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| ===[[dal'qörian|back to Dalcurian main page]]=== | | ===[[dal'qörian|back to Dalcurian main page]]=== |
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| Page currently undergoing information additions
| | The Halcarnian dialect arose out the isolation period between 500 to 1400AD. Halcarnia was the main southern port on the island, and a major trading artery to central Dalcuria. However, after a corruption battle between a Halcarnian provincial governor and the King's central governmant, Halcarnia was segragated from the rest of Dalcuria, and ran as an autonomous province for nearly 900 years. Halcarnia fell on very hard times during this period since Dalcuria's leaders had always forged good relationships with England and Europe, and they were extremely influential in directing trade away from the province, thus forcing Halcarnia to survive on a recipricol economy. This also had a significant effect on the language, which failed to evolve beyond the realm of Old Dalcurian.<br/>Dalcuria managed to reclaim Halcarnia at the beginning of the 14th century, but the dialect never became superstrated. Although business, political and religious affairs were standardized, both orally and in literacy, the standard tongue of the region was very healthily retained. Of course, from that time, the Halcarnian dialect has undergone changes along with middle to modern-Dalcurian, but retains many old-Dalcurian features such as verb moods and modality, verb-pronoun inflection, and noun cases and accusative marking. |
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| The Halcarnian dialect, also known as: '''Söemi'Dal'qörian''' (Finno-Dalcurian) and '''Gerödn'qonvetarämös''' (lit: under speech-an unfavourable term and offensive to Halcarnians), has several differences between itself and 'Dal'qöriádn-Standard Dalcurian'. These include: | |
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| * Noun cases/markers
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| * Spelling, pronunciation and word differences
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| * Pronouns
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| * Modal expressivness
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| * Possesive structure
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| * Word order
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| Here are brief descriptions of those differences.
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| ----
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| ===Noun Cases and markers===
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| Halcarnian has fifteen noun cases: 3 grammatical cases, 6 locative cases, 3 essive cases and 3 marginal cases.
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| {| class="wikitable" border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="2"
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| ! colspan="5" style="background:#cfcfcf;" | Halcarnian cases
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| |- style="background:#dfdfdf;" |
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| ! Case !! Suffix !! English prep. !! Sample !! Translation
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| ! colspan="5" style="background:#efefef" | Grammatical
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| | nominative || || - || taloj || house
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| |-
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| | genitive
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| | -in || of || talojin || of (a) house
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| |-
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| | accusative || -an || - || talojan || house (as an object)
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| |-
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| ! colspan="5" style="background:#efefef" | Locative (internal)
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| |-
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| | inessive || -asä || in || talojasä || in (a) house
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| |-
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| | elative || -ta || from (inside) || talojta || from (a) house
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| |-
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| | illative || -sta || into || talojsta || into (a) house
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| |-
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| ! colspan="5" style="background:#efefef" | Locative (external)
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| |-
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| | adessive || -la || at, on || talojla || at (a) house
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| |-
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| | ablative || -lta || from || talojlta || from (a) house
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| |-
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| | allative || -le || to || talojle || to (a) house
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| ! colspan="5" style="background:#efefef" | Essive
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| | essive || -na || as || talojna || as a house
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| | exessive || -attä || from being || talojattä || from being a house
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| | translative || -iksi || to (role of) || talojiksi || to a house
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| ! colspan="5" style="background:#efefef" | Marginal
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| | instructive || -in || with (the aid of) || talojin || with the house
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| || abessive || -uuta || without || talojuuta || without (a) house
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| |-
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| | comitative || -ne || together (with) || talojne || with a house
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| |}
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| Although the above cases almost replicate those of the Finnish language, their usage is much more 'definate'. And, since Halcarnian is an inflected dialect, word order within sentences can be comparatively free - the function of a word being indicated by its ending. But, for emphasis, word order does change on a regular basis:
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| * '''Danuutt taloj'''. ''There is a house''. (but its not important).
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| ** '''Talojan danuutt!''' ''Look, a HOUSE!'' (although in this sentence, HOUSE isnt technically an object, the object marker can be used to give special attention to it).
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| * '''Mina gavisuur talojan '''. ''I saw a house''.<br/>But for emphasis:
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| ** '''Talojan gavisuur mina!''' ''I saw a HOUSE!''<br/>This time, the objective marker MUST be used. Leaving off the marker here could give rise to 'humerous ambiguity: '''Taloj gavisuur mina''' potentially translates as ''A house saw I''!
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| Note: The objective marker is ONLY needed when the noun/pronoun is NOT prepositioned, even when placed first in word order.
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| * '''Haan habitr talojasä .''' ''He lives in a house''.
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| ** '''Talojasä habitr han!''' ''It's a HOUSE he lives in! He lives in a HOUSE!''
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| * '''Sihaan gakamuur talojatä'''. ''She came out of (from inside) a house''.
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| * '''Anke goria talojsta.''' ''Anke is going into a house''.
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| * '''Anke talojla'''. ''Anke is at home''.
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| ** '''Talojla Anke!''' '' Anke is at HOME!''
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| * '''Anke gagor talojlta.''' ''Anke left a house.'' (lit: ''Anke went away from a house'')
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| * '''Anke goria talojle.''' ''Anke is going to a house.''
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| * '''Jonäokni, til talojna.''' ''At the moment, it's a house''.
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| * '''Eren gafuukr til talojattä talotuurijeliksi''' ''They changed it from a house into flats''.<br/>In '''talotuurijeliksi''', the suffix '''tuuri''' is a diminutive suffix (makes something small) and '''el''' is the plural marker, as in Standard Dalcurian.
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| ----
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| ===Spelling/pronunciation===
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| The main differences are:
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| '''ö''' is written as '''uu'''
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| '''é''' is written as '''ee'''
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| '''á''' is written as '''aa'''
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| '''ø''' is written as '''ok''' but pronounced hard as in ''lock''
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| '''c''' is replaced with '''k''' and pronounced hard
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| '''Þ''' is replaced with '''tt''' but pronounced the same
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| '''qu''' is written as '''ku'''
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| '''kk'''-the way to voice this is to pronounce the first '''k''' hard, the second is voiced like the English '''Y''' in ''yacht'' or the soft '''J''' in the German ''Javol'' or ''Ja''. One has to be careful of spelling traps too, for example the Halcarnian word for a thin, summer jacket is '''hakan''', but the same word spelled '''hakkan''' means ''peace'' or ''serenity''. Here are some examples in Standard and Halcarnian respectively:
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| * '''strömi, struumi'''-hot
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| * '''vélø, veelok'''-cold
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| * '''iáda, iaada'''-today
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| * '''alsalöátsi, alsaluaatsi'''-fanatic
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| * '''eÞöa, ettua'''-some
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| * '''hemørämös, hemokrämus'''-forgiveness
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| ----
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| ===Vowel Harmony===
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| There is only a 'tinge' of vowel harmony in Halcarnian. When the short letter '''a''' is part of a syllable, in which the following consonant forms the first letter of a following syllable ending in another short '''a''', then the final '''a''' must change to '''ä'''. To that, you will never see '''äa'''; the final '''a''' must change to '''ä'''. This is evident in some of the case endings, and also in the accusative pronoun 'polite' form: '''hanä'''-''you'' but adding the accusative marker '''an''' must change to '''hanään'''. The '''ää''' is then pronounced as a short '''e''' (as in the English ''hen'').
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| ----
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| ===Pronouns===
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| {| class="wikitable" border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="2"
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| ! colspan="2" style="background:#cfcfcf;" | Personal pronouns (nominative)
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| |- style="background:#dfdfdf;" |
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| ! Halcarnian !! English
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| ! colspan="2" style="background:#efefef;" | Singular
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| |mina || I
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| |sina || you
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| |haan || he
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| |sihaan || she
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| |til || it
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| |manuu || one/you (impersonal)
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| ! colspan="2" style="background:#efefef;" | Plural
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| |meena || we
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| |elsina || you
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| |eren || they
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| ! colspan="2" style="background:#efefef;" | Polite
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| | hanä || you (polite)
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| |}
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| {| class="wikitable" border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="2"
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| |-
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| ! colspan="2" style="background:#cfcfcf;" | Personal pronouns (accusative)
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| |- style="background:#dfdfdf;" |
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| ! Halcarnian !! English
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| ! colspan="2" style="background:#efefef;" | Singular
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| |minään || me
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| |sinään || you
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| |haanan || him
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| |sihaanan || her
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| |tilan || it
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| |manuuan || one/you (impersonal)
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| ! colspan="2" style="background:#efefef;" | Plural
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| |meenan || us
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| |elsinan || you
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| |erenan || them
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| ! colspan="2" style="background:#efefef;" | Polite
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| | hanään || you (polite)
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| |}
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| Accusative (objective) pronouns are denoted with the objective noun markers. However, '''mina, sina''' and '''hanä''' must adhere to vowel harmony: ('''a''' does not follow '''ä''' and vice versa):
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| * '''Mina gavisuur sinään''' ''I saw you''.
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| * '''Haan gavisuur minään'''. ''He saw me''.
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| * '''Meena gavisur gaduurajän'''. ''We saw a dog''.
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| **'''Gaduurajän gavisur meena'''. ''We saw a DOG!''
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| The allative ending '''le''' is added to the accusative to form a ''dative'' pronoun:
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| {| class="wikitable" border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="2"
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| |-
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| ! colspan="2" style="background:#cfcfcf;" | Personal pronouns (accusative)
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| |- style="background:#dfdfdf;" |
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| ! Halcarnian !! English
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| ! colspan="2" style="background:#efefef;" | Singular
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| |minäänle || to me
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| |sinäänle || to you
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| |haananle || to him
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| |sihaananle || to her
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| |tilanle || to it
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| |manuuanle || to one/you (impersonal)
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| ! colspan="2" style="background:#efefef;" | Plural
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| |meenanle || to us
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| |elsinanle || to you
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| |erenanle || to them
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| ! colspan="2" style="background:#efefef;" | Polite
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| | hanään || to you (polite)
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| |}
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| * '''Mina gaenduukr til haananle'''. ''I gave it to him''.
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| * '''Sihan kuaskria minäänle ni kualteedrämuus.''' ''She's asking me a question''. (lit: ''She's asking to me a question'').
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| NOTE: This case can also mark the indirect object as a 'giver' as well as a 'recipient' with the verb '''bekuuadr'''-''to receive/get'', and can relate to the English ''from off of'':
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| * '''Mina gabekuuadr sihaananle lalägraj'''. ''I got a book from (off of) her.'' (lit: ''I received from her a book'')
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| However, Halcarnians will always avoid this if speaking to Dalcurians or foreigners and will mostly place the indirect object as the subject:
| | '''Pronunciation'''. |
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| * '''Sihaan gaenduukr ninäänle lilägraj.''' ''She gave (to me) a book''.
| | There is a distinct difference between standard Dalcurian and Halcarnian pronunciation, mainly: |
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| The Halcarnian case system can make it difficult for speakers of of Indo-European languages to grasp-especially if you're used to using prepositions to place a noun. Thankfully, this case system doesn't extend into the articles '''a''' and '''the''' as in German. In fact, the absence of the definate article '''the''' automatically renders '''a''', and '''di''' is only used when its really neccessary to identify the noun:
| | * High front vowels '''i''' and '''é''' tend to be more rounded. |
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| '''Danuutt taloj.''' ''There is '''a''' house''. but: | | * High back vowel '''u''' as in the noun ending '''ämös''' is shorter |
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| '''Danuutt di taloj.''' ''There is '''the''' house''. | | * Non use of neither the characters nor the sounds '''Þ''' and '''ø''' |
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| ==='''Word order'''===
| | * Palatialization with doubled consonants-this is especially important in Halcarnian, for example the Halcarnian word for ''yearning/longing'' is '''hakan''' /hakan/ yet the word for a ''summer jacket'' is '''hakkan''' /hakʲan/ |
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| Generally, Halcarnian word order is SVO, though for emphasis it can change to OSV:
| | '''Written''' |
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| '''Mina goria talojsta.''' ''I'm going into a house.'' but for emphasis: | | Halcarnians spell as they speak. The marked vowels '''á''' and '''ä''' can be seen, though this is normally reserved for formal contexts. The high front vowels '''é''' and '''i''' are also only used with formality, however, since they are not pronounced they don't appear in normal writting. For example: |
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| ''' Talojansta mina goria!''' '' It's a HOUSE I'm going into!'' | | Dalcurian |
| | * '''vélø'''-''cold'' |
| | ** Halcarnian |
| | *** '''veloc |
| | Dalcurian |
| | * '''disiri vélø'''-''very cold'' |
| | ** Halcarnian |
| | *** '''desere veloc |
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| Notice how in the second example, the 'objective' marker is also used. Although this isnt neccesary (since we know that 'I' am the one going into the house because it's '''taloj''' that carries the illative marker), the objective '''an''' is used for emphasis.
| | [[Category: Conlangs]] |
| | {{Dalcurian}} |
