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| =='''Introduction-Vehimaquirämös'''==
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| <font color=#151B8D><span style="font-size: 16px">''' Qiöra qoÞ. Aca re bán? Binä, te intevönæÞ dis déalecti Dal’qöria, velcamör ela. DérÞ, diö descöbræ däáträdn qörabárämösel te májä, niaságrämös, liläárämös qve tiÞöra,, ön salö ni ænÞal degérø te oragéanámn qve tiÞöra-lintöni di vosérämös qve tiÞöra qedérÞas.<br/>Binä, öcra di épø, taÞ diö icaÞræ te besöcér séÞa intevönæÞ, iquirquas qnáÞr diöra,, ön méla diö, máriÞ éanö qomenträmösel ödri qualtédrämösel, iquirquas é-mäl binöra,, ödri méla diö natindr éanö enörämösel, taÞ binä gä’ábravaqur,, ön diö qönér,, taÞ diö nöacr önestár,, nes efragörädnas maqur taÞ dérÞ: ''[email protected]''''' | | '''[[Dal'qörian Script|For more on the Dalcurian Script, click here]]''' |
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| <span style="font-size: 16px">'''Hi, and welcome to the Dalcurian language website. Here, you’ll find detailed descriptions of its grammar, pronunciation, style, and a basic history of its origins right up to its present day usage.<br/>I would like to thank you for taking the time to peruse this website, and if you would like to email me with any comments or questions, or if you notice any mistakes that you feel you could correct me on, then please feel free to do so at''': '''''[email protected]''''' | | Transliteration |
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| Through my own experiences, I have purposely simplified the grammatical terminology in this article, and I have also included brief descriptions of grammatical words and expressions in each respective section. This is because I want newcomers to language study not to feel intimidated by heavy terminology and explanations. As I can remember when I first began to study German, I was very confused with 'intense grammatical explanations'. Of course, when studying or creating a language, one must have some understanding of grammar to begin with. However, for the above reasons I have, for the most part, written this article in [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Simple_English_Wikipedia simple English].<BR/>I should also state that most of the examples and references here are based in comparison to the English language.
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| =='''The Dalcurian language and basic history-Di déalecti qve Dal'qöria,, ön ænÞal degérø'''== | | <font color= #151B8D><span style= "font-size: 16px">''' Qiöra qoÞ. Aca re bán? Binä, te intevönæÞ dis déalecti Dal’qöria, velcamör ela. DérÞ, diö descöbræ däáträdn qörabárämösel qve májä, niaságrämös, liläárämös,, ön salö ni ænÞal degérø dis oragéanámn tiÞöra-lintöni di vosérämös qve tiÞöra qedérÞas.<br/>Binä, öcra di épø taÞ diö icaÞr besöcér siÞ intevönæÞ, iquirquas qnáÞr diöra,, ön méla diö, máriÞ éanö qomenträmösel ödri qualtédrämösel, iquirquas é-mäl binöra,, ödri méla diö natindr éanö enörämösel,, taÞ binä gä’ábravaqur,, ön diö qönér,, taÞ diö nöacr önestár,, nes efragörädnas maqur taÞ dérÞ: ''[email protected]''''' |
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| [[Image:Flag1.jpg|thumb|250px|Dalcurian flag]] [[Image:web_template.jpg|thumb|250px|Dalcurian Islands]]'''Dalcurian''' (Dalcurian spelling: '''Dal'qörian''' IPA '''ɗælkuːɹiːjæn''') is the language of '''Dalcuria''' ('''''Dal'qöria'''''), a small group of islands approx 300 miles south-westerly off the southwest coast of Ireland. Stylistically, it's full of [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indo-European_languages Indo-European traits], with strong influences from [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_language English], [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_language German], [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin Latin], plus [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finnish_language Finnish] and [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cornish_language Cornish].
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| The earliest form of Dalcurian language was developed as a religious tongue by a rather eccentric [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pagan pagan] king called '''Thadæus Thadurac''' (Dalcurian: '''''þadæös þadörac''''') around 200 BC. The religion was a breakaway form of [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pagan Paganism] that was practiced throughout Europe around that time, and had thousands of followers, divided up into fellowships. Thadurac was the order's self appointed king, and highly revered among his followers. Although not fully substantiated, it's thought that he was a Carthaginan. Carthaginians were great seafarers and they capitalized on the trade of the Iberian silver and British tin. Thadurac had forged trade links as far as England, and was a highly respected Carthaginian councillor.
| | <span style="font-size: 16px">'''Hi, and welcome to the Dalcurian language website. Here, you’ll find detailed descriptions of its grammar, pronunciation, style, and a basic history of its origins right up to its present day usage.<br/>I would like to thank you for taking the time to peruse this website, and if you would like to email me with any comments or questions, or if you notice any mistakes that you feel you could correct me on, then please feel free to do so at''': '''''dwhmusic32@yahoo.co.uk''''' |
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| Thadurac, an eccentric to say the least, had studied language in Greece as the young scholar of a prominent Greek philosopher called '''Adaikos''' in 210 BC. He had learned many things whilst under the wing of Adaikos, including skills in [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economics economics] and governing. These skills would eventualy stand him well when came to true power on the Dalcurian islands, bringing stability and order to his society, radicalizing even more his then worshipped religion with his own ideals and philosophies.
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| Around Thaduracs time, the Carthaginians wealth, mastery of trade and expansion along the Mediterranean coast towards Italy brought Carthage into direct confrontation with the newly rising power of Rome. Sensing invasion at the hands of the Romans, he fled Carthage to southern Ireland where he and 10,000 of his followers from across Europe merged with the Irish Celtic branch of the Thaduracian fellowship. Years earlier, he had sent one of his Iberian Celtic Fellowships to the Dalcurian Islands, after they [the islands] were given to him as a kingly gift from the Irish Celtic branch of the order. This Celtic Fellowship had utilised its mastery of hemp, and forged a trade link back to the Mediterranean as a result of Thadurac's strong influence in the region. Thadurac now sought to colonize the islands, and did so with gusto, enticing many more followers to join him from various European regions. He named the islands '''Þadöracia'''-''Thaduracia'', and by 180 BC, the population numbered in excess if 100,000. The now termed 'Thaduracians' had for many years been encouraged to use Thadurac's religious language, and with a new influx of followers, his conlang diversified into many dialects. However, the language would undergo many inevitable changes as a direct result of migrants bringing into it their own influences, and it took around 150 years for a standard form to emerge. It's this standard form that we now term 'Thaduracian' for historical purposes, and would last for approx another 150 years or so before its transition into 'Proto-Dalcurian' or 'Neo-Thaduracian' as it's sometimes refered to.
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| As the years of Thadurac’s reign went by, and indeed long after his reign, his religious language matured, and as it became more widely accepted, it became more advanced, forming small pockets of [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colloquial colloquial speech] in many villages and towns. It spread out into the remaining fellowships of [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_europe Western Europe], becoming ever more present in every day speech. The [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European European] factions of the fellowship would ultimately form their own [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dialect dialects], which eventually substrated into the island's own dialect during the Pagan exodus of the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3rd_century 3rd] and [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/4th_century 4th] centuries.
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| Though records and manuscripts are few, the early language itself appeared to have been very simple and mainly synthetic (since a word could be [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inflection inflected] for ''person, tense, number'' and ''[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modal_verbs modality]''). It's lexicon was perhaps around 500 base words, most verbs were inflected for person, number and tense (perhaps influenced by Latin), and it can be said that 'derivational synthesis' was frequently employed to create new words, long after Thadurac had died.
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| From the mid 3rd century, thousands of European pagans, not just Thaduracian pagans, migrated out of their homelands running from persecution, after the Roman Emperor [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constans Constans] decreed that all pagan worship and [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sacrifice sacrifice] (''even though Thaduracian Paganism did not practice sacrifice'') should cease; warning those who still persisted in the practice of paganism with the threat of the death penalty. Many more found their way to Thaduracia, after [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodosius_I Theodosius I] officially declared [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christianity Christianity] as the official religion of the Roman Empire.<br/>By this time, the Thaduarcian tongue had long been accepted as the main language of the island (''although it wasn’t official''), and having knowledge of Thaduracian meant integration into society was relatively easy for this new influx of Europeans. This exodus inevitably produced a myriad of dialects across the island, and brought into the language many [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loan_words loan words] from the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germanic_languages Germanic languages]. Regional village dialects formed, though not drastically, as the settlers from various European regions tended to stick together in the same village or town.<br/>Not only did the language take on new traits, but also Thaduracian society became more highly developed. Many large towns rose up across the island, and its first city was officially named as '''Calmania''' (dal: '''''Qal’mánia''''') in 467. The main port in the southwest region of Halcarnia ('''''Hal'qánia''''') became increasingly busier, largely due to the island’s geographical position. Ships coming from [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Africa Africa] would often make port there where goods would be bought, sold and bartered for. (From this era, a 'pidgin' form of Dalcurian formed among the traders, which would eventually come do dominate the area and became a 'superstratum'). The then leader, king '''Heldoch d’Calba II''' (dal: '''''Heldø d’Qalba'''''), established its first form of [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government government] with the aid of Roman Auxiliary defectors, which created a more centralized control over the towns, villages, and of course the economy.
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| In 512AD, '''Dalæth Curan''' (Dalcurian: '''''DalæÞ Qöran''''') became Thaduracia’s youngest king at only 22 years of age. Like his great predecessor Thadurac, he was a very astute scholar. He had studied language and history, was fluent in Latin and [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_english Old English], and had studied the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celtic_languages Celtic languages] (''by this time, a strong Irish Celtic society had formed in the northern region''). He was extremely ambitious, and one of the first things he sought to do was to re-open the Mediterranean trade link that had been lost 150 years previously. The Mediterranean was a trade link that Thaduracia had followed for over 800 years, and the bulk of its hemp trade came from there. Even when the Romans captured the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carthaginian Carthaginian] trading colonies along its coast (''roughly 210 BC-Dalcuria had a huge export trade in tin with Carthage'') trade only dwindled slightly. However, with the onset of Christianity into the Roman Empire, trade was banned by the Romans at the beginning of the 4th century after '''Theodosius I''' established Nicene Christianity as the official and, except for [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judaism Judaism], only legal religion in the Roman Empire. He declared that Thaduracian Paganism, which by now had been dwindling in Europe for some years, was merely a cult, denouncing the Christian religion. Even though Thaduracia was not part of the Roman Empire, he conceived the notion that it could once again infiltrate Roman society. (''The idea that the Thaduracians were merely a cult was of course ludicrous, since the population stood at around 400,000'')
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| By the mid [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/5th_century 5th century], the Roman Empire had ceased to function and was dissolving rapidly, although Christianity survived. At the same time, the Thaduracian religion on the island was falling out of favour, since the previous king, '''d’Calba''' had declared that, ''"the free will of the Thaduracian people was not so free if they were bound to one religion"''. Though he never laid any laws or constitutions over this, the people heeded his philosophy-albeit slowly! With this in mind, Christianity was beginning to spread across the face of Thaduracian Paganism, and they were beginning to view their religion as 'outdated'. This was something that '''Curan''' made no attempt to change when he succeeded the throne; he desperately wanted to make friends in this new Europe, and saw '''d’Calba’s''' philosophy as a way to shaking hands with the new leaders of the deceased Roman Empire. In 523, he decreed that Thaduracian Paganism was indeed an 'outdated' religion for his countrymen, and no longer the force by which people should live their lives, citing that Thaduracia was now the only place left still practicing the religion, and that the only way to evolve as a race into a world that was changing rapidly, was, ''"to follow the path of Europe"''. Although he never officially banned it, the majority of Thaduracians followed his reasoning, with only a small faction carrying on with their paganistic beliefs. The following year, he went across to Europe and successfully re-opened trading with the Mediterranean, and forged new relations in England, [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy Italy] and Germany. The hemp trade became a major force once again in Thaduracia’s economy, and would eventually stretch up as far as [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scandinavia Scandinavia] and [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finland Finland].
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| During Curan’s 50-year reign, he managed to turn Thaduracia into an even more prosperous and modern land. He divided the island up into 7 provinces, each with their own provincial councils; all answering to a central government. He created Thaduracia’s first university, and each province had its own school. He kept [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tax taxes] low, so as to allow those who worked the farms and hemp fields a 'decent' income, falling inline with his philosophy that Thaduracia should be a [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_class classless soceity] (''though this didn't happen till many years later'').
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| At the onset of 550, Curan sought to standardize the national language, and to introduce formal and political elements. His reasoning behind this was that some of the provincial dialects were becoming a little unintelligeable, and this was creating problems during multi-Government meetings and business affairs. Curan had very strong and healthy relationships with England and Germany, and infeact, many of his councillors were German. He decided that political and legal proceedings would be conducted in the then Old German language, and it is during this era that saw the introducton of new gramatical traits (such as the '''ga''' tense prefix)and many new loan words from Old English and Old High German. Up until now, the Thaduracian alphabet was also still in use, but Curan wanted to move towards latinization, not least because of his decision to conduct council in German. However, this was met with much distain among the provincial councils, and indeed the majority of the population, citing that the individuality of the island was slowly being stripped away. It would take a further 3 years of political bartering among the provinces before an agreement, and legislation was passed in 559. Unfortunately, this move didn’t work out as Curan had anticipated. This new reform only managed to filter into political, religious and middle society (''middle society were those who ran business' and were employed by any agency under the control of the king, his respective councils and their divisions''). Because much of the rural society were illiterate, and only had a small understanding of the current writing system, they rebuffed the reform, even after it had been introduced into education, and it wasn’t until Curan threatened (reluctantly) to raise taxes on livestock, that they relented. Rather inevitably, this would lead to non-standardized forms of the new system arising in many rural villages.
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| When Curan I died in 562, his oldest son Ciaren became his successor. It was only during the first years of his reign that the new writing system, officially named as the '''Dalcurian''' alphabet, would infiltrate its way into all classes of Thaduracian society. But Thaduracians far and wide eventually came to realise the legacy of Curan, and the freedom and individuality that he had tried so hard to empower his people with.<br/>During Curan II reign, he continued to shape the modern society that his father had created, and at the end of his reign in 588, the island was renamed '''Dalcuria''' ('''''Dal’qöria''''') in recognition of Curan I legacy, although bizarrely, it would be some 100 years later before the language was officially termed '''Dal’qörian'''.
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| The Dalcurian of today is quite dissimilar to its ancestor, and typically it has undergone various spelling and pronunciation progressions. The biggest changes are, with the exception of the Halcarnian dialect, the loss of the noun and modal cases, and the most recent spelling reform in 1879, in which capitalisation was implemented at the beginning of sentences.<br/>The ancient Thaduracian script system was also studied, revived and modernized by an agency set up by the Government in the mid 90's. The history of both the ancient script and the Dalcurian alphabet was introduced into education at the beginnig of 2000, and there are now many courses outside of school where people can learn how to write with them. In fact, there are even some societies who produce their letters in '''Dal'qöristræÞ''' (Dalcurian script) and the Dalcurian alphabet.
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| | Through my own experiences, I have purposely simplified the grammatical terminology in this article, and I have also included brief descriptions of grammatical words and expressions in each respective section. This is because I want newcomers to language study not to feel intimidated by heavy terminology and explanations. As I can remember when I first began to study German, I was very confused with 'intense grammatical explanations'. Of course, when studying or creating a language, one must have some understanding of grammar to begin with. However, for the above reasons I have, for the most part, written this article in [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Simple_English_Wikipedia simple English].<BR/>I should also state that most of the examples and references here are based in comparison to the English language. |
| ===='''Standard Dalcurian-Dal'qöriádn'''====
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| Standard Dalcurian is much more related in style and grammar to Indo-European and Germanic than Halcarnian, and is dialect spoken by all Dalcurians in formal conditions. Normal word order is SVO, but this is governed by a [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prepositions prepositional] rule; a prepositioned phrase will always immediately follow the subject (or a modal verb) eg: '''binä görøria'''-''I'm going out'', but, '''binä, ''máriÞ érenöra'', görøria'''-''I'm going out '''with them'''''. (Dalcurian ears are very sensitive to this [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syntax syntactic] rule; forgetting this will make you easily recognisable as a non-Dalcurian). In fact, modern word order is quite rigid in comparison to the language spoken around Thaduracs time, through the gradual loss of a ''true objective case'' ([[true objective explanation|click here for an explanation]])and its transition into an analytic langage. Modal verbs are present, but there are no [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auxilliary_verbs auxiliaries] such as ''would, shall'' and ''will''-these are denoted from verbal suffixes (like Latin). Case wise there are 3: [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subjective_case subjective], [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Objective_case objective] (for pronouns only) and [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Possessive_case possesive] (or [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genitive_case genitive]). Technically, there is no ''dative'' case-this is rendered by use of the preposition ''to'' with the subjective pronoun (''considered 'lazy' by Dalcurian grammarians'').
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| One major factor about the language is the absence of the present tense [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammatical_conjugation conjugations] of the verb [http://grammar.ccc.commnet.edu/grammar/to_be.htm to be], (including the copula 'to be'), and the simple, perfect and pluperfect tenses ''was/were, have/had been''. The [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Present_indicative#Indicative_mood present indicative] is ALWAYS indicated by the lack of any 'prefixual-inflection' to a [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verb verb], [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adverb adverb] or [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adjective adjective]. Adverbs and adjectives have a unique tense that puts them into the past, denoting the use of ''was/were/have/had been''.
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| ===='''Eastern Dalcurian-Hal'qánian'''====
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| '''Halcarnian is currently undergoing a major edit and will be back shorlty'''
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| For more on Halcarnian grammar [[Halcánian dialect|'''click here''']].
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| =='''Sample texts with audio-Paliestrijel qve logöiel, máriÞ ecöndrämös</span>'''== | | =='''Sub categories'''== |
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| '''1st article of the Declaration of Human Rights</span>'''. [[Media:Ela_mantabel.ogg| HEAR THIS TEXT]]
| | ===[[Dalcurian language and basic history|Dalcurian language and basic history]]=== |
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| [[Image:Declaration1.jpg]] | | ===[[Dalcurian alphabet and pronunciation|Dalcurian alphabet and pronunciation]]=== |
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| '''<span style="font-size: 16px"><span style="font-family: Garamond">The Lord's Prayer</span>''' [[Media:lordsprayer.ogg| LISTEN TO 'THE LORDS PRAYER']]
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| [[Image:lords_prayer.jpg]] | | ===[[dal'qörian adverbs|Adverbs]]=== |
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| Below is a well kept example of a 16th century wedding announcement. This would have been to announce the intention of marriage by someone who worked in the royal council. It would have been displayed in notice boards in and around the royal courts and offices. It's main purpose was to bring forward anyone who had reason to be against the marriage. It translates as follows:
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| ''King Caduc VIII<br/>Announcement of Marriage:<br/>Here is found the proposal of marriage between Lathinian Gath & Amareta Cusel.<br/>The event be on the day 14th January 1634. If there exists a person who has reason against the marriage,<br/>then they must come forth before the above day and stand before the King's Council.<br/>May God bless this marriage with virtue.'' | | ===[[dal'qörian prepositions|Prepositions]]=== |
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| [[Image:16_wed_prop.jpg]] | | ===[[Dal'qörian negatives|Negatives]]=== |
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| =='''Style-Liläárämös</span>'''== | | ===[[Dal'qörian nouns|Nouns]]=== |
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| Dalcurian is a 'rhotic' language; the letter 'r' is pronounced after every vowel. It's pronounciation is very deliberate. In fact, by and large, Dalcurian is quite formal-largely due to the lack of idiomatic [http://www.englishpage.com/prepositions/phrasaldictionary.html phrasal verbs]. There is also no 'slang' form, although there is a small colloquial element to it.
| | ===[[Dal'qörian Cases|Case]]=== |
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| =='''Modern alphabet and pronunciation (with English IPA equivalent)-Ödenædrädn æÞömára,, ön niaságrämös'''== | | ===[[Dal'qörian pronouns|Pronouns]]=== |
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| {| border="1"
| | ===[[Dalcurian punctuation|Punctuation]]=== |
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| ! letter !! letter name !! pronunciation (with '''IPA''')
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| ! a
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| | al || (æ) as in ''cat''
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| ! b
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| | bri || (b) as in ''bat''
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| ! c
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| | ca || (k) as in ''cat''
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| ! d
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| | da || (ɗ) as in ''day''
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| ! e
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| | era || (ɛ) as in ''end''
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| ! f
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| | ƒe || (f) as in ''fall''
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| ! g
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| | géø || (g) ''see special pronounciation''
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| ! h
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| | hal || (h) as in ''hat''
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| ! i
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| | il || (ɪ) as in ''kill''
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| ! j
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| | öja || (ʒ) like the s in ''television''
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| ! l
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| | lá || (l) as in ''like''
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| ! m
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| | ma || (m) as in ''man''
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| ! n
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| | na || (n) as in ''not''
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| ! o
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| | ol || (ɒ) as in ''top''
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| ! p
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| | pä || (p) as in ''pat''
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| ! q
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| | qöc || (k) as in ''kick''
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| ! qu
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| | q'qöa || as in ''quick''
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| ! r
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| | ræ || (ɹ) ''see special pronunciation''
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| ! s
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| | siri || (s) as in ''sit''
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| ! t
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| | tø || (t) as in ''take''
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| ! v
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| | vála || (v) as in ''van''
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| ! x
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| | séca || (ks) as in ''wax''
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| ! y
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| | yenta || (waɪ) as in the whole word ''why''
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| ! z
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| | tsi || (ts) as in ''sets'' (like the German ''z'')
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| |}
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| '''special vowels and characters''' | | ===[[Dal'qörian Telling the time|Time]]=== |
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| | ===[[Dal'qörian numbers|Numbers]]=== |
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| ! letter !! letter name !! pronunciation
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| |-
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| ! ä
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| | äli || (eɪ) as in 'ey' in ''they'' (see also special pronunciation)
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| ! á
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| | áli || (a:) long as in ''bar''
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| ! é
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| | éga || (i:) long as in ''feel''
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| ! ö
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| | öli || (u) long as in ''cool''
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| ! ø
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| | ø || like the ''och'' in the German ''doch''
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| |-
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| ! æ
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| | æ || (aɪ) as in the 'i' in ''find''
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| |-
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| ! Þ
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| | eÞ || (ɵ-voiceless dental fricative) ''th'' as in ''bath'' but not in ''the''
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| |-
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| ! ß
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| | alv || (v) as in ''have''; replaces ''v'' after a vowel but only formal literacy
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| |}
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|
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|
| ===='''Special pronunciations-Zpetsialarädn niaságrämösel====
| | =='''Miscellaneous word and phrase lists'''== |
|
| |
|
| The Dalcurian:
| | ====[[Dal'qörian colours|Colours]]==== |
| | ====[[dal'qörian days/months/seasons|Days/months/seasons]]==== |
| | ====[[dal'qörian describing people|Describing people]]==== |
| | ====[[dal'qörian countries|Names of Countries]]==== |
| | ====[[Dalcurian hello/goodbye please/thankyou|Hello/goodbye Please/thankyou]]==== |
| | ====[[Dalcurian intensifiers|Intensifiers]]==== |
| | ====[http://docs.google.com/View?id=dmh9tc5_92r9dbhhr English Dalcurian Dictionary]==== |
|
| |
|
| * '''g''' is a ''voiced velar plosive'' pronounced hard at the beginning and middle of a word, like '''g''' in ''get/forget'' but becomes soft at the end of a word, like '''g''' in the German word ''swanzig''.
| | ====Links:==== |
| | [http://www.omniglot.com '''Omniglot'''] |
|
| |
|
| * '''r''' is an ''alveolar trill''. Its place of articulation is alveolar which means it is articulated with the tip of the tongue against the alveolar ridge (or just behind the top teeth). It can be likened to the way in which a Scottish person with a strong accent would say ''great, straight, road'', etc.
| | [[Websites in Dalcurian|Various webpages in Dalcurian]] |
|
| |
|
| * '''ä''' is pronounced like the ey in ''they''. However, at the end of a word, or where it is separated by a high apostrophe, it is pronounced ''ey-ya'' (ipa: eɪ-j-æ).
| | [[Category:Conlangs]] |
| | [[Category:Dalcurian]] |
|
| |
|
| *'''q''' Unvoiced velar plosive. Is only found at the beginning of a word, including words that are separated by a high apostrophe, as in ''Dal’qörian'' or ''qatáj''-cat, and is always pronounced like an English '''k'''.
| | {{Dalcurian}} |
| | |
| *'''c''' Unvoiced velar plosive. Only appears in the middle or end of a word such as '''qurvecsár'''-''to annoy'' and '''dörac'''-''through'', and is sounded like an English ''k''.
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| | |
| *'''x''' is used only to denote a negative word and attaches to the end of a verb. (see ''verbs'' and ''negatives'')
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| *'''z''' is only used in loan words, and pronounced like the ''ts'' in ''sets'', much like the German ''''z'''.
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| | |
| *'''sh''' This does not exist in Dalcurian, however, after the vowel '''ö''' you may hear the '''s''' as a 'voiceless palato-alveolar sibilant' {{IPA|[ʃ]}}, although it's exact sound can only be described as being a 'half voiceless palato-alveolar sibilant' and cannot be identified in IPA.
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| | |
| *'''eÞ'''. As stated in the pronunciation chart, this is represented in IPA with θ and is an ''Unvoiced dental fricative'' like the ''th'' in ''thin'' and ''bath''. Although to English ears, there may appear to be only a small difference between the ''voiced'' th as in ''the'' and ''then'', Dalcurians do not know this sound, and a characteristic of the Dalcurian English accent is a heavily unvoiced ''th''.
| |
| | |
| ===='''Lenition/mutation'''====
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| | |
| ====='''Þ'''=====
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| | |
| When in word final position and the following word begins with the dentals '''d, t''' and itself, '''Þ''' undergoes complete mutation, eg:
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| *'''DanöÞ vélø''' ''It's cold'', but
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| **'''Danö[-] disiri vélø''', ''It's very cold''
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| *'''máriÞ eladöra''' ''with you all'' but
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| **'''mári[-] tiÞöra''' ''with it''
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| *'''tiÞ nöacr...''' ''it can...'' but
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| **'''ti[-] Þöldr...''' ''it should...''
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| | |
| Note on '''Þ''': There is an unhappy agreement when a word ends in '''Þ''' and the following word begins with '''Þ'''. In both cases, the first '''Þ''' is muted and the second lenites to '''/t/'''.
| |
| | |
| ====='''r'''=====
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| | |
| When in word final position and the following word begins with the spirants: '''s''' and '''f'''; lenites to '''/t/''':
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| | |
| *'''máriÞ mæöra''' but
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| **'''mári[t] siöra'''
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| *'''ti[t] flästa''' ''it's new'' (for obvious reasons, the English find this expression quite amusing, much to the bemusement of the Dalcurians)!
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|
| |
| The rhoticisity of the language can also force mutation of the '''r''' in many word combinations. When '''r''' is in medial or last syllable position, and the following word begins with '''r''' the first is normally muted, for example:
| |
| | |
| * '''Érenöra Þöldr''' becomes
| |
| ** '''Érenö-a Þöldr''' (some dialects do the opposite and mute the 1st '''r''')
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| * '''máriÞ reÞæsámn''' becomes
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| ** '''má-iÞ reÞæsámn'''
| |
| | |
| As well as being a 'rhotic' lanuage, Dalcurian is also PHONETIC; its spoken pretty much as it is written. Once you have learned to pronounce the letters, speaking and reading Dalcurian should be relatively easy. For example, ''Dal'qörian'' is pronounced ''dal-koo-ree-yan''. Here are a few more examples, in syllabic form, to give you a flavour of how words sound:
| |
| | |
| {| border="1"
| |
| |+
| |
| ! Dalcurian !! Meaning !! Phonetic pronunciation
| |
| |-
| |
| ! strömi
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| | hot || stroo-mi
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| |-
| |
| ! binä
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| | I/Iam || bin-ey-a
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| |-
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| ! stæcnáÞrädn
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| | thankless || sty-kun-arth-rey-dun
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| |-
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| ! ädiáda
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| | yesterday || ey-dee-ar-da
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| |-
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| ! yenø
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| | immense || why-en-och
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| |-
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| ! ødérämös
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| | steadiness || och-dee-rey-mous
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| |-
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| ! qsendaréø
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| | scenario || ku-send-a-ree-och
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| |-
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| ! embáragadöraj
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| | puppy || em-bar-a-gad-oo-raj
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| |-
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| ! siagentöj
| |
| | aunty || see-a-gent-ooj
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| =='''Grammar sub categories-Gerödn vatembrämös qve májä'''==
| |
| | |
| ===[[dal'qörian adjectives|Adjectives-Qörabvörtel]]===
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| ===[[dal'qörian adverbs|Adverbs-Vitimaquvörtel]]===
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| ===[[dal'qörian verbs|Verbs-Maquvörtel]]===
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| | |
| ===[[dal'qörian prepositions|Prepositions-Nönavörtel]]===
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| | |
| ===[[Dal'qörian negatives|Negatives-Stæpozitivámn]]===
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| ===[[Dal'qörian nouns|Nouns-Nönel]]===
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| ===[[Dal'qörian Cases|Case system-Qasösel]]===
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| ===[[Dal'qörian pronouns|Pronouns-Peliacrnönel]]===
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| ===[[Dal'qörian Telling the time|Time-Épø]]===
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| | |
| ===[[Dal'qörian numbers|Numbers-Nömbérämösel]]===
| |
| | |
| ===[[Dal'qörian modal particles/intensifiers|Modal particles/intensifiers]]===
| |
| | |
| =='''Miscellaneous word lists'''==
| |
| | |
| ====[[Dal'qörian colours|Colours]]====
| |
| ====[[dal'qörian days/months/seasons|days/months/seasons]]====
| |
| ====[[dal'qörian describing people|describing people]]====
| |
| ====[[dal'qörian countries|Names of Countries]]====
| |
| [[Category:Conlangs]]
| |
