Macron Below: Difference between revisions
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| Note that H̱ is not a precomposed letter. | | Note that H̱ is not a precomposed letter. | ||
|- | |- | ||
| Disambiguation in transliteration | | [[Wikipedia:Alveolar_consonant|Alveolar consonant]] | ||
| [[Wikipedia:Pashto|Pashto]] (Yaqubi romanization) | |||
| Ṟṟ /r/ | |||
| Unaccented Rr stands for /ɽ/.<ref name=pashto>[https://geonames.nga.mil/gns/html/Romanization/Afghan_Romanization_System_Approved_from_27th_BGN_PCGN_Conference.pdf BGN/PCGN National Romanization System for Afghanistan] (PDF). See also [[Wikipedia:Pashto_phonology|Pasto phonology]] at Wikipedia.</ref> | |||
|- | |||
| [[Wikipedia:Dental_consonant|Dental consonant]] | |||
| [[Wikipedia:Pashto|Pashto]] (Yaqubi romanization) | |||
| Ḏḏ /d/ | |||
| Unaccented Dd stands for /ɖ/.<ref name=pashto/> | |||
|- | |||
| rowspan=3 | Disambiguation in transliteration | |||
| [[Wikipedia:Amharic|Amharic]] (BGN/PCGN 1967 transliteration) | | [[Wikipedia:Amharic|Amharic]] (BGN/PCGN 1967 transliteration) | ||
| H̱ẖ /h/ | | H̱ẖ /h/ | ||
| The [[Wikipedia:Geʽez_script|Geʽez]] script has four types of characters all pronounced /h/ in Amharic due to | | The [[Wikipedia:Geʽez_script|Geʽez]] script has four types of characters all pronounced /h/ in Amharic due to sound mergers. These may be transliterated with Hh, Ḥḥ, Ḫḫ resp. H̱ẖ, though the diacritics may be dropped.<ref name=amharic>[https://geonames.nga.mil/gns/html/Romanization/ROMANIZATION%20OF%20AMHARIC.pdf Romanization of Amharic] (PDF).</ref> Note that H̱ is not a precomposed letter. | ||
|- | |||
| [[Wikipedia:Dari|Darī]] (Yaqubi romanization) | |||
| rowspan=2 | H̱ẖ /h/, S̱s̱ /s/, Ṯṯ /t/, Ẕẕ /z/ | |||
| rowspan=2 | Darī and Pashto use several Arabic characters that are pronounced the same. In the Yaqubi romanization (transliteration, to be more precise) Hh and H̱ẖ are both used for /h/; Ss, S̄s̄, S̱s̱ are all used for /s/; T̄t̄ and Ṯṯ are both used for /t/; and Zz, Z̄z̄, Ẕẕ, D͟z d͟z are all used for /z/.<ref name=afghan_romanization>[https://geonames.nga.mil/gns/html/Romanization/Afghan_Romanization_System_Approved_from_27th_BGN_PCGN_Conference.pdf BGN/PCGN National Romanization System for Afghanistan] (PDF).</ref> Note that H̱ and S̱s̱ are not precomposed letters. | |||
|- | |||
| [[Wikipedia:Pashto|Pashto]] (Yaqubi romanization) | |||
|- | |- | ||
| rowspan=2 |[[Wikipedia:Fricative_consonant|Fricative consonant]] | | rowspan=2 |[[Wikipedia:Fricative_consonant|Fricative consonant]] | ||
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| Ḏḏ /tʲʼ/ or /t͡ʃʼ/, H̱ẖ /ç/, Ṯṯ /tʲ/ or /t͡ʃ/ | | Ḏḏ /tʲʼ/ or /t͡ʃʼ/, H̱ẖ /ç/, Ṯṯ /tʲ/ or /t͡ʃ/ | ||
| The pronunciation of Ancient Egyptian changed much during the millennia it was spoken, and the exact pronunciation can't be known for sure,<ref name=egyptian_phonetics>[[Wikipedia:Egyptian_language#Phonology|Egyptian language, Phonology]] at Wikipedia.</ref> therefore the phonemic representation here might not be entirely accurate. Note that there is no precomposed form of uppercase H̱. | | The pronunciation of Ancient Egyptian changed much during the millennia it was spoken, and the exact pronunciation can't be known for sure,<ref name=egyptian_phonetics>[[Wikipedia:Egyptian_language#Phonology|Egyptian language, Phonology]] at Wikipedia.</ref> therefore the phonemic representation here might not be entirely accurate. Note that there is no precomposed form of uppercase H̱. | ||
|- | |||
| [[Wikipedia:Pharyngeal_consonant|Pharyngeal consonant]] | |||
| [[Wikipedia:Adyghe_language|Adyghe]] (BGN/PCGN 2012 romanization) | |||
| H̱ẖ /ħ/ | |||
| Unaccented Hh does not occur on its own in the BGN/PCGN 2012 romanization, but it is used in several di- and trigraphs.<ref name=adyghe>[https://geonames.nga.mil/gns/html/Romanization/ROMANIZATION%20OF%20ADYGHE.pdf Romanization of Adyghe] (PDF).</ref> (The source says to use H or h with U+0031, but this is a mistake because U+0031 is the digit 1. Combining macron below would be U+0331. It is not really necessary for ẖ though, since that exists as a precomposed character. Capital H̱ on the other hand is not precomposed. | |||
|- | |||
| rowspan=2 | [[Wikipedia:Retroflex_consonant|Retroflex consonant]] | |||
| [[Wikipedia:Pashto|Pashto]] (BGN/PCGN 2007 romanization) | |||
| Ḏḏ /ɖ/, Ṉṉ /ɳ/, Ṟṟ /ɽ/, Ṯṯ /ʈ/ | |||
| Unaccented Dd, Nn, Rr, Tt stand for respectively /d, n, r, t/.<ref name=pashto/> | |||
|- | |||
| [[Wikipedia:Pashto|Pashto]] (Yaqubi romanization) | |||
| Ṉṉ /ɳ/, Š̱š̱ /ʂ/, Ẕ̌ẕ̌ /ʐ/ | |||
| Nn, Šš and Žž without macron below stand for respectively /n, ʃ, ʒ/.<ref name=pashto/> Note that Š̱š̱ and Ẕ̌ẕ̌ are not precomposed characters. | |||
|} | |} | ||
Latest revision as of 01:50, 13 July 2021
This diacritic can easily be confused with low line and double macron below. The difference compared to low line is that the low line is longer, and should result in a single long line when used on several consecutive characters, while characters with macron below should have small gaps between the macrons. The double macron below on the other hand has place for two characters above it. Precomposed characters with macron below have "line below" in their Unicode name, but it is in fact a macron below.[1]
Macron Below in Unicode
ˍ | ◌̱ | Ḇ | ḇ | Ḏ | ḏ | ẖ | Ḵ | ḵ | Ḻ | ḻ | Ṉ | ṉ |
U+02CD | U+0331 | U+1E06 | U+1E07 | U+1E0E | U+1E0F | U+1E96 | U+1E34 | U+1E35 | U+1E3A | U+1E3B | U+1E48 | U+1E49 |
Modifier Letter Low Macron | Combining Macron Below | Latin Capital Letter B With Line Below | Latin Small Letter B With Line Below | Latin Capital Letter D With Line Below | Latin Small Letter D With Line Below | Latin Small Letter H With Line Below | Latin Capital Letter K With Line Below | Latin Small Letter K With Line Below | Latin Capital Letter L With Line Below | Latin Small Letter L With Line Below | Latin Capital Letter N With Line Below | Latin Small Letter N With Line Below |
Ṟ | ṟ | Ṯ | ṯ | Ẕ | ẕ | |||||||
U+1E5E | U+1E5F | U+1E6E | U+1E6F | U+1E94 | U+1E95 | |||||||
Latin Capital Letter R With Line Below | Latin Small Letter R With Line Below | Latin Capital Letter T With Line Below | Latin Small Letter T With Line Below | Latin Capital Letter Z With Line Below | Latin Small Letter Z With Line Below |
Macron Below in Natlangs
Usage | Language | Letters | Notes |
---|---|---|---|
Alphabet extension | Arabic (ISO 233 romanization, ISO/R 233 romanization) | H̱ẖ /x/ | Note that H̱ is not a precomposed letter. |
Alveolar consonant | Pashto (Yaqubi romanization) | Ṟṟ /r/ | Unaccented Rr stands for /ɽ/.[2] |
Dental consonant | Pashto (Yaqubi romanization) | Ḏḏ /d/ | Unaccented Dd stands for /ɖ/.[2] |
Disambiguation in transliteration | Amharic (BGN/PCGN 1967 transliteration) | H̱ẖ /h/ | The Geʽez script has four types of characters all pronounced /h/ in Amharic due to sound mergers. These may be transliterated with Hh, Ḥḥ, Ḫḫ resp. H̱ẖ, though the diacritics may be dropped.[3] Note that H̱ is not a precomposed letter. |
Darī (Yaqubi romanization) | H̱ẖ /h/, S̱s̱ /s/, Ṯṯ /t/, Ẕẕ /z/ | Darī and Pashto use several Arabic characters that are pronounced the same. In the Yaqubi romanization (transliteration, to be more precise) Hh and H̱ẖ are both used for /h/; Ss, S̄s̄, S̱s̱ are all used for /s/; T̄t̄ and Ṯṯ are both used for /t/; and Zz, Z̄z̄, Ẕẕ, D͟z d͟z are all used for /z/.[4] Note that H̱ and S̱s̱ are not precomposed letters. | |
Pashto (Yaqubi romanization) | |||
Fricative consonant | Arabic (DIN 31635 romanization, ISO 233 romanization, ISO/R 233 romanization) | Ḏḏ /ð/, Ṯṯ /θ/ | There is also a Ḡḡ /ɣ~ɡ/ in ISO/R 233, using macron above, probably because it would not fit under lower case g. |
Arabic (Hans Wehr romanization) | ḏ /ð/, ḵ /x/, ṯ /θ/ | ḵ replaced ḫ in the fourth edition of this transliteration scheme. Hans Wehr transliteration does not include capital letters.[5] There is also a ḡ /ɣ~ɡ/, using macron above, probably because it would not fit under g. | |
Palatal or palatalized consonant | Ancient Egyptian (traditional transliteration) | Ḏḏ /tʲʼ/ or /t͡ʃʼ/, H̱ẖ /ç/, Ṯṯ /tʲ/ or /t͡ʃ/ | The pronunciation of Ancient Egyptian changed much during the millennia it was spoken, and the exact pronunciation can't be known for sure,[6] therefore the phonemic representation here might not be entirely accurate. Note that there is no precomposed form of uppercase H̱. |
Pharyngeal consonant | Adyghe (BGN/PCGN 2012 romanization) | H̱ẖ /ħ/ | Unaccented Hh does not occur on its own in the BGN/PCGN 2012 romanization, but it is used in several di- and trigraphs.[7] (The source says to use H or h with U+0031, but this is a mistake because U+0031 is the digit 1. Combining macron below would be U+0331. It is not really necessary for ẖ though, since that exists as a precomposed character. Capital H̱ on the other hand is not precomposed. |
Retroflex consonant | Pashto (BGN/PCGN 2007 romanization) | Ḏḏ /ɖ/, Ṉṉ /ɳ/, Ṟṟ /ɽ/, Ṯṯ /ʈ/ | Unaccented Dd, Nn, Rr, Tt stand for respectively /d, n, r, t/.[2] |
Pashto (Yaqubi romanization) | Ṉṉ /ɳ/, Š̱š̱ /ʂ/, Ẕ̌ẕ̌ /ʐ/ | Nn, Šš and Žž without macron below stand for respectively /n, ʃ, ʒ/.[2] Note that Š̱š̱ and Ẕ̌ẕ̌ are not precomposed characters. |
See Also
- Natlang Uses of Diacritics in the Latin Alphabet
- Macron
- Low Line
- Double Macron Below
- Transliteration of Arabic (Pedersen, Thomas. 2008.) has a concise list of comparisons between DIN 31635, ISO 233, ISO/R 233, UNGEGN, ALA-LC, and The Encyclopedia of Islam romanizations of Arabic.
References
- ↑ Macron below at Wikipedia.
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 BGN/PCGN National Romanization System for Afghanistan (PDF). See also Pasto phonology at Wikipedia.
- ↑ Romanization of Amharic (PDF).
- ↑ BGN/PCGN National Romanization System for Afghanistan (PDF).
- ↑ Hans Wehr transliteration at Wikipedia.
- ↑ Egyptian language, Phonology at Wikipedia.
- ↑ Romanization of Adyghe (PDF).