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==General information - Óroil śíre== | ==General information - Óroil śíre== | ||
Háfrig [IPA: ˈhaːfrig] | [[Image:1hafrig.jpg|thumb|The flag of the Háfrig (Avorenta) language]] | ||
'''Háfrig''' [IPA: ˈhaːfrig] is the name of a constructed language family containing Háfrigerrak, SPQ and Avorenta. Here you can read about '''Avorenta''' [ˈɒvorɛntɒ] which is '''created by Attila Répai''' in 2008. The word ’avorenta’ means 'regulated’, as Háfrigerrak and SPQ underwent a regularisation, the result of this is the Avorenta language. Its grammar is based on the Hungarian language, therefore it is an '''agglutinating language'''. Its dictionary contains over 2100 words, most of them are ficticious, but a few derive from Turkish, Lithuanian, Latin, Germanic and Celtic languages. | |||
The main advantages of Avorenta: | |||
*It has a logical grammar without a lot of exceptions. | |||
*Its vocabulary can be enlarged without restraint because we can form a large amount of words with suffixes. | |||
*Words are easy to pronounce. | |||
*We can express long English sentences very briefly.<br>eg. 'I and you could have taken them back down to the cellar' = ''Ájdivvélüstivemó l-ármoga.'' | |||
*We can express slight differences of importance with word order.<br>eg. ''I vínor ővixe gefűleó ha fereneldum.'' = 'When I was walking on the street, I saw one of my friends.'<br>''A fereneldum gefűleó hi vínor ővixe.'' = 'When I was walking on the street, I saw '''one of my friends'''.'<br>''Ővixe hi vínor gefűleó ha fereneldum.'' = ''''When I was walking''' on the street, I saw one of my friends.'<br>''Gefűleó ha fereneldum i vínor ővixe.'' = 'When I was walking on the street, '''I saw''' one of my friends.' | |||
==Alphabet and pronounciation - Abece het átcórán== | ==Alphabet and pronounciation - Abece het átcórán== | ||
HGE is originally written with a unique script called Háfrigvotán [IPA: ˈhaːfrigˌvotaːn] (HGV) but the latin alphabet is more widely used. | [[Image:Hafrigvotan.png|thumb|The alphabet of the Háfrigvotán (HGV) script]] | ||
===Writing systems - Votánfádacche=== | |||
HGE is originally written with a unique script called '''Háfrigvotán''' [IPA: ˈhaːfrigˌvotaːn] (HGV) but the latin alphabet is more widely used. | |||
{| class="wikitable" | {| class="wikitable" | ||
! colspan=10 |Vowels | ! colspan=10 |Vowels | ||
|- | |- | ||
| rowspan=2 |'''Short''' | |||
|a||â||e||ê/ä||i||o||ö||u||ü/y | |'''a'''||'''â'''||'''e'''||'''ê'''/'''ä'''||'''i'''||'''o'''||'''ö'''||'''u'''||'''ü'''/'''y''' | ||
|- | |- | ||
|ɒ/a||a||ɛ||e||i||o||ø||u||y | |ɒ/a||a||ɛ||e||i||o||ø||u||y | ||
|- | |- | ||
| rowspan=2 |'''Long''' | |||
| colspan=2 |á || colspan=2 |é ||í||ó||ő||ú||ű | | colspan=2 |'''á''' || colspan=2 |'''é''' ||'''í'''||'''ó'''||'''ő'''||'''ú'''||'''ű'''/'''ý''' | ||
|- | |||
| colspan=2 |aː|| colspan=2 |eː||iː||oː||øː||uː||yː | |||
|} | |||
{| class="wikitable" | |||
! colspan=20 |Consonants | |||
|- | |||
| rowspan=2 |'''Voiced'''||'''b'''||'''d'''||'''dz'''||('''dź''')||'''g'''||'''v'''||'''z'''||('''ź''')||'''j'''||'''l'''||'''m'''||'''n'''||'''ń'''||'''q'''||'''r'''||'''w'''||colspan=3 rowspan=2| | |||
|- | |||
|b||d||ʣ||ʤ||g||v||z||ʒ||j||l||m||n||ɲ||k/ʦ||r||w | |||
|- | |||
| rowspan=2 |'''Unvoiced'''||'''p'''||'''t'''||'''c'''||'''ć'''||'''k'''||'''f'''||'''s'''||'''ś'''||colspan=8 rowspan=2| ||'''h'''||'''ch'''||'''x''' | |||
|- | |||
|p||t||ʦ||ʧ||k||f||s||ʃ||h||ç/x||ks | |||
|} | |||
Notes: | |||
*Dź and ź appear only in foreign words. | |||
*Q is pronounced as [k] before a, â, á, o, ó, u, ú and [ʦ] before e, ê, é, i, í, ö, ő, ü, ű. | |||
===Linking vowels and consonants - Roêndögarce=== | |||
We use them to avoid consonant or vowel clusters. | |||
*Between words and suffixes we use a definite linking vowel (see below) | |||
*Between any types of words we use '''h-''' or '''ö-''' (eg. ''mínisse h-effár'', ''ortend ö-gnu'') | |||
That's why HGE has 6 forms of the words '''i''' ('the'), '''e''' ('and') and '''a''' ('a/an'). | |||
{| class="wikitable" | |||
! | |||
!colspan=2 |i | |||
!colspan=2 |a | |||
!colspan=2 |e | |||
|- | |||
|'''V - V'''||'''hil'''<br>'''l-'''||réve hil afallum<br>réve l-afallum||'''had'''<br>'''d-'''||réve had afallum<br>réve d-afallum||'''het'''<br>'''t-'''||tága het esne<br>tága t-esne | |||
|- | |||
|'''V - C'''||'''hi'''||réve hi piktum||'''ha'''||réve ha piktum||'''he'''||tága he kecán | |||
|- | |||
|'''C - V'''||'''il'''<br>'''i h-'''||révest il afallum<br>révest i h-afallum||'''ad'''<br>'''a h-'''||révest ad afallum<br>révest a h-afallum||'''et'''<br>'''e h-'''||kecán et esne<br>kecán e h-esne | |||
|- | |||
|'''C - C'''||'''i'''||révest i piktum||'''a'''||révest a piktum||'''e'''||kecán e tága | |||
|} | |} | ||
==Grammar - Errakniff== | ==Grammar - Errakniff== | ||
===Nouns and adjectives - Hênmisse he nilganmisse=== | ===Nouns and adjectives - Hênmisse he nilganmisse=== | ||
====Noun and adjective declension - Hênmis- e nilganmispégońán==== | |||
Like Hungarian, '''HGE is an agglutinaing language'''. | Like Hungarian, '''HGE is an agglutinaing language'''. | ||
Nouns and adjectives can be in 18 cases either singular or in plural. Words does not have gender. | Nouns and adjectives can be in 18 cases either singular or in plural. Words does not have gender. | ||
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Suffixes have two types: | Suffixes have two types: | ||
*Suffixes starting with a vowel | *Suffixes starting with a vowel (eg. ''-um, -áma'') | ||
*Suffixes starting with a consonant ( | *Suffixes starting with a consonant (These suffixes also have a linking vowel, which is to be used after a consonant. (eg. ''-(e)n, -(é)ti'') | ||
If you add | If you add a suffix starting with a vowel to a noun ending in a vowel, the original vowel at the end of the word disappears (eg. ''capta'' + ''-iri'' > ''capt-'' + ''-iri'' > ''captiri''). If the final vowel and the suffix is the same, we write a long vowel instead of both (eg. ''histu'' + ''-u'' > ''histú''). We don't use a linking vowel after words ending in an N, R or L (eg. ''veffel'' + ''-(i)s'' > ''veffels''). The ending -S changes into a -Z and -AU/-EU changes into -AW/-EW (eg. ''katas'' + ''-um'' > ''katazum'', ''bláneu'' > ''blánewio''). | ||
{| class="wikitable" | {| class="wikitable" | ||
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! Example | ! Example | ||
|- | |- | ||
| '''Nominative''' | | [[Wikipedia:Nominative case|'''Nominative''']] | ||
| - || - || hutt, capta || '''-e''' || hutte, capte | | - || - || hutt, capta || '''-e''' || hutte, capte | ||
|- | |- | ||
| '''Accusative''' | | [[Wikipedia:Accusative case|'''Accusative''']] | ||
| -t || '''-um''' || huttum, captum || '''-u''' || huttu, captu | | -t || '''-um''' || huttum, captum || '''-u''' || huttu, captu | ||
|- | |- | ||
| '''Genitive''' | | [[Wikipedia:Genitive case|'''Genitive''']] | ||
| -nak || '''-(i)s''' || huttis, captas || ''' (i)sse''' || huttisse, captasse | | -nak || '''-(i)s''' || huttis, captas || ''' (i)sse''' || huttisse, captasse | ||
|- | |- | ||
| '''Dative''' | | [[Wikipedia:Dative case|'''Dative''']] | ||
| -nak || '''-áj''' || huttáj, captáj || '''-o''' || hutto, capto | | -nak || '''-áj''' / '''-âj''' || huttáj, captáj || '''-o''' || hutto, capto | ||
|- | |- | ||
| '''Instrumental-comitative''' | | [[Wikipedia:Instrumental case|'''Instrumental''']]-[[Wikipedia:Comitative case|'''comitative''']] | ||
| -val || '''-(e)n''' || hutten, captan || '''-(é)ne''' || hutténe, captáne | | -val || '''-(e)n''' || hutten, captan || '''-(é)ne''' || hutténe, captáne | ||
|- | |- | ||
| '''Causal-final''' | | [[Wikipedia:Causal-final case|'''Causal-final''']] | ||
| -ért || '''-ad''' || huttad, captad || '''-áde''' || huttáde, captáde | | -ért || '''-ad''' || huttad, captad || '''-áde''' || huttáde, captáde | ||
|- | |- | ||
| '''Translative''' | | [[Wikipedia:Translative case|'''Translative''']] | ||
| -vá || '''-uá''' || huttuá, captuá || '''-ué''' || huttué, captué | | -vá || '''-uá''' || huttuá, captuá || '''-ué''' || huttué, captué | ||
|- | |- | ||
| '''Terminative''' | | [[Wikipedia:Terminative case|'''Terminative''']] | ||
| -ig || '''-(é)ti''' || huttéti, captáti || '''-(é)te''' || huttéte, captáte | | -ig || '''-(é)ti''' || huttéti, captáti || '''-(é)te''' || huttéte, captáte | ||
|- | |- | ||
| '''Essive-formal/modal''' | | [[Wikipedia:Essive-formal case|'''Essive-formal''']]/[[Wikipedia:Essive-modal case|'''modal''']] | ||
| ként / | | -ként / -ül || '''-oj''' || huttoj, captoj || '''-ojje''' || huttojje, captojje | ||
|- | |- | ||
| '''Inessive''' | | [[Wikipedia:Inessive case|'''Inessive''']] | ||
| -ban || '''-io''' || huttio, captio || '''-eo''' || hutteo, capteo | | -ban || '''-io''' || huttio, captio || '''-eo''' || hutteo, capteo | ||
|- | |- | ||
| '''Adessive''' | | [[Wikipedia:Adessive case|'''Adessive''']] | ||
| -nál || '''-ómo / -om''' || huttómo, captómo || '''-óme''' || huttóme, | | -nál || '''-ómo / -om''' || huttómo, captómo || '''-óme''' || huttóme, captóme | ||
|- | |- | ||
| '''Superessive''' | | [[Wikipedia:Superessive case|'''Superessive''']] | ||
| -on || '''-óro / -or''' || huttóro, captóro || '''-óre''' || huttóre, captóre | | -on || '''-óro / -or''' || huttóro, captóro || '''-óre''' || huttóre, captóre | ||
|- | |- | ||
| '''Elative''' | | [[Wikipedia:Elative case|'''Elative''']] | ||
| -ból || '''-i''' || hutti, capti || '''-ei''' || huttei, captei | | -ból || '''-i''' || hutti, capti || '''-ei''' || huttei, captei | ||
|- | |- | ||
| '''Ablative''' | | [[Wikipedia:Ablative case|'''Ablative''']] | ||
| -tól || '''-ími / -im''' || huttími, captími || '''-íme''' || huttíme, captíme | | -tól || '''-ími / -im''' || huttími, captími || '''-íme''' || huttíme, captíme | ||
|- | |- | ||
| '''Delative''' | | [[Wikipedia:Delative case|'''Delative''']] | ||
| -ról || '''-íri / -ir(i) ''' || huttíri, captíri || '''-íre''' || huttíre, captíre | | -ról || '''-íri / -ir(i) ''' || huttíri, captíri || '''-íre''' || huttíre, captíre | ||
|- | |- | ||
| '''Illative''' | | [[Wikipedia:Illative case|'''Illative''']] | ||
| -ba || '''-a''' || hutta, capt'''á''' || '''-ea''' || huttea, captea | | -ba || '''-a''' || hutta, capt'''á''' || '''-ea''' || huttea, captea | ||
|- | |- | ||
| '''Allative''' | | [[Wikipedia:Allative case|'''Allative''']] | ||
| -hoz || '''-áma / -am''' || huttáma, captáma || '''-áme''' || huttáme, captáme | | -hoz || '''-áma / -am''' || huttáma, captáma || '''-áme''' || huttáme, captáme | ||
|- | |- | ||
| '''Sublative''' | | [[Wikipedia:Sublative case|'''Sublative''']] | ||
| -ra || '''-ára / -ar''' || huttára, captára || '''-áre''' || huttáre, captáre | | -ra || '''-ára / -ar''' || huttára, captára || '''-áre''' || huttáre, captáre | ||
|} | |} | ||
====Comparison - Pűronán==== | |||
In Avorenta, we can compare not only adjectives, but every types of words. | |||
{| class="wikitable" | |||
! | |||
! colspan=2 |Singular nominative !! colspan=2 |Stem | |||
|- | |||
|'''superlative'''||'''-iś'''||il iskéniś ''('the most beautiful')''||'''-iśś-'''||iskéniśś- | |||
|- | |||
|'''comparative'''||'''-ér'''||iskénér ''('more beautiful')''||'''-ér-'''||iskénér- | |||
|- | |||
|'''base form'''||-||iskén ''('beautiful')''||-||iskén- | |||
|- | |||
|'''negative comparative'''||'''-eri'''||iskéneri ''('less beautiful')''||'''-err-'''||iskénerr- | |||
|- | |||
|'''negative superlative'''||'''-eś'''||il iskéneś ''('the least beautiful')''||'''-eśś-'''||iskéneśś- | |||
|} | |||
Samle sentences: | |||
*Comparison of adjectives: ''Árpád ö-'''śűdér''', sir Romulâs.'' / ''Árpád ö-'''śűdér''' Romulázom.'' ('Árpád is taller than Romulus.') | |||
*Comparison of nouns: ''Mes jamattu '''Árpádér''', sir i tis.'' ('My statue looks like Árpád more than yours.' Literally: 'My statue is more Árpád than the yours') | |||
*Comparison of verbs: ''I vittegum '''mítiśśe'''.'' ('I like spring the best') | |||
===Verbs - Dífekke=== | ===Verbs - Dífekke=== | ||
Verbs have three forms: D1 for present, D2 for past and D3 for future. | ====Conjugation - Dífekkpégońán==== | ||
There are three tenses (present, past, future) and four moods ( | Verbs have three forms: D1 for present, D2 for past and D3 for future. These are formed by changing one of the vowels of the verb. | ||
{| class="wikitable" | |||
!colspan=2|D1<br>(Present)!!colspan=2|D2<br>(Past)!!colspan=2|D3<br>(Future) | |||
|- | |||
|'''a/â'''||araq||'''o'''||aroq||'''ê'''||arêq | |||
|- | |||
|'''á'''||ám||'''ó'''||óm||'''é'''||ém | |||
|- | |||
|'''e/ê'''||left||'''a'''||laft||'''i'''||lift | |||
|- | |||
|'''é'''||él||'''á'''||ál||'''í'''||íl | |||
|- | |||
|'''i'''||eldvin||'''o'''||eldvon||'''ê'''||eldvên | |||
|- | |||
|'''í'''||lím||'''au'''||laum||'''é'''||lém | |||
|- | |||
|'''o'''||ćebor||'''a'''||ćebar||'''ö'''||ćebör | |||
|- | |||
|'''ó'''||óron||'''á'''||áron||'''ő'''||őron | |||
|- | |||
|'''ö'''||nörp||'''o'''||norp||'''e'''||nerp | |||
|- | |||
|'''ő'''||fintőr||'''ó'''||fintór||'''é'''||fintér | |||
|- | |||
|'''u'''||kununt||'''o'''||kunont||'''ü'''||kunünt | |||
|- | |||
|'''ú'''||húz||'''ó'''||hóz||'''ű'''||hűz | |||
|- | |||
|'''ü'''||śrükk||'''u'''||śrukk||'''i'''||śrikk | |||
|- | |||
|'''ű'''||krűn||'''au'''||kraun||'''í'''||krín | |||
|} | |||
There are three tenses (present, past, future) and four moods (indicative, conditional, subjunctive, imperative). Past tense is formed with the suffix '''-ó''' and future tense is formed with the suffix '''-á''' added to the conjugated D1 form. As there are only verbs ending in a consonant, we can add the suffixes without any changes. When we use the imperative, we put the personal pronoun or its short form before the D1 form of the verb. | |||
{| class="wikitable" | {| class="wikitable" | ||
! | ! | ||
! | ! Indicative !! Conditional !! Imperative 1<br>Subjunctive !! Imperative 2 | ||
|- | |- | ||
|'''SG1'''||-e||-ive||-ez||- | |'''SG1'''||-e||-ive||-ez||- | ||
Line 111: | Line 221: | ||
|'''SG3a (general)'''||-||-iv||-oz||ho-- / h'- | |'''SG3a (general)'''||-||-iv||-oz||ho-- / h'- | ||
|- | |- | ||
|'''SG3b (masculine)'''||-og||-ivog||-ox||hog-- | |'''SG3b (masculine)'''||-og||-ivog||-ox / -ogoz||hog-- | ||
|- | |- | ||
|'''SG3c (feminine)'''||-a||-iva||-az||hag-- | |'''SG3c (feminine)'''||-a||-iva||-az||hag-- | ||
|- | |- | ||
|'''PL1a (general)'''||-am||-ivam||-anz||ke-- / k'- | |'''PL1a (general)'''||-am||-ivam||-anz / -amoz||ke-- / k'- | ||
|- | |- | ||
|'''PL1b (SG1+SG2/PL2)'''||-em||-ivem||-enz||ken-- | |'''PL1b (SG1+SG2/PL2)'''||-em||-ivem||-enz / -emoz||ken-- | ||
|- | |- | ||
|'''PL1c (SG1+SG3/PL3)'''||-um||-ivum||-unz||kun-- | |'''PL1c (SG1+SG3/PL3)'''||-um||-ivum||-unz / -umoz||kun-- | ||
|- | |- | ||
|'''PL2'''||-in||-ivin||-inz||du-- / d'- | |'''PL2'''||-in||-ivin||-inz||du-- / d'- | ||
|- | |- | ||
|'''PL3'''||-est||-ivest||-edz||ve-- / v'- | |'''PL3'''||-est||-ivest||-edz / -estoz||ve-- / v'- | ||
|} | |} | ||
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{| class="wikitable" | {| class="wikitable" | ||
!rowspan=2| | !rowspan=2| | ||
!colspan=3 | | !colspan=3 |Indicative | ||
!colspan=3 |Conditional | !colspan=3 |Conditional | ||
!colspan=2 |Imperative 1 | !colspan=2 |Imperative 1<br>Subjunctive | ||
|- | |- | ||
!'''present'''!!'''past'''!!'''future'''!!'''present'''!!'''past'''!!'''future'''!!'''present'''!!'''future''' | !'''present'''!!'''past'''!!'''future'''!!'''present'''!!'''past'''!!'''future'''!!'''present'''!!'''future''' | ||
Line 153: | Line 263: | ||
|'''PL2'''||rin||rinó||riná||rivin||rivinó||riviná||rinz||rinzá | |'''PL2'''||rin||rinó||riná||rivin||rivinó||riviná||rinz||rinzá | ||
|- | |- | ||
|'''PL3'''||rest||restó|| | |'''PL3'''||rest||restó||restá||rivest||rivestó||rivestá||redz||redzá | ||
|} | |} | ||
====Passive voice - Gandífend fóda==== | |||
Form: '''D1''' + '''-u''' / '''-tu''' (after L, N, R) + the correct form of '''ren''' (it can be omitted in SG3 in present tense). | |||
Sample sentences: | |||
*''Ille kataze mőr ''pellu bez'' '''ovvertu restó'''.'' ('These books '''are read''' ''by'' many ''children'') | |||
*''La pemúr '''gerévu'''.'' ('That picture '''is seen'''.') | |||
Another way to express passive voice: add the '''-út''' formative before the personal suffix. | |||
*''Ille kataze mőr ''pellu bez'' '''ovverútestó'''.'' ('These books '''are read''' ''by'' many ''children'') | |||
*''La pemúr '''gerévút'''.'' ('That picture '''is seen'''.') | |||
====The object of the action - I dífáns deveri==== | |||
Instead of using the accusative form of the personal pronoun, we can use the possessive suffix. | |||
Sample sentences: | |||
*''Réve veum.'' > ''Rév'''üst'''e.'' ('I watch them.') | |||
*''Ovvélivestó meum il ükóla.'' > ''Ovvél'''eld'''ivestó l-ükóla.'' ('They could have taken me to the school.') | |||
===Pronouns - Elongömisse=== | |||
====Personal, possessive and reflexive pronouns - Mínâl, ájdánâl et ájkámüssend elongömisse==== | |||
{| class="wikitable" | |||
! | |||
! Personal pronoun !! Possessive pronoun !! Possessive suffix !! Reflexive pronoun | |||
|- | |||
|'''SG1'''||me / iss||mes||-eld||feld | |||
|- | |||
|'''SG2'''||ti||tis||-ild||fild | |||
|- | |||
|'''SG3a''' (general) ||ho||hos||rowspan=2 |-old||rowspan=2 |fold | |||
|- | |||
|'''SG3b''' (masculine)||hog||hox / hos | |||
|- | |||
|'''SG3c''' (feminine)||hag||hax / has||-ald||fald | |||
|- | |||
|'''PL1a''' (general)||ke||kes||-ând||fând | |||
|- | |||
|'''PL1b''' (SG1 + SG2/PL2)||ken||kens||-ênd||fênd | |||
|- | |||
|'''PL1c''' (SG1 + SG3/PL3)||kun||kuns||-und||fund | |||
|- | |||
|'''PL2'''||du||dus||-ind||find | |||
|- | |||
|'''PL3'''||ve||ves||-üst||füst | |||
|} | |||
We decline personal pronouns like nouns. Exceptions are listed below: | |||
*The accusative form of the pronouns ''me, ti'' and ''ve'' contains the final vowel: '''meum, tium, veum'''. | |||
*The elative form of ''ti'' and ''ho'' are written with a long ''í'': '''tí, hí'''. (to avoid confusing them with ''ti'' ('you') and ''hi'' ('the')). | |||
'''Possessive pronouns''' are simply the genitive forms of personal pronouns. | |||
====Demonstrative pronouns - Kívend elongömisse==== | |||
There are three types of demonstrative pronouns: | |||
*Demonstrative pronouns referring to a near object | |||
*Demonstrative pronouns referring to a distant object | |||
*General demonstrative pronouns | |||
{| class="wikitable" | |||
! colspan=11 | Demonstrative pronouns referring to near or distant objects | |||
|- | |||
| rowspan=2 | ||this||that||this kind of||that kind of||as large as this||as large as that||so much/many<br>(near)||so much/many<br>(distant) | |||
|- | |||
|'''ill'''||'''la'''||'''nix'''||'''nax'''||'''fex'''||'''fax'''||'''vis'''||'''vas''' | |||
|- | |||
|'''a-'''||all||ala||anix||anax||afex||afax||avis||avas | |||
|- | |||
|'''e-'''||ell||ela||enix||enax||efex||efax||evis||evas | |||
|} | |||
The prefix '''a-''' means 'the same'. | |||
*''-¿Óle d-elong ö-katazum veri? -Gan, sítle h-'''alum'''.'' ('-Are you reading another book? -No, I'm still reading '''the same one'''.') Note that ''ala'', which refers to a distant object, is used, because it's from the view of the person who asked the question. | |||
*''Illio h-üsmegio h-'''avas''' afal ro, sir il elongio.'' ('There are '''as many''' apples in this basket than in the other.') | |||
The prefix '''e-''' means 'the other'. | |||
*''-¿Illu bissiru genéqwidamá? -Gan, '''ellu'''.'' ('-Shall we buy these newspapers? -No, '''the others''' (which are these ones).') | |||
'''General demonstrative pronouns''' are the same as the noun suffixes. Singular nominative form is '''ü''' or '''y'''. | |||
{| class="wikitable" | |||
! Case !! Singular!!Plural | |||
|- | |||
| '''Nominative'''|| ü / y || e | |||
|- | |||
| '''Accusative'''|| um || u | |||
|- | |||
| '''Genitive'''|| is || isse | |||
|- | |||
| '''Dative'''|| áj || o | |||
|- | |||
| '''Instrumental-comitative'''|| en || éne | |||
|- | |||
| '''Causal-final'''|| '''âd''' || áde | |||
|- | |||
| '''Translative'''|| '''wá''' || '''wé''' | |||
|- | |||
| '''Terminative'''|| éti || éte | |||
|- | |||
| '''Essive-formal/modal'''|| oj || ojje | |||
|- | |||
| '''Inessive'''|| io / '''jo''' || eo | |||
|- | |||
| '''Adessive'''|| om || óme | |||
|- | |||
| '''Superessive'''|| or || óre | |||
|- | |||
| '''Elative'''|| '''í''' || ei | |||
|- | |||
| '''Ablative'''|| im || íme | |||
|- | |||
| '''Delative'''|| ir || íre | |||
|- | |||
| '''Illative'''|| '''á''' || ea | |||
|- | |||
| '''Allative'''|| am|| áme | |||
|- | |||
| '''Sublative'''|| ar || áre | |||
|} | |||
They are used when distance of the object isn't important or it doesn't refer to a phisical object (eg. emotions, colours, numbers or whole clauses). | |||
*''Śurvoteó hi jorqum, ginćo h-offergetez '''um'''.'' ('I wrote down the number, so that I won't forget '''it'''.') | |||
====Interrogative, relative, indefinite and general pronouns - Qwinkonend, roênend, ogadireńńa t-óroil elongömisse==== | |||
{|class="wikitable" | |||
!colspan=2| !!What?!!Who?!!Which?!!What kind?!!How large?!!What sort?!!How many?<br>(cardinal number)!! How many?<br>(ordinal number)!!How many?<br>(fraction) | |||
|- | |||
!Interrogative | |||
| ||'''for'''||'''qwin'''||'''fil'''||'''nil'''||'''fál'''||'''gen'''||'''vil'''||'''vix'''||'''vić''' | |||
|- | |||
!rowspan=2 | Relative | |||
|'''-l'''||forl / foll||qwil||fill||nill||fáll||genil||vill||vixil||vićil | |||
|- | |||
|'''la-'''||lafor||laqwin||lafil||lanil||lafál||lagen||lavil||lavix||lavić | |||
|- | |||
!rowspan=2|Indefinite | |||
|'''vo-'''||vofor||voqwin||vofil||vonil||vofál||vogen||vovil||vovix||vović | |||
|- | |||
|'''će-'''||ćefor||-||ćefil||-||-||ćegen||ćevil||ćevix||ćević | |||
|- | |||
!rowspan=3|General | |||
|'''-eńńa'''||f(o)reńńa||qwi(le)ńńa||fi(le)ńńa||ni(le)ńńa||fáleńńa||geneńńa||vi(le)ńńa||vixeńńa||vićeńńa | |||
|- | |||
|'''-tál'''||fortál||qwintál||filtál||niltál||fáltál||gentál||viltál||vixtál||vićtál | |||
|- | |||
|'''-ven'''||forven||qwíven||-||-||-||géven||-||-||- | |||
|} | |||
Meaning of the prefixes/suffixes: | |||
*'''će-''' = 'some of ...'<br>''-¿Fíven maun hítum putt? -Gan, or '''ćefil'''.'' ('-Is every men wearing a hat? -No, only '''some of them'''.') | |||
*'''-eńńa''' = 'no-'<br>eg. ''foreńńa'' = 'nothing', ''qwińńa'' = 'nobody', ''vileńńa'' = 'none' | |||
*'''-tál''' = 'any-'<br>eg. ''fortál'' = 'anything', ''qwintál'' = 'anyone', ''viltál'' = 'no matter how much/many' | |||
*'''-ven''' = 'every-'<br>eg. ''forven'' = 'everything', ''qwíven'' = 'everybody'. | |||
===Adverbs - Potessöcorge=== | |||
====Adverbs from nouns and adjectives - Potessöcorge hênmissei he nilganmissei==== | |||
Adverbs are formed with the suffix '''-at'''. | |||
Examples: | |||
*Noun > Adverb<br>'''teuta''' ('German') > '''teutat''' ('in German') ''Teutat lauma.'' ('She spoke in German.') | |||
*Consonant stem adjective > Adverb<br>'''felt''' ('good') > '''feltat''' ('well') ''¡Geniffiz um feltat!'' ('Learn this well.') | |||
*Vowel stem adjective > Adverb<br>'''ferme''' ('warm') > '''fermat''' ('warmly') ''I pindrio hi míne fermat ö-tissest.'' ('People dress warmly in winter.') | |||
====Pronoun-adverbs - Elongömissál potessöcorge==== | |||
Pronoun-adverbs are adverbs which have some common features with pronouns, for example they can get the same prefixes/suffixes. | |||
{|class="wikitable" | |||
!colspan=2| !! Where?!!To where?!!From where?!!To which direction?!!From which direction?!!When?!!When?<br>(at ... o'clock)!!How? | |||
|- | |||
!Interrogative | |||
| ||'''ós'''||'''ós''a'''''||'''ós''i'''''||'''ós''ar'''''||'''ós''ir'''''||'''ênn'''||'''vik'''||'''éda''' | |||
|- | |||
!rowspan=2 | Relative | |||
|'''-l'''||ósil||ósla||ósli||óslar||óslir||ênnil||vikil||édal | |||
|- | |||
|'''la-'''||lós||lósa||lósi||lósar||lósir||lênn||lavik||léda | |||
|- | |||
!rowspan=2|Indefinite | |||
|'''vo-'''||vós||vósa||vósi||vósar||vofál||vósir||vovik||véda | |||
|- | |||
|'''će-'''||ćós||-||-||-||-||ćênn||-||- | |||
|- | |||
!rowspan=3|General | |||
|'''-eńńa'''||óseńńa||óseńńá||óseńńi||óseńńar||óseńńir||ê(nne)ńńa||vikeńńa||édańńa | |||
|- | |||
|'''-tál'''||óstál||óstála||óstáli||óstálar||óstálir||ênntál||viktál||édatál | |||
|- | |||
|'''-ven'''||ósven||ósaven||ósiven||-||-||-||-||édaven | |||
|} | |||
====Real adverbs - Feterrál potessöcorge==== | |||
There are real adverbs referring to time, place and manner. The first group of them is similar to the demonstrative pronouns: every adverb has a 'near' and 'distant' form. They can also get the '''a-''' and '''e-''' prefixes. | |||
{| class="wikitable" | |||
! colspan=11 | Real adverbs with 2 forms | |||
|- | |||
| rowspan=2 | ||this time||that time||in this way||in that way||here||there||to this place||to that place||from this place||from that place | |||
|- | |||
|'''léjk'''||'''lájk'''||'''śe'''||'''śo'''||'''hett'''||'''hatt'''||'''hett''a'''''||'''hatt''a'''''||'''hett''i'''''||'''hatt''i''''' | |||
|- | |||
|'''a-'''||alájk||aléjk||a(ś)śe||a(ś)śo||ahett||ahatt||ahetta||ahatta||ahetti||ahatti | |||
|- | |||
|'''e-'''|| elájk||eléjk||e(ś)śe||e(ś)śo||ehett||ehatt||ehetta||ehatta||ehetti||ehatti | |||
|} | |||
In the second type, abverbs of place get the suffix '''-io''' ('in') and adverbs of manner get the suffix '''-at'''. | |||
*Adverbs of time:<br>'''óle''' ('already'), '''sítle''' ('still'), '''ifte''' ('later'), '''finér''' ('sooner'), '''nu''' ('now'), '''len''' ('sometime/then'), '''lepti''' ('after this'), '''lapti''' ('after that'), '''álvin / víven''' ('always'). | |||
*Adverbs of place:<br>'''utio''' ('outside'), '''asio / táńio''' ('inside'), '''śurio''' ('up'), '''difio''' ('down'), '''ápio''' ('ahead/in front'), '''domio''' ('at the back'), '''licio''' ('aside'). | |||
*Adverbs of manner:<br>'''anirat''' ('alone'), '''maurat''' ('together'). | |||
===Numbers - Jorce=== | |||
====Definite numbers, names of months and days - Ogadiráta jorce, i mêndisse he tikisse mis==== | |||
To form ordinal numbers or fractions from cardinal numbers, we add the '''-x''' or '''-ć''' suffixes after or instead of the final sound. The names of the months and days are also formed from the cardinal numbers with the suffixes '''-ximênd''' (''-x + mênd'' ('month')) and '''-~eg''' ( ~ means that the final consonant of the stem duplicates). | |||
{| class="wikitable" | |||
! !!Cardinal number!!Ordinal number<br>-x!!Fraction<br>-ć!! Month<br>-ximênd!! Days of the week<br>-~eg | |||
|- | |||
|0||'''zür'''||züx||züć|| || | |||
|- | |||
|1||'''an'''||anx||-||anximênd||anneg | |||
|- | |||
|2||'''dau'''||daux||dauć||dauximênd||daweg | |||
|- | |||
|3||'''tor'''||to(r)x||to(r)ć||torximênd||torreg | |||
|- | |||
|4||'''cet'''||cex||ceć||ceximênd||cetteg | |||
|- | |||
|5||'''fim'''||fix||fić||fiximênd||fimmeg | |||
|- | |||
|6||'''sit'''||six||sić||siximênd||sitteg | |||
|- | |||
|7||'''völl'''||vö(ll)x||vö(ll)ć||völlximênd||völleg | |||
|- | |||
|8||'''gad'''||gax||gać||gaximênd||rowspan=8| | |||
|- | |||
|9||'''noj'''||nox||noć||noximênd | |||
|- | |||
|10||'''tich'''||tix||tić||tiximênd | |||
|- | |||
||11||tian||tianx||tianć||tianximênd | |||
|- | |||
|12||tidau||tidaux||tidauć||tidauximênd | |||
|- | |||
|100||'''ünt(rit)||üntrix||üntrić | |||
|- | |||
|1000||'''epaz'''||epax||epać | |||
|- | |||
|1000000||'''bill'''||bi(ll)x||bi(ll)ć | |||
|} | |||
*Numbers from 11 to 19 are formed with the prefix '''ti-''' (eg. ''tian'' (11), ''tidau'' (12), ''titor'' (13)). | |||
*Numbers from 20 to 90 are formed with the suffix '''-te''' (eg ''daute'' (20), ''torte'' (30), ''cette'' (40)). | |||
*Vowel clusters in compound numbers are replaced with an apostrophe (eg. ''daute + an > daut'an''). | |||
*Longer numbers can be read in two ways:<br>12,369,854 > ''andaubill-torsitnojepaz-gadöfimcet'' (Literally: 'onetwomillion-threesixninethousand-eight[linking vowel]fivefour')<br>741 > ''völlüntrit-cett'an (Literally: 'sevenhundred-fortyone') | |||
====Indefinite numbers - Ogadireńńa jorce==== | |||
They can be compared like adjectives. | |||
{| class="wikitable" | |||
! | |||
! colspan=2 |Singular nominative !! Stem | |||
|- | |||
|'''superlative'''||most<br>least||'''miś<br>ćeliś'''||miśś-<br>ćeliśś- | |||
|- | |||
|'''comparative'''||more<br>less||'''mér<br>ćelér'''||mér-<br>ćelér- | |||
|- | |||
|'''base form'''||many<br>little||'''mőr<br>ćel'''|| mőr-<br>ćel- | |||
|- | |||
|'''negative comparative'''||less||'''meri'''||merr- | |||
|- | |||
|'''negative superlative'''||least||'''meś'''||meśś- | |||
|} | |||
===Postpositions and further affixes - Misoptále he fittu pégońe=== | |||
====Postpositions==== | |||
Postpositions are placed after the word they refer to (eg. ''i swip '''ócen''''' ('because of the rain'). Most of them have three forms. | |||
{| class="wikitable" | |||
! !!Where?<br>-e!!To where?<br>-a!!From where?<br>-i | |||
|- | |||
|'''under'''||entre||entra||entri | |||
|- | |||
|'''above'''||śure||śura||śuri | |||
|- | |||
|'''in front of'''||ápe||ápa||ápi | |||
|- | |||
|'''behind'''||zéle||zéla||zéli | |||
|- | |||
|'''next to'''||gűre||gűra||gűri | |||
|- | |||
|'''between'''||pitte||pitta||pitti | |||
|- | |||
|'''around'''||éle||éla|| - | |||
|- | |||
|'''towards'''||vilcio||vilqa / vilce||vilci | |||
|} | |||
Other postpositions:<br>'''bez''' ('by'), '''inau / inóv''' ('against'), '''önte''' ('instead of'), '''ócen''' ('because of'), '''aur''' ('without'), '''aki''' ('since'), '''éna''' ('according to'), '''opti''' ('after'), '''dár''' ('beyond'), '''séd''' ('through'). | |||
====Verbal prefixes - Dífekkfinpégońe==== | |||
Verbal prefixes can express the direction of the action, they can modify the meaning of the verb or they can mark that the action is finished. | |||
The most frequently used verbal prefixes are these: | |||
{| class="wikitable" | |||
!Meaning!!Hungarian<br>prefix!!Prefix!!Sample | |||
|- | |||
|in||be-||'''a-<br>at'''||avot<br>atest | |||
|- | |||
|into||bele-||'''eś-'''||eślakk | |||
|- | |||
|out||ki-||'''át- / út-<br>ú~'''||átoff<br>úffimm | |||
|- | |||
|down||le-||'''dif-<br>di~'''||difaraq<br>dirrow | |||
|- | |||
|up||fel-||'''śur-'''||śurfőn | |||
|- | |||
|here||ide-||'''hett-<br>hetta'''||hettórin<br>hettasetir | |||
|- | |||
|there||oda-||'''hatt-<br>hatta'''||hattórin<br>hattasetir | |||
|- | |||
|together||össze-||'''têr-'''||têrhúz | |||
|- | |||
|apart||szét-||'''ig-<br>i~'''||igoff<br>irrow | |||
|- | |||
|back||vissza-||'''áj-'''||ájrév | |||
|- | |||
|over/through||át-||'''sê-<br>sêd-'''||sêfimm<br>sêdort | |||
|- | |||
|away/off*||el-||'''og-<br>o~-'''||ogóron<br>olleft | |||
|- | |||
|*||meg-||'''ge-<br>gen-'''||gehúz<br>genest | |||
|} | |||
The prefixes marked with * ('''og''' and '''ge''') are used to make the action finished eg. ''-Voti l-émentum? -Óle '''gevoteó'''.'' ('-Are you writing the homework? -I've already written it.') | |||
===Word formation - Corgegênájfirán=== | |||
====Noun formatives - Hênmisdífárde ==== | |||
*'''-ión''': a person whose job is connected with a certain thing eg. ''effár'' ('tooth') > ''effárión'' ('dentist'), ''fillog'' ('game') > ''fillogión'' ('hunter'). | |||
*'''-árd''': an object which is connected with an action eg. ''behün'' ('refrigerate') > ''behünárd'' ('refrigerator') | |||
*'''-án''': it forms a noun from a verb eg. ''fűl'' ('see') > ''fűlán'' ('sight') | |||
*'''-ek(k)''' / '''-ag''': mostly a thing which is the result of an action eg. ''ört'' ('bake') > ''örtekk'' ('cake') | |||
*'''-(ö)gan''': mostly it forms a noun from another noun or adjective eg. ''étti'' ('happy') > ''éttigan'' ('happiness') | |||
*'''-iśte''' / '''-ida''': a place for an action eg. ''avolt'' ('eat') > ''avoltiśte'' ('restaurant') | |||
*'''ika''': it forms a country name from a nation's name eg. ''teuta'' ('German') > ''Teutika'' ('Germany') | |||
*'''-íc''': diminutive suffix eg. ''esne'' ('pig') > ''esníc'' ('piglet') | |||
====Adjective formatives - Nilganmisdífárde==== | |||
*'''-âl''' / '''-ál''' / '''-au''': it forms an adjective from a noun eg.''mín'' ('man / human being') > ''mínâl'' ('human'), ''Miogedzúr'' ('America') > ''miogedzúrâl'' ('American') | |||
*'''-áta''': something which has something eg. ''cork'' ('ear') > ''corkáta'' ('something which has an ear') | |||
*'''-eńńa''': it shows the lack of something eg. ''cork'' > ''corkeńńa'' ('something without an ear') | |||
*'''-(ö)get''': something which looks like another thing eg. ''mín'' (human being) > ''mínögêt'' ('humanoid') | |||
====Verb formatives - Dífekkdífárde==== | |||
*'''-on / -aśś''': it forms a verb from a noun eg. ''qwink'' ('question') > ''qwinkon'' ('ask a question') | |||
*'''-ilt''': it forms a verb from an adjective eg. ''vétig'' ('ready') > ''vétigilt'' ('become ready') | |||
*'''-ün''': it forms a verb from an adjective eg. ''bós'' ('big') > ''bósün'' ('magnify') | |||
*'''-ann''': it shows that doing something is allowed or it expresses ability eg. ''rip'' ('run') > ''ripann'' ('he can / is allowed to run') | |||
*'''-ill''': mostly it shows that the action is repeated many times eg. ''ver'' ('read') > ''Verill a katazum.'' ('he reads a book many times or he doesn't read the whole book for one occasion') | |||
*'''-ir''': it forms a causative verb eg. ''ovvort'' ('throw away') > ''Ovvortir il erip.'' ('He makes somebody throw the ball away') | |||
*'''-ing''' / '''-íf''': reflexive verb eg. ''loć'' ('wash') > ''loćing'' ('wash oneself') | |||
*'''-ung''': reciprocal | |||
====Participle formatives - Dífekkmisdífárde==== | |||
*'''-(e)n''': it forms an infinitive eg. ''rév'' ('watch(es)') > ''réven'' ('to watch') | |||
*'''-end''': it forms a present participle eg. ''vot'' ('write') > ''a votend ö-pellu'' ('a writing child') | |||
*'''-é (-év-)''': it forms a past participle eg. ''fűl'' ('see') > ''i fűlé galéna'' ('a ship that was seen') | |||
*'''-áj (-áv-)''': it forms a future participle eg. ''arad'' ('look for') > ''il aradáj śutte'' ('the letter to bee looked for') | |||
*'''-ix''': eg. ''rip'' ('run') > ''Ripix ámogó.'' ('He arrived running') | |||
*'''-and''': something that can be done eg. ''díf'' ('do') > ''dífand'' ('can be done'). | |||
===Word order - Corg'éćer=== | |||
There is no strict word order (SVO is the dominant), the parts of the sentence are generally in order of importance. | |||
when we want to emphasise a word very strongly, we can use the prefix '''có- / c''''. | |||
''Omme corkum ájdogó, '''c'ill''' líćireldó.'' ('He had blue ears, that [and not anything else] made me laugh') | |||
==Translations - Bettélege== | ==Translations - Bettélege== | ||
===Useful phrases - Iskáte córilláne=== | |||
:{| | |||
|Welcome!||¡Agête! ¡Agêtam! | |||
|- | |||
|Hello!|| ¡Winś! | |||
|- | |||
|Good morning / day / evening / night!|| ¡Felt mernikkum / tikum / aświlum / tekinum! | |||
|- | |||
|Good-bye!||¡Ájfűlán! ¡Ćüs! | |||
|- | |||
|Yes. No.||Pit. Gan. | |||
|- | |||
| ‒What's your name? -My name is...|| ‒¿For i missild? ‒I missild ... | |||
|- | |||
|Pleased to meet you.||Gêlete, ćo molem. | |||
|- | |||
|Sorry.||Offűlán(um). | |||
|- | |||
|Thank you.||Valte. | |||
|- | |||
| ‒How are you? ‒I'm fine, thanks. / I've got a splinter in my right ear. ||‒¿Éda ri? ‒Valte, feltat. / Eremb ro hi rofe corkeldio. | |||
|- | |||
| ‒Where's the toilet? ‒Behind that mountain.|| ‒¿Ós i büswa? ‒La kuntán zéle. | |||
|- | |||
|Good luck!||¡Felt ö-ligrum! | |||
|- | |||
|I love you.||Mítilde. | |||
|- | |||
| ‒Do you speak Avorenta? ‒Yes, of course. / No, but I want to learn it.|| ‒¿Lími h-Avorentat? ‒Pit, vécidátat. / Gan, ak míte geniffen. | |||
|- | |||
|How do you say...?|| ¿Éda córtu hi(l) ...? | |||
|- | |||
|I don't understand.||Gan sine. | |||
|- | |||
|Please speak more slowly.|| ¡Ćimbre, límiz ćevérat! | |||
|- | |||
|Please write it down.|| ¡Ćimbre, divvotiz um! | |||
|- | |||
|It's Greek to me.||Ill máj Esperantu. | |||
|- | |||
|Watch out! This deep-sea diver has smelly feet.|| ¡Potiz! Ill bőremúrâl revid qwenáta kíkum ájdog. | |||
|} | |||
===Romulus and Remus - Romulâs e Remas === | ===Romulus and Remus - Romulâs e Remas === | ||
:Rea Silviáj, Numitors pellináj gémennalde főró, Romulâs e Remas. Ak i howadeńńa Amuliâs i zígu gen éló bawiren. Rea Silvium tákesserconiró het a besláj impézó, ćo gebostiroz ö-vitta hi gémennu. I besla h-inio gan optodauf (optodífó), i pellú hi robendorellor oqqwitó d‑üsmegio. A śinna vilkas genógó veum, qwin avoltiró t-êllavonó hi dau zígum. A Faustulâs missát’ ájfilqwazión i huttolda véló, len bênoldáj, Akka Lárenciáj dontó veum. I pelle sêvindó hagáj, śe Faustulâs et Akka balio niffirestó Romulázum e Remazum. | :Rea Silviáj, Numitors pellináj gémennalde főró, Romulâs e Remas. Ak i howadeńńa Amuliâs i zígu gen éló bawiren. Rea Silvium tákesserconiró het a besláj impézó, ćo gebostiroz ö-vitta hi gémennu. I besla h-inio gan optodauf (optodífó), i pellú hi robendorellor oqqwitó d‑üsmegio. A śinna vilkas genógó veum, qwin avoltiró t-êllavonó hi dau zígum. A Faustulâs missát’ ájfilqwazión i huttolda véló, len bênoldáj, Akka Lárenciáj dontó veum. I pelle sêvindó hagáj, śe Faustulâs et Akka balio niffirestó Romulázum e Remazum. | ||
Line 163: | Line 664: | ||
===The Magical Deer ''(Ancient Hungarian legend)'' - I vinturbaraus fába=== | ===The Magical Deer ''(Ancient Hungarian legend)'' - I vinturbaraus fába=== | ||
:Isteró ha tikkor, ćo fillogonn gefinestó, het i | :Isteró ha tikkor, ćo fillogonn gefinestó, het i zébio ha jauvos śinnabarau riltó h-ápüst. La texadó h‑ápüsti, ve pêdze hi meotizál pengale pitta si folkestó. Hatt ö‑lapti h‑elónat farswin, e doz mőrti aradestó, h-édańńa son genógaldestó. Táńővestó l‑óle völlé pengalu he ves ájfilisse holozavoltiránar ekarináj nógestó. Foropti ves etâram ájrowix gekátest hí hi restánum, forven zültüsten i meotizál pengale pitta rowestó, ćo h‑ájfilüstu holozavoltirix hatt bíledz. | ||
:I Meotizis tirlün Perśias lenn gűre nógand; an wádus exeloren vilqveni múr éliohaff, gan ájd ö‑robendu, ak batále holozáta fêllüreo, | :I Meotizis tirlün Perśias lenn gűre nógand; an wádus exeloren vilqveni múr éliohaff, gan ájd ö‑robendu, ak batále holozáta fêllüreo, h‑aćorreo, fozeo, h‑áfeo he fillogeo; i táń- et átőván ante tefig. I meotizál pengale pitta rowestó fixi, e fim pellti gan ollíkiltestó hatti. Ênnil i six pellio h-átfimmestó, i zébio damöwájnat i Bereka-zígisse bênáre he pelláre nágest, laqwine hi maune h-aur tagâlonstó, et évas i bórdis córnibálum sovitest e cerdára bêdlonstó. Ájfilüsten maurat avellat ovvélestó veum i Meotizis pengaleo. I bós ö-flet opti hett ró hil anx ö-śommeg. | ||
:Isteró pêdze, ćo h‑illio h‑eltoppio le pelle pitte l-alán wariónis, Dulánis dau pellinum êś ohhaffestó, anigum Hunor, i h‑elongum Magor lájmó bênoj. Illei minnei dévizó lapti hi ven hún e hunnâs. Isteró pêdze, ćo lapti mőrti baulest | :Isteró pêdze, ćo h‑illio h‑eltoppio le pelle pitte l-alán wariónis, Dulánis dau pellinum êś ohhaffestó, anigum Hunor, i h‑elongum Magor lájmó bênoj. Illei minnei dévizó lapti hi ven hún e hunnâs. Isteró pêdze, ćo lapti mőrti baulest i meotizál pengale pitte, úzestó bêre bós foxuá gőten, et y tirlün óle gin tákümben, gin avoltiren gan ö-ró bonnu veum. | ||
===The Lord's Prayer - Kes Etâr === | ===The Lord's Prayer - Kes Etâr === | ||
[[Image:Kesetaar2.png|thumb|The Lord's Prayer written with Háfrigvotán script]] | |||
:Kes Etâr, qwin il eskáleo ri, | :Kes Etâr, qwin il eskáleo ri, | ||
:genomentuz i missild, | :genomentuz i missild, | ||
Line 176: | Line 678: | ||
:léda l-eskálio, śo l-edzúroro si. | :léda l-eskálio, śo l-edzúroro si. | ||
:Forventikál vekánandum dontiz káj píl, | :Forventikál vekánandum dontiz káj píl, | ||
:et offűliz i | :et offűliz i kes bêtgánu, | ||
:léda ke s’ offűlam i h-inóvand bêtdífendo. | :léda ke s’ offűlam i h-inóvand bêtdífendo. | ||
:E gin véliz kum kojsitána, | :E gin véliz kum kojsitána, | ||
:ak gemojgiriz i vultími. | :ak gemojgiriz i vultími. | ||
:(Dé tis i h-agenir, i | :(Dé tis i h-agenir, i wara t-il omengan forvenâk.) | ||
:Roz ö-gen. | :Roz ö-gen. | ||
Line 187: | Line 689: | ||
[[Category:Conlangs]] | [[Category:Conlangs]] | ||
:Evele 'n Allâzio, forvengámend Etário, eskális et edzúris dífiónio. | :Evele 'n Allâzio, forvengámend Etário, eskális et edzúris dífiónio. | ||
:E Jézuś Kristuzio, i hos | :E Jézuś Kristuzio, i hos anfőré zígio, i kes Mínio, | ||
:qwin gefíntu ró l-Omena Gúsergan, fór Omena Mári, | :qwin gefíntu ró l-Omena Gúsergan, fór Omena Mári, | ||
:árentu ró Poncius Pilátus entre, genígestó, gebaw et offorkestó. | :árentu ró Poncius Pilátus entre, genígestó, gebaw et offorkestó. | ||
:Difortó l-entredzúra, trox ö-tikkar śurátogó hi boweste pitti, | :Difortó l-entredzúra, trox ö-tikkar śurátogó hi boweste pitti, | ||
:śurrőnó l-eskála, hon | :śurrőnó l-eskála, hon savit i forvengámend Etârallâzis rofiom, | ||
: | :hatti offimm ö-ćevéren ungendu he bowévu. | ||
:Evele h-Omena Gúsergio, hi katolige Mittomen'huttio, | :Evele h-Omena Gúsergio, hi katolige Mittomen'huttio, | ||
:il omenisse rogennio, hi bêtgánisse h-offűlánio, | :il omenisse rogennio, hi bêtgánisse h-offűlánio, | ||
:hi ćerras śurátogánio et i forvenâkál ungio. | :hi ćerras śurátogánio et i forvenâkál ungio. | ||
:Roz ö-gen. | :Roz ö-gen. | ||
===The Babel Text - I Bábel-firm=== | |||
:1. I h-elón’ Edzúr elum errákum et elu h-encóru h-ájdó.<br>2. Ênnil nőgiri oggefinestó, Śińáris lannor nágest a bós entrelannum e hut diflázestó.<br>3. Śe cárest ellanáj: “Fimminz, dífenz berikku het unnűrenz u feltat!" I berikkum tildestúnoj, i beśtum rőnájgánoj iskidestó.<br>4. Lapte śe cárest: “Ejja, tildenz dúnum e tiórum, follis refitt il eskáléti h-ám! Oftájnenz fumáj mísum, e gin igestréjenz il Edzúror!”<br>5. Lájk i h-Allâs difortó, ćo gefűloz i dúnum et i tiórum, follum i míne tildestó.<br>6. Śe límó: “Révinz, ill an fox e h-an errákum límest. Ill or i h-úzán i ves ferkis. Ipte freńńa son rá démaneńńa váj, follis rekkarvelánum ogelorrest.<br>7. Illad ortanz dif e dichtanz têr i ves errákum, ćo qweńńa gin sinoz i lojgis errákum!"<br>8. I h-Allâs fixi h-igestroj veum hatti l-elón’ Edzúror, et inasófen lájchestó hi dúnis tildán.<br>9. Illad mísontu la Bábeláj, dé l-Allâs hatt têrdichtó l-elón’ Edzúris errákum e hatti h-igestrojüst i h-Allâs i h-elón’ Edzúror. | |||
==207-word Swadesh list - 207 corgáta Swadeś-diqwil== | |||
:''See [[Swadesh list for Háfrig (Avorenta)]]. | |||
==Contact== | |||
'''If you are interested in my conlang, or if you have some questions or if you've found something to correct, please write me an e-mail to the following address: [email protected]''' | |||
''Amb iminild i mes errak, fi qwinku h-ájdi fi nógió vofor feltünávum, ćimbre, votiz máj a kassöśuttum i folkend uskézar:'' '''[email protected]''' | |||
==See also== | |||
[http://www.avorenta.uw.hu The official website of Avorenta] |
Latest revision as of 13:24, 8 May 2010
General information - Óroil śíre
Háfrig [IPA: ˈhaːfrig] is the name of a constructed language family containing Háfrigerrak, SPQ and Avorenta. Here you can read about Avorenta [ˈɒvorɛntɒ] which is created by Attila Répai in 2008. The word ’avorenta’ means 'regulated’, as Háfrigerrak and SPQ underwent a regularisation, the result of this is the Avorenta language. Its grammar is based on the Hungarian language, therefore it is an agglutinating language. Its dictionary contains over 2100 words, most of them are ficticious, but a few derive from Turkish, Lithuanian, Latin, Germanic and Celtic languages.
The main advantages of Avorenta:
- It has a logical grammar without a lot of exceptions.
- Its vocabulary can be enlarged without restraint because we can form a large amount of words with suffixes.
- Words are easy to pronounce.
- We can express long English sentences very briefly.
eg. 'I and you could have taken them back down to the cellar' = Ájdivvélüstivemó l-ármoga. - We can express slight differences of importance with word order.
eg. I vínor ővixe gefűleó ha fereneldum. = 'When I was walking on the street, I saw one of my friends.'
A fereneldum gefűleó hi vínor ővixe. = 'When I was walking on the street, I saw one of my friends.'
Ővixe hi vínor gefűleó ha fereneldum. = 'When I was walking on the street, I saw one of my friends.'
Gefűleó ha fereneldum i vínor ővixe. = 'When I was walking on the street, I saw one of my friends.'
Alphabet and pronounciation - Abece het átcórán
Writing systems - Votánfádacche
HGE is originally written with a unique script called Háfrigvotán [IPA: ˈhaːfrigˌvotaːn] (HGV) but the latin alphabet is more widely used.
Vowels | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Short | a | â | e | ê/ä | i | o | ö | u | ü/y |
ɒ/a | a | ɛ | e | i | o | ø | u | y | |
Long | á | é | í | ó | ő | ú | ű/ý | ||
aː | eː | iː | oː | øː | uː | yː |
Consonants | |||||||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Voiced | b | d | dz | (dź) | g | v | z | (ź) | j | l | m | n | ń | q | r | w | |||
b | d | ʣ | ʤ | g | v | z | ʒ | j | l | m | n | ɲ | k/ʦ | r | w | ||||
Unvoiced | p | t | c | ć | k | f | s | ś | h | ch | x | ||||||||
p | t | ʦ | ʧ | k | f | s | ʃ | h | ç/x | ks |
Notes:
- Dź and ź appear only in foreign words.
- Q is pronounced as [k] before a, â, á, o, ó, u, ú and [ʦ] before e, ê, é, i, í, ö, ő, ü, ű.
Linking vowels and consonants - Roêndögarce
We use them to avoid consonant or vowel clusters.
- Between words and suffixes we use a definite linking vowel (see below)
- Between any types of words we use h- or ö- (eg. mínisse h-effár, ortend ö-gnu)
That's why HGE has 6 forms of the words i ('the'), e ('and') and a ('a/an').
i | a | e | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
V - V | hil l- |
réve hil afallum réve l-afallum |
had d- |
réve had afallum réve d-afallum |
het t- |
tága het esne tága t-esne |
V - C | hi | réve hi piktum | ha | réve ha piktum | he | tága he kecán |
C - V | il i h- |
révest il afallum révest i h-afallum |
ad a h- |
révest ad afallum révest a h-afallum |
et e h- |
kecán et esne kecán e h-esne |
C - C | i | révest i piktum | a | révest a piktum | e | kecán e tága |
Grammar - Errakniff
Nouns and adjectives - Hênmisse he nilganmisse
Noun and adjective declension - Hênmis- e nilganmispégońán
Like Hungarian, HGE is an agglutinaing language. Nouns and adjectives can be in 18 cases either singular or in plural. Words does not have gender. Nouns can be divided into 5 groups:
- Nouns ending in a consonant (eg. hutt 'house')
- a-stem (eg. capta 'room')
- e-stem (eg. pikte 'bag')
- i-stem (eg. zülti 'thing')
- u-stem (eg. histu 'news')
Suffixes have two types:
- Suffixes starting with a vowel (eg. -um, -áma)
- Suffixes starting with a consonant (These suffixes also have a linking vowel, which is to be used after a consonant. (eg. -(e)n, -(é)ti)
If you add a suffix starting with a vowel to a noun ending in a vowel, the original vowel at the end of the word disappears (eg. capta + -iri > capt- + -iri > captiri). If the final vowel and the suffix is the same, we write a long vowel instead of both (eg. histu + -u > histú). We don't use a linking vowel after words ending in an N, R or L (eg. veffel + -(i)s > veffels). The ending -S changes into a -Z and -AU/-EU changes into -AW/-EW (eg. katas + -um > katazum, bláneu > blánewio).
Case | Hungarian suffix | HGE suffix (singular) |
Example | HGE suffix (plural) |
Example |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Nominative | - | - | hutt, capta | -e | hutte, capte |
Accusative | -t | -um | huttum, captum | -u | huttu, captu |
Genitive | -nak | -(i)s | huttis, captas | (i)sse | huttisse, captasse |
Dative | -nak | -áj / -âj | huttáj, captáj | -o | hutto, capto |
Instrumental-comitative | -val | -(e)n | hutten, captan | -(é)ne | hutténe, captáne |
Causal-final | -ért | -ad | huttad, captad | -áde | huttáde, captáde |
Translative | -vá | -uá | huttuá, captuá | -ué | huttué, captué |
Terminative | -ig | -(é)ti | huttéti, captáti | -(é)te | huttéte, captáte |
Essive-formal/modal | -ként / -ül | -oj | huttoj, captoj | -ojje | huttojje, captojje |
Inessive | -ban | -io | huttio, captio | -eo | hutteo, capteo |
Adessive | -nál | -ómo / -om | huttómo, captómo | -óme | huttóme, captóme |
Superessive | -on | -óro / -or | huttóro, captóro | -óre | huttóre, captóre |
Elative | -ból | -i | hutti, capti | -ei | huttei, captei |
Ablative | -tól | -ími / -im | huttími, captími | -íme | huttíme, captíme |
Delative | -ról | -íri / -ir(i) | huttíri, captíri | -íre | huttíre, captíre |
Illative | -ba | -a | hutta, captá | -ea | huttea, captea |
Allative | -hoz | -áma / -am | huttáma, captáma | -áme | huttáme, captáme |
Sublative | -ra | -ára / -ar | huttára, captára | -áre | huttáre, captáre |
Comparison - Pűronán
In Avorenta, we can compare not only adjectives, but every types of words.
Singular nominative | Stem | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
superlative | -iś | il iskéniś ('the most beautiful') | -iśś- | iskéniśś- |
comparative | -ér | iskénér ('more beautiful') | -ér- | iskénér- |
base form | - | iskén ('beautiful') | - | iskén- |
negative comparative | -eri | iskéneri ('less beautiful') | -err- | iskénerr- |
negative superlative | -eś | il iskéneś ('the least beautiful') | -eśś- | iskéneśś- |
Samle sentences:
- Comparison of adjectives: Árpád ö-śűdér, sir Romulâs. / Árpád ö-śűdér Romulázom. ('Árpád is taller than Romulus.')
- Comparison of nouns: Mes jamattu Árpádér, sir i tis. ('My statue looks like Árpád more than yours.' Literally: 'My statue is more Árpád than the yours')
- Comparison of verbs: I vittegum mítiśśe. ('I like spring the best')
Verbs - Dífekke
Conjugation - Dífekkpégońán
Verbs have three forms: D1 for present, D2 for past and D3 for future. These are formed by changing one of the vowels of the verb.
D1 (Present) |
D2 (Past) |
D3 (Future) | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
a/â | araq | o | aroq | ê | arêq |
á | ám | ó | óm | é | ém |
e/ê | left | a | laft | i | lift |
é | él | á | ál | í | íl |
i | eldvin | o | eldvon | ê | eldvên |
í | lím | au | laum | é | lém |
o | ćebor | a | ćebar | ö | ćebör |
ó | óron | á | áron | ő | őron |
ö | nörp | o | norp | e | nerp |
ő | fintőr | ó | fintór | é | fintér |
u | kununt | o | kunont | ü | kunünt |
ú | húz | ó | hóz | ű | hűz |
ü | śrükk | u | śrukk | i | śrikk |
ű | krűn | au | kraun | í | krín |
There are three tenses (present, past, future) and four moods (indicative, conditional, subjunctive, imperative). Past tense is formed with the suffix -ó and future tense is formed with the suffix -á added to the conjugated D1 form. As there are only verbs ending in a consonant, we can add the suffixes without any changes. When we use the imperative, we put the personal pronoun or its short form before the D1 form of the verb.
Indicative | Conditional | Imperative 1 Subjunctive |
Imperative 2 | |
---|---|---|---|---|
SG1 | -e | -ive | -ez | - |
SG2 | -i | -ivi | -iz | ti-- / t'- |
SG3a (general) | - | -iv | -oz | ho-- / h'- |
SG3b (masculine) | -og | -ivog | -ox / -ogoz | hog-- |
SG3c (feminine) | -a | -iva | -az | hag-- |
PL1a (general) | -am | -ivam | -anz / -amoz | ke-- / k'- |
PL1b (SG1+SG2/PL2) | -em | -ivem | -enz / -emoz | ken-- |
PL1c (SG1+SG3/PL3) | -um | -ivum | -unz / -umoz | kun-- |
PL2 | -in | -ivin | -inz | du-- / d'- |
PL3 | -est | -ivest | -edz / -estoz | ve-- / v'- |
The verb ren ('to be') is also regular.
Indicative | Conditional | Imperative 1 Subjunctive | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
present | past | future | present | past | future | present | future | |
SG1 | re | reó | reá | rive | riveó | riveá | rez | rezá |
SG2 | ri | rió | riá | rivi | rivió | riviá | riz | rizá |
SG3a | ro | ró | rá | riv | rivó | rivá | roz | rozá |
SG3b | rog | rogó | rogá | rivog | rivogó | rivogá | rox | roxá |
SG3c | ra | ragó | ragá | riva | rivagó | rivagá | raz | razá |
PL1a | ram | ramó | ramá | rivam | rivamó | rivamá | ranz | ranzá |
PL1b | rem | remó | remá | rivem | rivemó | rivemá | renz | renzá |
PL1c | rum | rumó | rumá | rivum | rivumó | rivumá | runz | runzá |
PL2 | rin | rinó | riná | rivin | rivinó | riviná | rinz | rinzá |
PL3 | rest | restó | restá | rivest | rivestó | rivestá | redz | redzá |
Passive voice - Gandífend fóda
Form: D1 + -u / -tu (after L, N, R) + the correct form of ren (it can be omitted in SG3 in present tense). Sample sentences:
- Ille kataze mőr pellu bez ovvertu restó. ('These books are read by many children)
- La pemúr gerévu. ('That picture is seen.')
Another way to express passive voice: add the -út formative before the personal suffix.
- Ille kataze mőr pellu bez ovverútestó. ('These books are read by many children)
- La pemúr gerévút. ('That picture is seen.')
The object of the action - I dífáns deveri
Instead of using the accusative form of the personal pronoun, we can use the possessive suffix. Sample sentences:
- Réve veum. > Révüste. ('I watch them.')
- Ovvélivestó meum il ükóla. > Ovvéleldivestó l-ükóla. ('They could have taken me to the school.')
Pronouns - Elongömisse
Personal, possessive and reflexive pronouns - Mínâl, ájdánâl et ájkámüssend elongömisse
Personal pronoun | Possessive pronoun | Possessive suffix | Reflexive pronoun | |
---|---|---|---|---|
SG1 | me / iss | mes | -eld | feld |
SG2 | ti | tis | -ild | fild |
SG3a (general) | ho | hos | -old | fold |
SG3b (masculine) | hog | hox / hos | ||
SG3c (feminine) | hag | hax / has | -ald | fald |
PL1a (general) | ke | kes | -ând | fând |
PL1b (SG1 + SG2/PL2) | ken | kens | -ênd | fênd |
PL1c (SG1 + SG3/PL3) | kun | kuns | -und | fund |
PL2 | du | dus | -ind | find |
PL3 | ve | ves | -üst | füst |
We decline personal pronouns like nouns. Exceptions are listed below:
- The accusative form of the pronouns me, ti and ve contains the final vowel: meum, tium, veum.
- The elative form of ti and ho are written with a long í: tí, hí. (to avoid confusing them with ti ('you') and hi ('the')).
Possessive pronouns are simply the genitive forms of personal pronouns.
Demonstrative pronouns - Kívend elongömisse
There are three types of demonstrative pronouns:
- Demonstrative pronouns referring to a near object
- Demonstrative pronouns referring to a distant object
- General demonstrative pronouns
Demonstrative pronouns referring to near or distant objects | ||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
this | that | this kind of | that kind of | as large as this | as large as that | so much/many (near) |
so much/many (distant) | |||
ill | la | nix | nax | fex | fax | vis | vas | |||
a- | all | ala | anix | anax | afex | afax | avis | avas | ||
e- | ell | ela | enix | enax | efex | efax | evis | evas |
The prefix a- means 'the same'.
- -¿Óle d-elong ö-katazum veri? -Gan, sítle h-alum. ('-Are you reading another book? -No, I'm still reading the same one.') Note that ala, which refers to a distant object, is used, because it's from the view of the person who asked the question.
- Illio h-üsmegio h-avas afal ro, sir il elongio. ('There are as many apples in this basket than in the other.')
The prefix e- means 'the other'.
- -¿Illu bissiru genéqwidamá? -Gan, ellu. ('-Shall we buy these newspapers? -No, the others (which are these ones).')
General demonstrative pronouns are the same as the noun suffixes. Singular nominative form is ü or y.
Case | Singular | Plural |
---|---|---|
Nominative | ü / y | e |
Accusative | um | u |
Genitive | is | isse |
Dative | áj | o |
Instrumental-comitative | en | éne |
Causal-final | âd | áde |
Translative | wá | wé |
Terminative | éti | éte |
Essive-formal/modal | oj | ojje |
Inessive | io / jo | eo |
Adessive | om | óme |
Superessive | or | óre |
Elative | í | ei |
Ablative | im | íme |
Delative | ir | íre |
Illative | á | ea |
Allative | am | áme |
Sublative | ar | áre |
They are used when distance of the object isn't important or it doesn't refer to a phisical object (eg. emotions, colours, numbers or whole clauses).
- Śurvoteó hi jorqum, ginćo h-offergetez um. ('I wrote down the number, so that I won't forget it.')
Interrogative, relative, indefinite and general pronouns - Qwinkonend, roênend, ogadireńńa t-óroil elongömisse
What? | Who? | Which? | What kind? | How large? | What sort? | How many? (cardinal number) |
How many? (ordinal number) |
How many? (fraction) | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Interrogative | for | qwin | fil | nil | fál | gen | vil | vix | vić | |
Relative | -l | forl / foll | qwil | fill | nill | fáll | genil | vill | vixil | vićil |
la- | lafor | laqwin | lafil | lanil | lafál | lagen | lavil | lavix | lavić | |
Indefinite | vo- | vofor | voqwin | vofil | vonil | vofál | vogen | vovil | vovix | vović |
će- | ćefor | - | ćefil | - | - | ćegen | ćevil | ćevix | ćević | |
General | -eńńa | f(o)reńńa | qwi(le)ńńa | fi(le)ńńa | ni(le)ńńa | fáleńńa | geneńńa | vi(le)ńńa | vixeńńa | vićeńńa |
-tál | fortál | qwintál | filtál | niltál | fáltál | gentál | viltál | vixtál | vićtál | |
-ven | forven | qwíven | - | - | - | géven | - | - | - |
Meaning of the prefixes/suffixes:
- će- = 'some of ...'
-¿Fíven maun hítum putt? -Gan, or ćefil. ('-Is every men wearing a hat? -No, only some of them.') - -eńńa = 'no-'
eg. foreńńa = 'nothing', qwińńa = 'nobody', vileńńa = 'none' - -tál = 'any-'
eg. fortál = 'anything', qwintál = 'anyone', viltál = 'no matter how much/many' - -ven = 'every-'
eg. forven = 'everything', qwíven = 'everybody'.
Adverbs - Potessöcorge
Adverbs from nouns and adjectives - Potessöcorge hênmissei he nilganmissei
Adverbs are formed with the suffix -at. Examples:
- Noun > Adverb
teuta ('German') > teutat ('in German') Teutat lauma. ('She spoke in German.') - Consonant stem adjective > Adverb
felt ('good') > feltat ('well') ¡Geniffiz um feltat! ('Learn this well.') - Vowel stem adjective > Adverb
ferme ('warm') > fermat ('warmly') I pindrio hi míne fermat ö-tissest. ('People dress warmly in winter.')
Pronoun-adverbs - Elongömissál potessöcorge
Pronoun-adverbs are adverbs which have some common features with pronouns, for example they can get the same prefixes/suffixes.
Where? | To where? | From where? | To which direction? | From which direction? | When? | When? (at ... o'clock) |
How? | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Interrogative | ós | ósa | ósi | ósar | ósir | ênn | vik | éda | |
Relative | -l | ósil | ósla | ósli | óslar | óslir | ênnil | vikil | édal |
la- | lós | lósa | lósi | lósar | lósir | lênn | lavik | léda | |
Indefinite | vo- | vós | vósa | vósi | vósar | vofál | vósir | vovik | véda |
će- | ćós | - | - | - | - | ćênn | - | - | |
General | -eńńa | óseńńa | óseńńá | óseńńi | óseńńar | óseńńir | ê(nne)ńńa | vikeńńa | édańńa |
-tál | óstál | óstála | óstáli | óstálar | óstálir | ênntál | viktál | édatál | |
-ven | ósven | ósaven | ósiven | - | - | - | - | édaven |
Real adverbs - Feterrál potessöcorge
There are real adverbs referring to time, place and manner. The first group of them is similar to the demonstrative pronouns: every adverb has a 'near' and 'distant' form. They can also get the a- and e- prefixes.
Real adverbs with 2 forms | ||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
this time | that time | in this way | in that way | here | there | to this place | to that place | from this place | from that place | |
léjk | lájk | śe | śo | hett | hatt | hetta | hatta | hetti | hatti | |
a- | alájk | aléjk | a(ś)śe | a(ś)śo | ahett | ahatt | ahetta | ahatta | ahetti | ahatti |
e- | elájk | eléjk | e(ś)śe | e(ś)śo | ehett | ehatt | ehetta | ehatta | ehetti | ehatti |
In the second type, abverbs of place get the suffix -io ('in') and adverbs of manner get the suffix -at.
- Adverbs of time:
óle ('already'), sítle ('still'), ifte ('later'), finér ('sooner'), nu ('now'), len ('sometime/then'), lepti ('after this'), lapti ('after that'), álvin / víven ('always'). - Adverbs of place:
utio ('outside'), asio / táńio ('inside'), śurio ('up'), difio ('down'), ápio ('ahead/in front'), domio ('at the back'), licio ('aside'). - Adverbs of manner:
anirat ('alone'), maurat ('together').
Numbers - Jorce
Definite numbers, names of months and days - Ogadiráta jorce, i mêndisse he tikisse mis
To form ordinal numbers or fractions from cardinal numbers, we add the -x or -ć suffixes after or instead of the final sound. The names of the months and days are also formed from the cardinal numbers with the suffixes -ximênd (-x + mênd ('month')) and -~eg ( ~ means that the final consonant of the stem duplicates).
Cardinal number | Ordinal number -x |
Fraction -ć |
Month -ximênd |
Days of the week -~eg | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
0 | zür | züx | züć | ||
1 | an | anx | - | anximênd | anneg |
2 | dau | daux | dauć | dauximênd | daweg |
3 | tor | to(r)x | to(r)ć | torximênd | torreg |
4 | cet | cex | ceć | ceximênd | cetteg |
5 | fim | fix | fić | fiximênd | fimmeg |
6 | sit | six | sić | siximênd | sitteg |
7 | völl | vö(ll)x | vö(ll)ć | völlximênd | völleg |
8 | gad | gax | gać | gaximênd | |
9 | noj | nox | noć | noximênd | |
10 | tich | tix | tić | tiximênd | |
11 | tian | tianx | tianć | tianximênd | |
12 | tidau | tidaux | tidauć | tidauximênd | |
100 | ünt(rit) | üntrix | üntrić | ||
1000 | epaz | epax | epać | ||
1000000 | bill | bi(ll)x | bi(ll)ć |
- Numbers from 11 to 19 are formed with the prefix ti- (eg. tian (11), tidau (12), titor (13)).
- Numbers from 20 to 90 are formed with the suffix -te (eg daute (20), torte (30), cette (40)).
- Vowel clusters in compound numbers are replaced with an apostrophe (eg. daute + an > daut'an).
- Longer numbers can be read in two ways:
12,369,854 > andaubill-torsitnojepaz-gadöfimcet (Literally: 'onetwomillion-threesixninethousand-eight[linking vowel]fivefour')
741 > völlüntrit-cett'an (Literally: 'sevenhundred-fortyone')
Indefinite numbers - Ogadireńńa jorce
They can be compared like adjectives.
Singular nominative | Stem | ||
---|---|---|---|
superlative | most least |
miś ćeliś |
miśś- ćeliśś- |
comparative | more less |
mér ćelér |
mér- ćelér- |
base form | many little |
mőr ćel |
mőr- ćel- |
negative comparative | less | meri | merr- |
negative superlative | least | meś | meśś- |
Postpositions and further affixes - Misoptále he fittu pégońe
Postpositions
Postpositions are placed after the word they refer to (eg. i swip ócen ('because of the rain'). Most of them have three forms.
Where? -e |
To where? -a |
From where? -i | |
---|---|---|---|
under | entre | entra | entri |
above | śure | śura | śuri |
in front of | ápe | ápa | ápi |
behind | zéle | zéla | zéli |
next to | gűre | gűra | gűri |
between | pitte | pitta | pitti |
around | éle | éla | - |
towards | vilcio | vilqa / vilce | vilci |
Other postpositions:
bez ('by'), inau / inóv ('against'), önte ('instead of'), ócen ('because of'), aur ('without'), aki ('since'), éna ('according to'), opti ('after'), dár ('beyond'), séd ('through').
Verbal prefixes - Dífekkfinpégońe
Verbal prefixes can express the direction of the action, they can modify the meaning of the verb or they can mark that the action is finished. The most frequently used verbal prefixes are these:
Meaning | Hungarian prefix |
Prefix | Sample |
---|---|---|---|
in | be- | a- at |
avot atest |
into | bele- | eś- | eślakk |
out | ki- | át- / út- ú~ |
átoff úffimm |
down | le- | dif- di~ |
difaraq dirrow |
up | fel- | śur- | śurfőn |
here | ide- | hett- hetta |
hettórin hettasetir |
there | oda- | hatt- hatta |
hattórin hattasetir |
together | össze- | têr- | têrhúz |
apart | szét- | ig- i~ |
igoff irrow |
back | vissza- | áj- | ájrév |
over/through | át- | sê- sêd- |
sêfimm sêdort |
away/off* | el- | og- o~- |
ogóron olleft |
* | meg- | ge- gen- |
gehúz genest |
The prefixes marked with * (og and ge) are used to make the action finished eg. -Voti l-émentum? -Óle gevoteó. ('-Are you writing the homework? -I've already written it.')
Word formation - Corgegênájfirán
Noun formatives - Hênmisdífárde
- -ión: a person whose job is connected with a certain thing eg. effár ('tooth') > effárión ('dentist'), fillog ('game') > fillogión ('hunter').
- -árd: an object which is connected with an action eg. behün ('refrigerate') > behünárd ('refrigerator')
- -án: it forms a noun from a verb eg. fűl ('see') > fűlán ('sight')
- -ek(k) / -ag: mostly a thing which is the result of an action eg. ört ('bake') > örtekk ('cake')
- -(ö)gan: mostly it forms a noun from another noun or adjective eg. étti ('happy') > éttigan ('happiness')
- -iśte / -ida: a place for an action eg. avolt ('eat') > avoltiśte ('restaurant')
- ika: it forms a country name from a nation's name eg. teuta ('German') > Teutika ('Germany')
- -íc: diminutive suffix eg. esne ('pig') > esníc ('piglet')
Adjective formatives - Nilganmisdífárde
- -âl / -ál / -au: it forms an adjective from a noun eg.mín ('man / human being') > mínâl ('human'), Miogedzúr ('America') > miogedzúrâl ('American')
- -áta: something which has something eg. cork ('ear') > corkáta ('something which has an ear')
- -eńńa: it shows the lack of something eg. cork > corkeńńa ('something without an ear')
- -(ö)get: something which looks like another thing eg. mín (human being) > mínögêt ('humanoid')
Verb formatives - Dífekkdífárde
- -on / -aśś: it forms a verb from a noun eg. qwink ('question') > qwinkon ('ask a question')
- -ilt: it forms a verb from an adjective eg. vétig ('ready') > vétigilt ('become ready')
- -ün: it forms a verb from an adjective eg. bós ('big') > bósün ('magnify')
- -ann: it shows that doing something is allowed or it expresses ability eg. rip ('run') > ripann ('he can / is allowed to run')
- -ill: mostly it shows that the action is repeated many times eg. ver ('read') > Verill a katazum. ('he reads a book many times or he doesn't read the whole book for one occasion')
- -ir: it forms a causative verb eg. ovvort ('throw away') > Ovvortir il erip. ('He makes somebody throw the ball away')
- -ing / -íf: reflexive verb eg. loć ('wash') > loćing ('wash oneself')
- -ung: reciprocal
Participle formatives - Dífekkmisdífárde
- -(e)n: it forms an infinitive eg. rév ('watch(es)') > réven ('to watch')
- -end: it forms a present participle eg. vot ('write') > a votend ö-pellu ('a writing child')
- -é (-év-): it forms a past participle eg. fűl ('see') > i fűlé galéna ('a ship that was seen')
- -áj (-áv-): it forms a future participle eg. arad ('look for') > il aradáj śutte ('the letter to bee looked for')
- -ix: eg. rip ('run') > Ripix ámogó. ('He arrived running')
- -and: something that can be done eg. díf ('do') > dífand ('can be done').
Word order - Corg'éćer
There is no strict word order (SVO is the dominant), the parts of the sentence are generally in order of importance. when we want to emphasise a word very strongly, we can use the prefix có- / c'. Omme corkum ájdogó, c'ill líćireldó. ('He had blue ears, that [and not anything else] made me laugh')
Translations - Bettélege
Useful phrases - Iskáte córilláne
Welcome! ¡Agête! ¡Agêtam! Hello! ¡Winś! Good morning / day / evening / night! ¡Felt mernikkum / tikum / aświlum / tekinum! Good-bye! ¡Ájfűlán! ¡Ćüs! Yes. No. Pit. Gan. ‒What's your name? -My name is... ‒¿For i missild? ‒I missild ... Pleased to meet you. Gêlete, ćo molem. Sorry. Offűlán(um). Thank you. Valte. ‒How are you? ‒I'm fine, thanks. / I've got a splinter in my right ear. ‒¿Éda ri? ‒Valte, feltat. / Eremb ro hi rofe corkeldio. ‒Where's the toilet? ‒Behind that mountain. ‒¿Ós i büswa? ‒La kuntán zéle. Good luck! ¡Felt ö-ligrum! I love you. Mítilde. ‒Do you speak Avorenta? ‒Yes, of course. / No, but I want to learn it. ‒¿Lími h-Avorentat? ‒Pit, vécidátat. / Gan, ak míte geniffen. How do you say...? ¿Éda córtu hi(l) ...? I don't understand. Gan sine. Please speak more slowly. ¡Ćimbre, límiz ćevérat! Please write it down. ¡Ćimbre, divvotiz um! It's Greek to me. Ill máj Esperantu. Watch out! This deep-sea diver has smelly feet. ¡Potiz! Ill bőremúrâl revid qwenáta kíkum ájdog.
Romulus and Remus - Romulâs e Remas
- Rea Silviáj, Numitors pellináj gémennalde főró, Romulâs e Remas. Ak i howadeńńa Amuliâs i zígu gen éló bawiren. Rea Silvium tákesserconiró het a besláj impézó, ćo gebostiroz ö-vitta hi gémennu. I besla h-inio gan optodauf (optodífó), i pellú hi robendorellor oqqwitó d‑üsmegio. A śinna vilkas genógó veum, qwin avoltiró t-êllavonó hi dau zígum. A Faustulâs missát’ ájfilqwazión i huttolda véló, len bênoldáj, Akka Lárenciáj dontó veum. I pelle sêvindó hagáj, śe Faustulâs et Akka balio niffirestó Romulázum e Remazum.
- Ift’ i gémenne kewilesténe maurat gebowirestó h-Amuliázum. Ênn śurgőtestó, ogadirestó, ćo lor órinor, lós pell’éjkestis iskéniś pêllu télestó, vonil dúnum krűnestá. Il ommissonekk ócen inio medülig appíćán rá dawest ö‑pitte. Léjk histeńńa posomoldio Romulâs diddűśimbó bidoldum, e hi śurtildiltend ö‑dúnum fodis fodir ommissonó Rómáj, famis Kr.á. 753‑ími 716‑éti lauger ró.
The Magical Deer (Ancient Hungarian legend) - I vinturbaraus fába
- Isteró ha tikkor, ćo fillogonn gefinestó, het i zébio ha jauvos śinnabarau riltó h-ápüst. La texadó h‑ápüsti, ve pêdze hi meotizál pengale pitta si folkestó. Hatt ö‑lapti h‑elónat farswin, e doz mőrti aradestó, h-édańńa son genógaldestó. Táńővestó l‑óle völlé pengalu he ves ájfilisse holozavoltiránar ekarináj nógestó. Foropti ves etâram ájrowix gekátest hí hi restánum, forven zültüsten i meotizál pengale pitta rowestó, ćo h‑ájfilüstu holozavoltirix hatt bíledz.
- I Meotizis tirlün Perśias lenn gűre nógand; an wádus exeloren vilqveni múr éliohaff, gan ájd ö‑robendu, ak batále holozáta fêllüreo, h‑aćorreo, fozeo, h‑áfeo he fillogeo; i táń- et átőván ante tefig. I meotizál pengale pitta rowestó fixi, e fim pellti gan ollíkiltestó hatti. Ênnil i six pellio h-átfimmestó, i zébio damöwájnat i Bereka-zígisse bênáre he pelláre nágest, laqwine hi maune h-aur tagâlonstó, et évas i bórdis córnibálum sovitest e cerdára bêdlonstó. Ájfilüsten maurat avellat ovvélestó veum i Meotizis pengaleo. I bós ö-flet opti hett ró hil anx ö-śommeg.
- Isteró pêdze, ćo h‑illio h‑eltoppio le pelle pitte l-alán wariónis, Dulánis dau pellinum êś ohhaffestó, anigum Hunor, i h‑elongum Magor lájmó bênoj. Illei minnei dévizó lapti hi ven hún e hunnâs. Isteró pêdze, ćo lapti mőrti baulest i meotizál pengale pitte, úzestó bêre bós foxuá gőten, et y tirlün óle gin tákümben, gin avoltiren gan ö-ró bonnu veum.
The Lord's Prayer - Kes Etâr
- Kes Etâr, qwin il eskáleo ri,
- genomentuz i missild,
- offimmoz i tis agenir,
- geroz i tis élekk,
- léda l-eskálio, śo l-edzúroro si.
- Forventikál vekánandum dontiz káj píl,
- et offűliz i kes bêtgánu,
- léda ke s’ offűlam i h-inóvand bêtdífendo.
- E gin véliz kum kojsitána,
- ak gemojgiriz i vultími.
- (Dé tis i h-agenir, i wara t-il omengan forvenâk.)
- Roz ö-gen.
The Apostles Creed - Evele'n
- Evele 'n Allâzio, forvengámend Etário, eskális et edzúris dífiónio.
- E Jézuś Kristuzio, i hos anfőré zígio, i kes Mínio,
- qwin gefíntu ró l-Omena Gúsergan, fór Omena Mári,
- árentu ró Poncius Pilátus entre, genígestó, gebaw et offorkestó.
- Difortó l-entredzúra, trox ö-tikkar śurátogó hi boweste pitti,
- śurrőnó l-eskála, hon savit i forvengámend Etârallâzis rofiom,
- hatti offimm ö-ćevéren ungendu he bowévu.
- Evele h-Omena Gúsergio, hi katolige Mittomen'huttio,
- il omenisse rogennio, hi bêtgánisse h-offűlánio,
- hi ćerras śurátogánio et i forvenâkál ungio.
- Roz ö-gen.
The Babel Text - I Bábel-firm
- 1. I h-elón’ Edzúr elum errákum et elu h-encóru h-ájdó.
2. Ênnil nőgiri oggefinestó, Śińáris lannor nágest a bós entrelannum e hut diflázestó.
3. Śe cárest ellanáj: “Fimminz, dífenz berikku het unnűrenz u feltat!" I berikkum tildestúnoj, i beśtum rőnájgánoj iskidestó.
4. Lapte śe cárest: “Ejja, tildenz dúnum e tiórum, follis refitt il eskáléti h-ám! Oftájnenz fumáj mísum, e gin igestréjenz il Edzúror!”
5. Lájk i h-Allâs difortó, ćo gefűloz i dúnum et i tiórum, follum i míne tildestó.
6. Śe límó: “Révinz, ill an fox e h-an errákum límest. Ill or i h-úzán i ves ferkis. Ipte freńńa son rá démaneńńa váj, follis rekkarvelánum ogelorrest.
7. Illad ortanz dif e dichtanz têr i ves errákum, ćo qweńńa gin sinoz i lojgis errákum!"
8. I h-Allâs fixi h-igestroj veum hatti l-elón’ Edzúror, et inasófen lájchestó hi dúnis tildán.
9. Illad mísontu la Bábeláj, dé l-Allâs hatt têrdichtó l-elón’ Edzúris errákum e hatti h-igestrojüst i h-Allâs i h-elón’ Edzúror.
207-word Swadesh list - 207 corgáta Swadeś-diqwil
Contact
If you are interested in my conlang, or if you have some questions or if you've found something to correct, please write me an e-mail to the following address: [email protected]
Amb iminild i mes errak, fi qwinku h-ájdi fi nógió vofor feltünávum, ćimbre, votiz máj a kassöśuttum i folkend uskézar: [email protected]