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The dot above diacritic is also known as overdot, or anusvāra in Indic context.<ref name=overdot>[[Wikipedia:Dot_(diacritic)#Overdot|Dot (diacritic), Overdot]] at Wikipedia.</ref>


== Dot Above in Unicode ==
== Dot Above in Unicode ==
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Precomposed Letters with Dot Above
|+ Characters with Dot Above
| style="font-size:180%" | ˙ || style="font-size:180%" | ◌̇ || style="font-size:180%" | Ȧ || style="font-size:180%" | ȧ || style="font-size:180%" | Ǡ || style="font-size:180%" | ǡ || style="font-size:180%" | Ḃ || style="font-size:180%" | ḃ || style="font-size:180%" | Ċ || style="font-size:180%" | ċ || style="font-size:180%" | Ḋ || style="font-size:180%" | ḋ || style="font-size:180%" | Ė
| style="font-size:180%" | ˙ || style="font-size:180%" | ◌̇ || style="font-size:180%" | Ȧ || style="font-size:180%" | ȧ || style="font-size:180%" | Ǡ || style="font-size:180%" | ǡ || style="font-size:180%" | Ḃ || style="font-size:180%" | ḃ || style="font-size:180%" | Ċ || style="font-size:180%" | ċ || style="font-size:180%" | Ḋ || style="font-size:180%" | ḋ || style="font-size:180%" | Ė
|-
|-
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! Notes
! Notes
|-
|-
| Change of [[Wikipedia:Place_of_articulation|place of articulation]]
| Change of [[Wikipedia:Manner_of_articulation|manner of articulation]]
| [[Wikipedia:Irish_language|Irish Gaelic]]
| Ḃḃ /w~vˠ, vʲ/, Ċċ /x, ç, h/, Ḋḋ /ɣ, ∅, ʝ/, Ḟḟ /∅/, Ġġ /ɣ, ∅, ʝ/, Ṁṁ /w~vˠ, vʲ/, Ṗṗ /fˠ, fʲ/, Ṡṡ /h, ç/, Ṫṫ /h, ç, ∅/
| The dot diacritic is no longer used, except in [[Wikipedia:Insular_script|Insular script]]. Instead, in modern times, an Hh is placed after the given consonant.<ref name=irish>[[Wikipedia:Irish_orthography#Diacritics|Irish orthography, Diacritics]] at Wikipedia. The ins and outs of Irish orthography is more complex than presented here. See the aforementioned Wikipedia article for a fuller explanation.</ref>
|-
| rowspan=2 | Change of [[Wikipedia:Place_of_articulation|place of articulation]]
| [[Wikipedia:ISO_15919|ISO 15919]] romanization of [[Wikipedia:Gurmukhī_alphabet|Gurmukhī]]
| [[Wikipedia:ISO_15919|ISO 15919]] romanization of [[Wikipedia:Gurmukhī_alphabet|Gurmukhī]]
| Ṁṁ /ŋ/
| Ṁṁ /ŋ/
| Ṁṁ is realized as [m] before certain consonants.<ref name=tippi_and_bindi>[[Wikipedia:Gurmukhi#Nasalization:_tippi_and_bindi|Gurmukhī alphabet, Nasalization: tippi and bindi]] at Wikipedia.</ref>
| Ṁṁ is realized as [m] before certain consonants.<ref name=tippi_and_bindi>[[Wikipedia:Gurmukhi#Nasalization:_tippi_and_bindi|Gurmukhī alphabet, Nasalization: tippi and bindi]] at Wikipedia.</ref>
|-
| [[Wikipedia:Venda_language|Venda]]
| Ṅṅ /ŋ/
| There is also a digraph Ṅw ṅw /ŋʷ/, but it is not considered a separate letter in the alphabet.<ref name=venda>[[Wikipedia:Venda_language#Writing_system|Venda language, Writing system]] at Wikipedia.</ref>
|-
| [[Wikipedia:Diphthong|Diphthong]]
| [[Wikipedia:Kazakh_language|Kazakh]] (2021 alphabet)
| İi /əj/
| See also Non-syllabic vowel further down in this table. Iı is used for /ɪ/.<ref name=kazakh>[[Wikipedia:Kazakh_alphabets|Kazakh alphabets]] at Wikipedia. See also [[Wikipedia:Kazakh_language#Phonology|Kazakh language, Phonology]] on Wikipedia.</ref>
|-
| rowspan=2 | [[Wikipedia:Fricative_consonant|Fricative consonant]]
| [[Wikipedia:Arabic_language|Arabic]] ([[Wikipedia:DIN_31635|DIN 31635]] romanization, [[Wikipedia:ISO_233|ISO 233]] romanization)
| Ġġ /ɣ/
|
|-
| [[Wikipedia:Arabic_language|Arabic]] ([[Wikipedia:Hans_Wehr_transliteration|Hans Wehr]] romanization)
| ġ /ɣ~ɡ/
| ġ was replaced by ḡ in the fourth edition of this romanization scheme.<ref name=hans_wehr>[[Wikipedia:Hans_Wehr_transliteration|Hans Wehr transliteration]] at Wikipedia.</ref> The pronunciation of this letter varies depending on dialect.<ref name=ghayn>[[Wikipedia:Arabic_alphabet#Table_of_basic_letter|Arabic alphabet, Table of basic letters]] at Wikipedia.</ref> Hans Wehr romanization does not include capital letters.<ref name=hans_wehr/>
|-
| rowspan=2 | [[Wikipedia:Front_vowel|Front]] version of [[Wikipedia:Back_vowel|back vowel]]
| [[Wikipedia:Kazakh_language|Kazakh]] ([[Wikipedia:Kazinform|Kazinform]]'s romanization)
| İi /ɪ/
| Iı stands for /ə/ which counts as a back vowel in Kazakh phonology.<ref name=kazakh/>
|-
| [[Wikipedia:Turkish_language|Turkish]]
| İi /i/
| Iı stands for /ɯ/.
|-
| [[Wikipedia:Monophthong|Monophthong]]
| [[Wikipedia:Kazakh_language|Kazakh]] (2018 and 2019 alphabets)
| İi /ɪ/
| Iı stands for /əj/ and /j/.<ref name=kazakh/>
|-
|-
| Raised vowel
| Raised vowel
Line 55: Line 92:
|
|
|-
|-
| [[Wikipedia:Retroflex_consonant|Retroflex]] consonant
| [[Wikipedia:Semivowel|Non-syllabic vowel]]
| [[Wikipedia:Kazakh_language|Kazakh]] (2021 alphabet)
| İi /j/
| See also Diphthong further up in this table. Iı is used for /ɪ/.<ref name=kazakh/>
|-
| [[Wikipedia:Retroflex_consonant|Retroflex consonant]]
| [[Wikipedia:Polish language|Polish]]
| [[Wikipedia:Polish language|Polish]]
| Dż dż /d͡ʐ/, Żż /ʐ/
| Dż dż /d͡ʐ/, Żż /ʐ/
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| Ṁṁ, Ṅṅ
| Ṁṁ, Ṅṅ
| Ṅṅ is used for transcribing the Indic diacritic [[Wikipedia:Anusvara|anusvāra]] before velar consonants. Ṁṁ is used for a simplified romanization of anusvāra in all positions.<ref name=anusvara>[[Wikipedia:ISO_15919#Comparison_with_UNRSGN_and_IAST|ISO 15919, Comparison with UNRSGN and IAST]] at Wikipedia.</ref>
| Ṅṅ is used for transcribing the Indic diacritic [[Wikipedia:Anusvara|anusvāra]] before velar consonants. Ṁṁ is used for a simplified romanization of anusvāra in all positions.<ref name=anusvara>[[Wikipedia:ISO_15919#Comparison_with_UNRSGN_and_IAST|ISO 15919, Comparison with UNRSGN and IAST]] at Wikipedia.</ref>
|}
== Dot Above in Conlangs ==
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Uses of Dot Above
! Usage
! Language
! Creator
! Letters
! Notes
|-
| [[Wikipedia:Stress_(linguistics)|Stress]]
| [[Seebee]]
| [[User:Qwynegold|Qwynegold]]
| ġ /ˈɡ/, ṗ /ˈp/
| Normally a dot is placed below the first letter of a stressed syllable, but in the case of lower case g and p, it is placed above to avoid it being obscured by the descender.
|}
|}


== See Also ==
== See Also ==
*[[Natlang_Uses_of_Diacritics_in_the_Latin_Alphabet|Natlang Uses of Diacritics in the Latin Alphabet]]
*[[Natlang_Uses_of_Diacritics_in_the_Latin_Alphabet|Natlang Uses of Diacritics in the Latin Alphabet]]
*[[Dot_Below|Dot Below]]
*[[Middle_Dot|Middle Dot]]
*[http://transliteration.eki.ee/pdf/Arabic_2.2.pdf Transliteration of Arabic] (Pedersen, Thomas. 2008.) has a concise list of comparisons between DIN 31635, ISO 233, ISO/R 233, UNGEGN, ALA-LC, and The Encyclopedia of Islam romanizations of Arabic.


== References ==
== References ==

Latest revision as of 06:23, 28 June 2021

The dot above diacritic is also known as overdot, or anusvāra in Indic context.[1]

Dot Above in Unicode

Characters with Dot Above
˙ ◌̇ Ȧ ȧ Ǡ ǡ Ḃ ḃ Ċ ċ Ḋ ḋ Ė
U+02D9 U+0307 U+0226 U+0227 U+01E0 U+01E1 U+1E02 U+1E03 U+010A U+010B U+1E0A U+1E0B U+0116
Dot Above Combining Dot Above Latin Capital Letter A With Dot Above Latin Small Letter A With Dot Above Latin Capital Letter A With Dot Above And Macron Latin Small Letter A With Dot Above And Macron Latin Capital Letter B With Dot Above Latin Small Letter B With Dot Above Latin Capital Letter C With Dot Above Latin Small Letter C With Dot Above Latin Capital Letter D With Dot Above Latin Small Letter D With Dot Above Latin Capital Letter E With Dot Above
ė Ḟ ḟ Ġ ġ Ḣ ḣ İ i Ṁ ṁ Ṅ ṅ
U+0117 U+1E1E U+1E1F U+0120 U+0121 U+1E22 U+1E23 U+0130 U+0069 ​ U+1E40 U+1E41 U+1E44 U+1E45
Latin Small Letter E With Dot Above Latin Capital Letter F With Dot Above Latin Small Letter F With Dot Above Latin Capital Letter G With Dot Above Latin Small Letter G With Dot Above Latin Capital Letter H With Dot Above Latin Small Letter H With Dot Above Latin Capital Letter I With Dot Above Latin Small Letter I Latin Capital Letter M With Dot Above Latin Small Letter M With Dot Above ​ Latin Capital Letter N With Dot Above Latin Small Letter N With Dot Above
Note: In most languages i is the lower case version of I, but in Turkish İ and i resp. I and ı go together. If Turkish case is used, you need to make sure that various software handles that correctly. For example dictionaries need to sort the letters in the right order.
Ȯ ȯ Ȱ ȱ Ṗ ṗ Ṙ ṙ Ṡ ṡ ẛ Ṥ ṥ
U+022E U+022F U+0230 U+0231 U+1E56 U+1E57 U+1E58 U+1E59 U+1E60 U+1E61 U+1E9B U+1E64 U+1E65
Latin Capital Letter O With Dot Above Latin Small Letter O With Dot Above Latin Capital Letter O With Dot Above And Macron Latin Small Letter O With Dot Above And Macron Latin Capital Letter P With Dot Above Latin Small Letter P With Dot Above Latin Capital Letter R With Dot Above Latin Small Letter R With Dot Above Latin Capital Letter S With Dot Above Latin Small Letter S With Dot Above Latin Small Letter Long S With Dot Above Latin Capital Letter S With Acute And Dot Above Latin Small Letter S With Acute And Dot Above
Ṧ ṧ Ṩ ṩ Ṫ ṫ Ẇ ẇ Ẋ ẋ Ẏ ẏ Ż
U+1E66 U+1E67 U+1E68 U+1E69 U+1E6A U+1E6B U+1E86 U+1E87 U+1E8A U+1E8B U+1E8E U+1E8F U+017B
Latin Capital Letter S With Caron And Dot Above Latin Small Letter S With Caron And Dot Above Latin Capital Letter S With Dot Below And Dot Above Latin Small Letter S With Dot Below And Dot Above Latin Capital Letter T With Dot Above Latin Small Letter T With Dot Above Latin Capital Letter W With Dot Above Latin Small Letter W With Dot Above Latin Capital Letter X With Dot Above Latin Small Letter X With Dot Above Latin Capital Letter Y With Dot Above Latin Small Letter Y With Dot Above Latin Capital Letter Z With Dot Above
ż
U+017C
Latin Small Letter Z With Dot Above

Dot Above in Natlangs

Uses of Dot Above
Use Language Letters Notes
Change of manner of articulation Irish Gaelic Ḃḃ /w~vˠ, vʲ/, Ċċ /x, ç, h/, Ḋḋ /ɣ, ∅, ʝ/, Ḟḟ /∅/, Ġġ /ɣ, ∅, ʝ/, Ṁṁ /w~vˠ, vʲ/, Ṗṗ /fˠ, fʲ/, Ṡṡ /h, ç/, Ṫṫ /h, ç, ∅/ The dot diacritic is no longer used, except in Insular script. Instead, in modern times, an Hh is placed after the given consonant.[2]
Change of place of articulation ISO 15919 romanization of Gurmukhī Ṁṁ /ŋ/ Ṁṁ is realized as [m] before certain consonants.[3]
Venda Ṅṅ /ŋ/ There is also a digraph Ṅw ṅw /ŋʷ/, but it is not considered a separate letter in the alphabet.[4]
Diphthong Kazakh (2021 alphabet) İi /əj/ See also Non-syllabic vowel further down in this table. Iı is used for /ɪ/.[5]
Fricative consonant Arabic (DIN 31635 romanization, ISO 233 romanization) Ġġ /ɣ/
Arabic (Hans Wehr romanization) ġ /ɣ~ɡ/ ġ was replaced by ḡ in the fourth edition of this romanization scheme.[6] The pronunciation of this letter varies depending on dialect.[7] Hans Wehr romanization does not include capital letters.[6]
Front version of back vowel Kazakh (Kazinform's romanization) İi /ɪ/ Iı stands for /ə/ which counts as a back vowel in Kazakh phonology.[5]
Turkish İi /i/ Iı stands for /ɯ/.
Monophthong Kazakh (2018 and 2019 alphabets) İi /ɪ/ Iı stands for /əj/ and /j/.[5]
Raised vowel Livonian Ȯȯ /ʊ/, Ȱȱ /ʊː/
Non-syllabic vowel Kazakh (2021 alphabet) İi /j/ See also Diphthong further up in this table. Iı is used for /ɪ/.[5]
Retroflex consonant Polish Dż dż /d͡ʐ/, Żż /ʐ/ These sounds are laminal postalveolar, rather than "true retroflex".[8]
Other ISO 15919 romanization of Indic scripts Ṁṁ, Ṅṅ Ṅṅ is used for transcribing the Indic diacritic anusvāra before velar consonants. Ṁṁ is used for a simplified romanization of anusvāra in all positions.[9]

Dot Above in Conlangs

Uses of Dot Above
Usage Language Creator Letters Notes
Stress Seebee Qwynegold ġ /ˈɡ/, ṗ /ˈp/ Normally a dot is placed below the first letter of a stressed syllable, but in the case of lower case g and p, it is placed above to avoid it being obscured by the descender.

See Also

References

  1. ↑ Dot (diacritic), Overdot at Wikipedia.
  2. ↑ Irish orthography, Diacritics at Wikipedia. The ins and outs of Irish orthography is more complex than presented here. See the aforementioned Wikipedia article for a fuller explanation.
  3. ↑ Gurmukhī alphabet, Nasalization: tippi and bindi at Wikipedia.
  4. ↑ Venda language, Writing system at Wikipedia.
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 5.3 Kazakh alphabets at Wikipedia. See also Kazakh language, Phonology on Wikipedia.
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 Hans Wehr transliteration at Wikipedia.
  7. ↑ Arabic alphabet, Table of basic letters at Wikipedia.
  8. ↑ Retroflex consonants, Types at Wikipedia.
  9. ↑ ISO 15919, Comparison with UNRSGN and IAST at Wikipedia.


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