Dot Below: Difference between revisions
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| The dot below stands for low falling tone with creaky voice and a following glottal stop.<ref name=vietnamese_tones>[[Wikipedia:Vietnamese_language#Tones_2|Vietnamese language, Language variation, Tones]] at Wikipedia.</ref> There are many exceptions to the phonemic values of these letters though.<ref name=vietnamese_alphabet>[[Wikipedia:Vietnamese_orthography#Pronunciation|Vietnamese alphabet, Pronunciation]] at Wikipedia.</ref> | | The dot below stands for low falling tone with creaky voice and a following glottal stop.<ref name=vietnamese_tones>[[Wikipedia:Vietnamese_language#Tones_2|Vietnamese language, Language variation, Tones]] at Wikipedia.</ref> There are many exceptions to the phonemic values of these letters though.<ref name=vietnamese_alphabet>[[Wikipedia:Vietnamese_orthography#Pronunciation|Vietnamese alphabet, Pronunciation]] at Wikipedia.</ref> | ||
|- | |- | ||
| rowspan= | | Disambiguation in transliteration | ||
| [[Wikipedia:Amharic|Amharic]] (BGN/PCGN 1967 transliteration) | |||
| Ḥḥ /h/ | |||
| The [[Wikipedia:Geʽez_script|Geʽez]] script has four types of characters all pronounced /h/ in Amharic due to sounds mergers. These may be transliterated with Hh, Ḥḥ, Ḫḫ resp. H̱ẖ, though the diacritics may be dropped.<ref name=amharic>[https://geonames.nga.mil/gns/html/Romanization/ROMANIZATION%20OF%20AMHARIC.pdf Romanization of Amharic] (PDF).</ref> | |||
|- | |||
| rowspan=4 | [[Wikipedia:Emphatic_consonant|Emphatic consonant]] | |||
| [[Wikipedia:Akkadian_language|Akkadian]] (DMG-umschrift transliteration) | | [[Wikipedia:Akkadian_language|Akkadian]] (DMG-umschrift transliteration) | ||
| Ṣṣ /sʼ/, Ṭṭ /tʼ/ | | Ṣṣ /sʼ/, Ṭṭ /tʼ/ | ||
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| Ḥḥ /ħ/, Ḳḳ /qʼ/ | | Ḥḥ /ħ/, Ḳḳ /qʼ/ | ||
| The pronunciation of Ancient Egyptian changed much during the millennia it was spoken, and the exact pronunciation can't be known for sure,<ref name=egyptian_phonetics>[[Wikipedia:Egyptian_language#Phonology|Egyptian language, Phonology]] at Wikipedia.</ref> therefore the phonemic representation here might not be entirely accurate. Qq may be used as an alternative to Ḳḳ.<ref name=egyptian_q>[[Wikipedia:Transliteration_of_Ancient_Egyptian#Uniliteral_signs|Transliteration of Ancient Egyptian, Uniliteral signs]] at Wikipedia.</ref> | | The pronunciation of Ancient Egyptian changed much during the millennia it was spoken, and the exact pronunciation can't be known for sure,<ref name=egyptian_phonetics>[[Wikipedia:Egyptian_language#Phonology|Egyptian language, Phonology]] at Wikipedia.</ref> therefore the phonemic representation here might not be entirely accurate. Qq may be used as an alternative to Ḳḳ.<ref name=egyptian_q>[[Wikipedia:Transliteration_of_Ancient_Egyptian#Uniliteral_signs|Transliteration of Ancient Egyptian, Uniliteral signs]] at Wikipedia.</ref> | ||
|- | |||
| [[Wikipedia:Arabic_language|Arabic]] ([[Wikipedia:DIN_31635|DIN 31635]] romanization, [[Wikipedia:ISO_233|ISO 233]] romanization, [[Wikipedia:ISO_233#ISO/R_233:1961|ISO/R 233]] romanization) | |||
| Ḍḍ /dˤ/, Ḥḥ /ħ/, Ṣṣ /sˤ/, Ṭṭ /tˤ/, Ẓẓ /ðˤ~zˤ/ | |||
| | |||
|- | |||
| [[Wikipedia:Arabic_language|Arabic]] ([[Wikipedia:Hans_Wehr_transliteration|Hans Wehr]] romanization) | |||
| ḍ /dˤ/, ḥ /ħ/, ṣ /sˤ/, ṭ /tˤ/, ẓ /ðˤ~zˤ/ | |||
| This romanization does not include capital letters.<ref name=hans_wehr>[[Wikipedia:Hans_Wehr_transliteration|Hans Wehr transliteration]] at Wikipedia.</ref> | |||
|- | |- | ||
| Lowered vowel with [[Wikipedia:Advanced_and_retracted_tongue_root|retracted tongue root]] | | Lowered vowel with [[Wikipedia:Advanced_and_retracted_tongue_root|retracted tongue root]] | ||
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| Ạạ /a/, Ẹẹ /ə, i/, Ịị /i/, Ḷḷ /l̩/ Ṃṃ /ŋ̍/, Ṇṇ /ŋ̍/, Ọọ /o, ə, a/, Ụụ /u/ | | Ạạ /a/, Ẹẹ /ə, i/, Ịị /i/, Ḷḷ /l̩/ Ṃṃ /ŋ̍/, Ṇṇ /ŋ̍/, Ọọ /o, ə, a/, Ụụ /u/ | ||
| The dot below here marks that the syllable is without accent, and that the actual tone of the syllable may end at varying heights depending on the environment. (See also [[Breve#Breve_in_Conlangs|Breve]] for another marking of accentless syllables in Inng.) Some of these accented letters only appear as part of a digraph when representing a certain sound.<ref name=inng>[[Inng#Transcription|Inng, Transcription]] at FrathWiki.</ref> | | The dot below here marks that the syllable is without accent, and that the actual tone of the syllable may end at varying heights depending on the environment. (See also [[Breve#Breve_in_Conlangs|Breve]] for another marking of accentless syllables in Inng.) Some of these accented letters only appear as part of a digraph when representing a certain sound.<ref name=inng>[[Inng#Transcription|Inng, Transcription]] at FrathWiki.</ref> | ||
|- | |||
| [[Wikipedia:Stress_(linguistics)|Stress]] | |||
| [[Seebee]] (external transcription) | |||
| [[User:Qwynegold|Qwynegold]] | |||
| Ạạ /ˈa/, Ḅḅ /ˈb/, Ḍḍ /ˈd/, Ẹẹ /ˈe/, F̣f̣ /ˈf/, G̣ /ˈɡ/, Ḥḥ /ˈh/, Ịị /ˈi/, J̣ /ˈɟ/, Ḳḳ /ˈk/, Ḷḷ /ˈl/, Ṃṃ /ˈm/, Ṇṇ /ˈn/, Ọọ /ˈo/, P̣ /ˈp/, Ṣṣ /ˈs/, Ṭṭ /ˈt/, Ụụ /ˈu/, Ṿṿ /ˈv/, Ỵỵ /ˈj/, Ẓẓ /ˈz/ | |||
| The dot marks stress, with the first letter of the syllable being dotted. The lower case version of G̣, J̣ and P̣ are ġ, ȷ̈ and ṗ respectively. Note that F̣f̣, G̣, J̣, P̣ are not precomposed characters. | |||
|} | |} | ||
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*[[Natlang_Uses_of_Diacritics_in_the_Latin_Alphabet|Natlang Uses of Diacritics in the Latin Alphabet]] | *[[Natlang_Uses_of_Diacritics_in_the_Latin_Alphabet|Natlang Uses of Diacritics in the Latin Alphabet]] | ||
*[[Dot_Above|Dot Above]] | *[[Dot_Above|Dot Above]] | ||
*[http://transliteration.eki.ee/pdf/Arabic_2.2.pdf Transliteration of Arabic] (Pedersen, Thomas. 2008.) has a concise list of comparisons between DIN 31635, ISO 233, ISO/R 233, UNGEGN, ALA-LC, and The Encyclopedia of Islam romanizations of Arabic. | |||
== References == | == References == | ||
Latest revision as of 05:42, 5 July 2021
The dot below is also known as underdot.
Dot Below in Unicode
| ◌̣ | Ạ | ạ | Ậ | ậ | Ặ | ặ | Ḅ | ḅ | Ḍ | ḍ | Ẹ | ẹ |
| U+0323 | U+1EA0 | U+1EA1 | U+1EAC | U+1EAD | U+1EB6 | U+1EB7 | U+1E04 | U+1E05 | U+1E0C | U+1E0D | U+1EB8 | U+1EB9 |
| Combining Dot Below | Latin Capital Letter A With Dot Below | Latin Small Letter A With Dot Below | Latin Capital Letter A With Circumflex And Dot Below | Latin Small Letter A With Circumflex And Dot Below | Latin Capital Letter A With Breve And Dot Below | Latin Small Letter A With Breve And Dot Below | Latin Capital Letter B With Dot Below | Latin Small Letter B With Dot Below | Latin Capital Letter D With Dot Below | Latin Small Letter D With Dot Below | Latin Capital Letter E With Dot Below | Latin Small Letter E With Dot Below |
| Ệ | ệ | Ḥ | ḥ | Ị | ị | Ḳ | ḳ | Ḷ | ḷ | Ḹ | ḹ | Ṃ |
| U+1EC6 | U+1EC7 | U+1E24 | U+1E25 | U+1ECA | U+1ECB | U+1E32 | U+1E33 | U+1E36 | U+1E37 | U+1E38 | U+1E39 | U+1E42 |
| Latin Capital Letter E With Circumflex And Dot Below | Latin Small Letter E With Circumflex And Dot Below | Latin Capital Letter H With Dot Below | Latin Small Letter H With Dot Below | Latin Capital Letter I With Dot Below | Latin Small Letter I With Dot Below | Latin Capital Letter K With Dot Below | Latin Small Letter K With Dot Below | Latin Capital Letter L With Dot Below | Latin Small Letter L With Dot Below | Latin Capital Letter L With Dot Below And Macron | Latin Small Letter L With Dot Below And Macron | Latin Capital Letter M With Dot Below |
| ṃ | Ṇ | ṇ | Ọ | ọ | Ộ | ộ | Ợ | ợ | Ṛ | ṛ | Ṝ | ṝ |
| U+1E43 | U+1E46 | U+1E47 | U+1ECC | U+1ECD | U+1ED8 | U+1ED9 | U+1EE2 | U+1EE3 | U+1E5A | U+1E5B | U+1E5C | U+1E5D |
| Latin Small Letter M With Dot Below | Latin Capital Letter N With Dot Below | Latin Small Letter N With Dot Below | Latin Capital Letter O With Dot Below | Latin Small Letter O With Dot Below | Latin Capital Letter O With Circumflex And Dot Below | Latin Small Letter O With Circumflex And Dot Below | Latin Capital Letter O With Horn And Dot Below | Latin Small Letter O With Horn And Dot Below | Latin Capital Letter R With Dot Below | Latin Small Letter R With Dot Below | Latin Capital Letter R With Dot Below And Macron | Latin Small Letter R With Dot Below And Macron |
| Ṣ | ṣ | Ṩ | ṩ | Ṭ | ṭ | Ụ | ụ | Ự | ự | Ṿ | ṿ | Ẉ |
| U+1E62 | U+1E63 | U+1E68 | U+1E69 | U+1E6C | U+1E6D | U+1EE4 | U+1EE5 | U+1EF0 | U+1EF1 | U+1E7E | U+1E7F | U+1E88 |
| Latin Capital Letter S With Dot Below | Latin Small Letter S With Dot Below | Latin Capital Letter S With Dot Below And Dot Above | Latin Small Letter S With Dot Below And Dot Above | Latin Capital Letter T With Dot Below | Latin Small Letter T With Dot Below | Latin Capital Letter U With Dot Below | Latin Small Letter U With Dot Below | Latin Capital Letter U With Horn And Dot Below | Latin Small Letter U With Horn And Dot Below | Latin Capital Letter V With Dot Below | Latin Small Letter V With Dot Below | Latin Capital Letter W With Dot Below |
| ẉ | Ỵ | ỵ | Ẓ | ẓ | ||||||||
| U+1E89 | U+1EF4 | U+1EF5 | U+1E92 | U+1E93 | ||||||||
| Latin Small Letter W With Dot Below | Latin Capital Letter Y With Dot Below | Latin Small Letter Y With Dot Below | Latin Capital Letter Z With Dot Below | Latin Small Letter Z With Dot Below |
Dot Below in Natlangs
| Usage | Language | Letters | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|
| Creaky voice | Vietnamese | Ạạ /a̰ːʔ˨˩/, Ặặ /a̰ʔ˨˩/, Ậậ /ə̰ʔ˨˩/, Ẹẹ /ɛ̰ʔ˨˩/, Ệệ /ḛʔ˨˩/, Ịị /ḭʔ˨˩/, Ọọ /ɔ̰ʔ˨˩/, Ộộ /o̰ʔ˨˩/, Ợợ /ə̰ːʔ˨˩/, Ụụ /ṵʔ˨˩/, Ựự /ɨ̰ʔ˨˩/, Ỵỵ /ḭʔ˨˩/ | The dot below stands for low falling tone with creaky voice and a following glottal stop.[1] There are many exceptions to the phonemic values of these letters though.[2] |
| Disambiguation in transliteration | Amharic (BGN/PCGN 1967 transliteration) | Ḥḥ /h/ | The Geʽez script has four types of characters all pronounced /h/ in Amharic due to sounds mergers. These may be transliterated with Hh, Ḥḥ, Ḫḫ resp. H̱ẖ, though the diacritics may be dropped.[3] |
| Emphatic consonant | Akkadian (DMG-umschrift transliteration) | Ṣṣ /sʼ/, Ṭṭ /tʼ/ | Because Akkadian is an extinct language, the exact pronunciation can't be known for sure;[4] so the phonemic representation here might not be entirely accurate. |
| Ancient Egyptian (traditional transliteration) | Ḥḥ /ħ/, Ḳḳ /qʼ/ | The pronunciation of Ancient Egyptian changed much during the millennia it was spoken, and the exact pronunciation can't be known for sure,[5] therefore the phonemic representation here might not be entirely accurate. Qq may be used as an alternative to Ḳḳ.[6] | |
| Arabic (DIN 31635 romanization, ISO 233 romanization, ISO/R 233 romanization) | Ḍḍ /dˤ/, Ḥḥ /ħ/, Ṣṣ /sˤ/, Ṭṭ /tˤ/, Ẓẓ /ðˤ~zˤ/ | ||
| Arabic (Hans Wehr romanization) | ḍ /dˤ/, ḥ /ħ/, ṣ /sˤ/, ṭ /tˤ/, ẓ /ðˤ~zˤ/ | This romanization does not include capital letters.[7] | |
| Lowered vowel with retracted tongue root | Yoruba (Crowther's alphabet) | Ẹẹ /ɛ̙/, Ọọ /ɔ̙/ | These letters were used in older forms of Yoruba orthography. See Vertical Line Below. |
| Raised vowel | Slovene (orthography with tonal accentuation) | Ẹẹ /e/, Ẹ́ẹ́ /éː/, Ẹ̀ẹ̀ /é/, Ẹ̏ẹ̏ /è/, Ẹ̑ẹ̑ or Ệệ /èː/, Ọọ /o/, Ọ́ọ́ /óː/, Ọ̀ọ̀ /ó/, Ọ̏ọ̏ /ò/, Ọ̑ọ̑ or Ộộ /òː/ | These letters are not used in the standard orthography of Slovene, but in language materials.[8] |
| Syllabic consonant | Heiltsuk-Oowekyala (Heiltsuk dialect, official orthography and Rath's orthography) | Ṃṃ /m̩/, Ṃ́ṃ́ /ḿ̩/, Ṃ̓ṃ̓ /m̩ˀ/, Ṇṇ /n̩/, Ṇ́ṇ́ /ń̩/, Ṇ̓ṇ̓ /n̩ˀ/, Ḷḷ /l̩/, Ḷ́ḷ́ /ĺ̩/, Ḷ̓ḷ̓ /l̩ˀ/ | |
| Other | ISO 15919 romanization of Indic scripts | Ṇṇ /ɳ/ | Ṇṇ is used for transcribing the Indic diacritic anusvāra before retroflex consonants.[9] |
Dot Below in Conlangs
| Usage | Language | Creator | Letters | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Absence of pitch accent | Inng (external transcription) | Qwynegold | Ạạ /a/, Ẹẹ /ə, i/, Ịị /i/, Ḷḷ /l̩/ Ṃṃ /ŋ̍/, Ṇṇ /ŋ̍/, Ọọ /o, ə, a/, Ụụ /u/ | The dot below here marks that the syllable is without accent, and that the actual tone of the syllable may end at varying heights depending on the environment. (See also Breve for another marking of accentless syllables in Inng.) Some of these accented letters only appear as part of a digraph when representing a certain sound.[10] |
| Stress | Seebee (external transcription) | Qwynegold | Ạạ /ˈa/, Ḅḅ /ˈb/, Ḍḍ /ˈd/, Ẹẹ /ˈe/, F̣f̣ /ˈf/, G̣ /ˈɡ/, Ḥḥ /ˈh/, Ịị /ˈi/, J̣ /ˈɟ/, Ḳḳ /ˈk/, Ḷḷ /ˈl/, Ṃṃ /ˈm/, Ṇṇ /ˈn/, Ọọ /ˈo/, P̣ /ˈp/, Ṣṣ /ˈs/, Ṭṭ /ˈt/, Ụụ /ˈu/, Ṿṿ /ˈv/, Ỵỵ /ˈj/, Ẓẓ /ˈz/ | The dot marks stress, with the first letter of the syllable being dotted. The lower case version of G̣, J̣ and P̣ are ġ, ȷ̈ and ṗ respectively. Note that F̣f̣, G̣, J̣, P̣ are not precomposed characters. |
See Also
- Natlang Uses of Diacritics in the Latin Alphabet
- Dot Above
- Transliteration of Arabic (Pedersen, Thomas. 2008.) has a concise list of comparisons between DIN 31635, ISO 233, ISO/R 233, UNGEGN, ALA-LC, and The Encyclopedia of Islam romanizations of Arabic.
References
- ↑ Vietnamese language, Language variation, Tones at Wikipedia.
- ↑ Vietnamese alphabet, Pronunciation at Wikipedia.
- ↑ Romanization of Amharic (PDF).
- ↑ Akkadian language, Phonetics and phonology at Wikipedia.
- ↑ Egyptian language, Phonology at Wikipedia.
- ↑ Transliteration of Ancient Egyptian, Uniliteral signs at Wikipedia.
- ↑ Hans Wehr transliteration at Wikipedia.
- ↑ Slovene language, Prosody at Wikipedia.
- ↑ ISO 15919, Comparison with UNRSGN and IAST at Wikipedia.
- ↑ Inng, Transcription at FrathWiki.
