general)	-	-iv	-oz	ho-- / h'-
SG3b (masculine)	-og	-ivog	-ox	hog--
SG3c (feminine)	-a	-iva	-az	hag--
PL1a (general)	-am	-ivam	-anz	ke-- / k'-
PL1b (SG1+SG2/PL2)	-em	-ivem	-enz	ken--
PL1c (SG1+SG3/PL3)	-um	-ivum	-unz	kun--
PL2	-in	-ivin	-inz	du-- / d'-
PL3	-est	-ivest	-edz	ve-- / v'-

The verb ren ('to be') is also regular.

	Declarative			Conditional			Imperative 1 Conjunctive
	present	past	future	present	past	future	present	future
SG1	re	reó	reá	rive	riveó	riveá	rez	rezá
SG2	ri	rió	riá	rivi	rivió	riviá	riz	rizá
SG3a	ro	ró	rá	riv	rivó	rivá	roz	rozá
SG3b	rog	rogó	rogá	rivog	rivogó	rivogá	rox	roxá
SG3c	ra	ragó	ragá	riva	rivagó	rivagá	raz	razá
PL1a	ram	ramó	ramá	rivam	rivamó	rivamá	ranz	ranzá
PL1b	rem	remó	remá	rivem	rivemó	rivemá	renz	renzá
PL1c	rum	rumó	rumá	rivum	rivumó	rivumá	runz	runzá
PL2	rin	rinó	riná	rivin	rivinó	riviná	rinz	rinzá
PL3	rest	restó	restá	rivest	rivestó	rivestá	redz	redzá

Passive voice - Gandífend fóda

Form: D1 + -u / -tu (after L, N, R) + the correct form of ren (it can be omitted in SG3 in present tense). Sample sentences:

Ille kataze mőr pellu beres ovvertu restó. ('These books are read by many children)
La pemúr gerévu. ('That picture is seen.')

The object of the action - I dífáns deveri

Instead of using the accusative form of the personal pronoun, we can use the possessive suffix. Sample sentences:

Réve veum. > Révüste. ('I watch them.')
Ovvélivestó meum il ükóla. > Ovvéleldivestó l-ükóla. ('They could have taken me to the school.')

Pronouns - Elongömisse

Personal, possessive and reflexive pronouns - Mínâl, ájdánâl et ájkámüssend elongömisse

	Personal pronoun	Possessive pronoun	Possessive suffix	Reflexive pronoun
SG1	me / iss	mes	-eld	fed
SG2	ti	tis	-ild	fid
SG3a (general)	ho	hos	-old	fod
SG3b (masculine)	hog	hox / hos	-old	fod
SG3c (feminine)	hag	hax / has	-ald	fad
PL1a (general)	ke	kes	-and	fam
PL1b (SG1 + SG2/PL2)	ken	kens	-end	fem
PL1c (SG1 + SG3/PL3)	kun	kuns	-und	fum
PL2	du	dus	-ind	fin
PL3	ve	ves	-üst	fest

We decline personal pronouns like nouns. Exceptions are listed below:

The accusative form of the pronouns me, ti and ve contains the final vowel: meum, tium, veum.
The elative form of ti and ho are written with a long í: tí, hí. (to avoid confusing them with ti ('you') and hi ('the')).

Possessive pronouns are simply the genitive forms of personal pronouns.

Demonstrative pronouns - Kívend elongömisse

There are three types of demonstrative pronouns:

Demonstrative pronouns referring to a near object
Demonstrative pronouns referring to a distant object
General demonstrative pronouns

Demonstrative pronouns referring to near or distant objects
	this	that	this kind of	that kind of	as large as this	as large as that	so much/many (near)	so much/many (distant)
	ill	la	nix	nax	fex	fax	vis	vas
a-	all	ala	anix	anax	afex	afax	avis	avas
e-	ell	ela	enix	enax	efex	efax	evis	evas

The prefix a- means 'the same'.

-¿Óle d-elong ö-katazum veri? -Gan, sítle h-alum. ('-Are you reading another book? -No, I'm still reading the same one.') Note that ala, which refers to a distant object, is used, because it's from the view of the person who asked the question.
Illio h-üsmegio h-avas afal ro, sir il elongio. ('There are as many apples in this basket than in the other.')

The prefix e- means 'the other'.

-¿Illu bissiru genéqwidamá? -Gan, ellu. ('-Shall we buy these newspapers? -No, the others (which are these ones).')

General demonstrative pronouns are the same as the noun suffixes. Singular nominative form is ü or y.

Case	Singular	Plural
Nominative	ü / y	e
Accusative	um	u
Genitive	is	isse
Dative	áj	o
Instrumental-comitative	en	éne
Causal-final	âd	áde
Translative	wá	wé
'Terminative	éti	éte
Essive-formal/modal	oj	ówe
Inessive	io / jo	eo
Adessive	om	óme
Superessive	or	óre
Elative	í	ei
Ablative	im	íme
Delative	ir	íre
Illative	á	ea
Allative	am	áme
Sublative	ar	áre

They are used when distance of the object isn't important or it doesn't refer to a phisical object (eg. emotions, colours, numbers or whole clauses).

Śurvoteó hi jorqum, ginćo h-offergetez um. ('I wrote down the number, so that I won't forget it.')

Interrogative, relative, indefinite and general pronouns - Qwinkonend, roênend, ogadireńńa t-óroil elongömisse

		What?	Who?	Which?	What kind?	How large?	What sort?	How many? (cardinal number)	How many? (ordinal number)	How many? (fraction)
Interrogative		for	qwin	fil	nil	fál	gen	vil	vix	vić
Relative	-l	forl / foll	qwil	fill	nill	fáll	genil	vill	vixil	vićil
Relative	la-	lafor	laqwin	lafil	lanil	lafál	lagen	lavil	lavix	lavić
Indefinite	vo-	vofor	voqwin	vofil	vonil	vofál	vogen	vovil	vovix	vović
Indefinite	će-	ćefor	-	ćefil	-	-	ćegen	ćevil	ćevix	ćević
General	-eńńa	f(o)reńńa	qwi(le)ńńa	fi(le)ńńa	ni(le)ńńa	fáleńńa	geneńńa	vi(le)ńńa	vixeńńa	vićeńńa
	-tál	fortál	qwintál	filtál	niltál	fáltál	gentál	viltál	vixtál	vićtál
	-ven	forven	qwíven	-	-	-	géven	-	-	-

Meaning of the prefixes/suffixes:

će- = 'some of ...'
-¿Fíven maun hítum putt? -Gan, or ćefil. ('-Is every men wearing a hat? -No, only some of them.')
-eńńa = 'no-'
eg. foreńńa = 'nothing', qwińńa = 'nobody', vileńńa = 'none'
-tál = 'any-'
eg. fortál = 'anything', qwintál = 'anyone', viltál = 'no matter how much/many'
-ven = 'every-'
eg. forven = 'everything', qwíven = 'everybody'.

Adverbs - Potessöcorge

Adverbs from verbs, nouns and adjectives - Potessöcorge dífekkei he hênmissei

Adverbs are formed with the suffix -at. Examples:

Verb > Adverb
rip ('run') > ripat ('running') Ripat ámogó. ('He arrived running.')
Noun > Adverb
teuta ('German') > teutat ('in German') Teutat lauma. ('She spoke in German.')
Consonant stem adjective > Adverb
felt ('good') > feltat ('well') ¡Geniffiz um feltat! ('Learn this well.')
Vowel stem adjective > Adverb
ferme ('warm') > fermat ('warmly') I pindrio hi míne fermat ö-tissest. ('People dress warmly in winter.')

Pronoun-adverbs - Elongömissál potessöcorge

Pronoun-adverbs are adverbs which have some common features with pronouns, for example they can get the same prefixes/suffixes.

		Where?	To where?	From where?	To which direction?	From which direction?	When?	When? (at ... o'clock)	How?
Interrogative		ós	ósa	ósi	ósar	ósir	ênn	vik	éda
Relative	-l	ósil	ósla	ósli	óslar	óslir	ênnil	vikil	édal
Relative	la-	lós	lósa	lósi	lósar	lósir	lênn	lavik	léda
Indefinite	vo-	vós	vósa	vósi	vósar	vofál	vósir	vovik	véda
Indefinite	će-	ćós	-	-	-	-	ćênn	-	-
General	-eńńa	óseńńa	óseńńá	óseńńi	óseńńar	óseńńir	ê(nne)ńńa	vikńńa	édańńa
	-tál	óstál	óstála	óstáli	óstálar	óstálir	ênntál	viktál	édatál
	-ven	ósven	ósaven	ósiven	-	-	-	-	édaven

Real adverbs - Feterrál potessöcorge

There are real adverbs referring to time, place and manner. The first group of them is similar to the demonstrative pronouns: every adverb has a 'near' and 'distant' form. They can also get the a- and e- prefixes.

Real adverbs with 2 forms
	this time	that time	in this way	in that way	here	there	to this place	to that place	from this place	from that place
	léjk	lájk	śe	śo	hett	hatt	hetta	hatta	hetti	hatti
a-	alájk	aléjk	a(ś)śe	a(ś)śo	ahett	ahatt	ahetta	ahatta	ahetti	ahatti
e-	elájk	eléjk	e(ś)śe	e(ś)śo	ehett	ehatt	ehetta	ehatta	ehetti	ehatti

In the second type, abverbs of place get the suffix -io ('in') and adverbs of manner get the suffix -at.

Adverbs of time:
óle ('already'), sítle ('still'), ifte ('later'), finér ('sooner'), nu ('now'), len ('sometime/then'), lepti ('after this'), lapti ('after that'), álvin / víven ('always').
Adverbs of place:
utio ('outside'), asio / táńio ('inside'), śurio ('up'), difio ('down'), ápio ('ahead/in front'), domio ('at the back'), licio ('aside').
Adverbs of manner:
anirat ('alone'), maurat ('together').

Numbers - Jorce

Definite numbers, names of months and days - Ogadiráta jorce, i mêndisse he tikisse mis

To form ordinal numbers or fractions from cardinal numbers, we add the -x or -ć suffixes after or instead of the final sound. The names of the months and days are also formed from the cardinal numbers with the suffixes -ximend (-x + mênd ('month')) and -~eg ( ~ means that the final consonant of the stem duplicates).

	Cardinal number	Ordinal number -x	Fraction -ć	Month -ximênd	Days of the week -~eg
0	zür	züx	züć
1	an	anx	-	anximênd	anneg
2	dau	daux	dauć	dauximênd	daweg
3	tor	to(r)x	to(r)ć	torximênd	torreg
4	cet	cex	ceć	ceximênd	cetteg
5	fim	fix	fić	fiximênd	fimmeg
6	sit	six	sić	siximênd	sitteg
7	völl	vö(ll)x	vö(ll)ć	völlximênd	völleg
8	gad	gax	gać	gaximênd
9	noj	nox	noć	noximênd
10	tich	tix	tić	tiximênd
11	tian	tianx	tianć	tianximênd
12	tidau	tidaux	tidauć	tidauximênd
100	ünt(rit)	üntrix	üntrić
1000	eraz	erax	erać
1000000	bill	bi(ll)x	bi(ll)ć

Numbers from 11 to 19 are formed with the prefix ti- (eg. tian (11), tidau (12), titor (13)).
Numbers from 20 to 90 are formed with the suffix -te (eg daute (20), torte (30), cette (40)).
Vowel clusters in compound numbers are replaced with an apostrophe (eg. daute + an > daut'an).

Indefinite numbers - Ogadireńńa jorce

They can be compared like adjectives.

	Singular nominative		Stem
superlative	most least	miś ćeliś	miśś- ćeliśś-
comparative	more less	mér ćelér	mér- ćelér-
base form	many little	mőr ćel	mőr- ćel-
negative comparative	less	meri	merr-
negative superlative	least	meś	meśś-

Translations - Bettélege

Romulus and Remus - Romulâs e Remas

Rea Silviáj, Numitors pellináj gémennalde főró, Romulâs e Remas. Ak i howadeńńa Amuliâs i zígu gen éló bawiren. Rea Silvium tákesserconiró het a besláj impézó, ćo gebostiroz ö-vitta hi gémennu. I besla h-inio gan optodauf (optodífó), i pellú hi robendorellor oqqwitó d‑üsmegio. A śinna vilkas genógó veum, qwin avoltiró t-êllavonó hi dau zígum. A Faustulâs missát’ ájfilqwazión i huttolda véló, len bênoldáj, Akka Lárenciáj dontó veum. I pelle sêvindó hagáj, śe Faustulâs et Akka balio niffirestó Romulázum e Remazum.

Ift’ i gémenne kewilesténe maurat gebowirestó h-Amuliázum. Ênn śurgőtestó, ogadirestó, ćo lor órinor, lós pell’éjkestis iskéniś pêllu télestó, vonil dúnum krűnestá. Il ommissonekk ócen inio medülig appíćán rá dawest ö‑pitte. Léjk histeńńa posomoldio Romulâs diddűśimbó bidoldum, e hi śurtildiltend ö‑dúnum fodis fodir ommissonó Rómáj, famis Kr.á. 753‑ími 716‑éti lauger ró.

The Magical Deer (Ancient Hungarian legend) - I vinturbaraus fába

Isteró ha tikkor, ćo fillogonn gefinestó, het i zélio ha jauvos śinnabarau riltó h-ápest. La texadó h‑ápesti, ve pêdze hi meotizál pengale pitta si folkestó. Hatt ö‑lapti h‑elónat farswin (forswinó), e doz mőrti aradestó, h-édańńa son genógaldestó (= genógestó hagum). Táńővestó l‑óle völlé pengalu he ves ájfilisse holozavoltiránar ekarináj nógestó. Foropti ves etâram ájrowix gekátest (gekétestó) hí hi restánum, forven zültesten i meotizál pengale pitta rowestó, ćo h‑ájfilestu holozavoltirix hatt bíledz.

I Meotizis tirlün Perśias lenn gűre nógand; an wádus exeloren vilqveni múr éliohaff, gan ájd ö‑robendu, ak batále holozáta fêllüreo, h‑ećerreo, fozeo, h‑áfeo he fillogeo; i tá- het átőván ante tefig. I meotizál pengale pitta rowestó fixi, e fim pellti gan ollíkiltestó hatti. Ênnil i six pellio h-átfimmestó, i zélio damöwájnat i Bereka-zígisse bênáre he pelláre nágest (nógestó), laqwine hi maune h-aur tagâlonstó, et évas i bórdis córnibálum sovitest (savitestó) e cerdára bêllonstó. Ájfilesten maurat avellat ovvélestó veum i Meotizis pengaleo. I bós ö-flet opti hett ró hil anx ö-śommeg.

Isteró pêdze, ćo h‑illio h‑eltoppio le pelle pitte l-alán wariónis, Dulánis dau pellinum êś ohhaffestó, anigum Hunor, i h‑elongum Magor lájmó bênoj. Illei minnei dévizó lapti hi ven hún e hunnâs. Isteró pêdze, ćo lapti mőrti baulest (bílestó) i meotizál pengale pitte, úzestó bêre bós foxuá gőten, et y tirlün óle gin tákümben, gin avoltiren gan ö-ró bonnu veum.

The Lord's Prayer - Kes Etâr

Kes Etâr, qwin il eskáleo ri,

genomentuz i missild,

offimmoz i tis agenir,

geroz i tis élekk,

léda l-eskálio, śo l-edzúroro si.

Forventikál vekánandum dontiz káj píl,

et offűliz i bêtgánandu,

léda ke s’ offűlam i h-inóvand bêtdífendo.

E gin véliz kum kojsitána,

ak gemojgiriz i vultími.

(Dé tis i h-agenir, i forrel e l-iskür forvenâk.)

Roz ö-gen.

The Apostles Creed - Evele'n

Evele 'n Allâzio, forvengámend Etário, eskális et edzúris dífiónio.

E Jézuś Kristuzio, i hos anfőré zígio, i kes Mínio,

qwin gefíntu ró l-Omena Gúsergan, fór Omena Mári,

árentu ró Poncius Pilátus entre, genígestó, gebaw et offorkestó.

Difortó l-entredzúra, trox ö-tikkar śurátogó hi boweste pitti,

śurrőnó l-eskála, hon saut i forvengámend Etârallâzis rofiom,

honi offimm ö-ćevéren ungendu he bowestu.

Evele h-Omena Gúsergio, hi katolige Mittomen'huttio,

il omenisse rogennio, hi bêtgánisse h-offűlánio,

hi ćerras śurátogánio et i forvenâkál ungio.