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| ==Pronunciation table== | | <font size = 4> |
| {|class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle; width:500px;"
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| !p
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| !b
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| !f
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| !v
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| !ṁ
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| !m
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| !t
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| !d
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| !þ
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| !ð
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| !ɫ
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| !l
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| !ṡ
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| !ż
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| !s
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| !z
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| !r
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| !n
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| !k
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| !g
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| !x
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| !ƣ
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| !h
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| !ȝ
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| !š
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| !s̨
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| !i
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| !e
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| !a
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| !õ
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| !o
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| !u
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| !ï
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| !ë
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| !ÿ
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| |-
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| |/p/
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| |/b/
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| |/ɸ/
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| |/β/
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| |/m̥/
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| |/m/
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| |/t/
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| |/d/
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| |/θ/
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| |/ð/
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| |/l̥/
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| |/l/
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| |/ʦ/
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| |/ʣ/
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| |/s/
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| |/z/
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| |/ɾ̥/
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| |/n/
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| |/k/
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| |/g/
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| |/ç/
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| |/ʝ/
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| |/j̊/
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| |/j/
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| |/sʷ/
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| |/sʲ/
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| |/i/
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| |/e/
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| |/ä/
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| |/ɒ/
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| |/o/
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| |/u/
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| |/ɪ/
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| |/ɛ/
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| |/ʊ/
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| |}
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| | | *[[Senjecas - List of Non-derivative Postpositions]] |
| ==Non-derivative postpositions==
| | *[[Senjecas - List of Derivative Postpositions]] |
| *1. '''áda''' denotes in association or connection with: among(st), with(in).
| |
| ::'''nos ṁa̋a̋sto leuðős <u>áða</u> le̋uða gűa ésa:'''
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| :::That is a custom popular among(st)/with the desert people
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| | |
| ::''''koldemős áfa tum še̋vu mu-ṁaka̋s <u>áða</u> vűűa ne:'''
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| :::It is not within my power to free you from prison.
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| | |
| *2. '''áfa''' denotes separation from support, attachment or position: off (of), from, of.
| |
| ::'''ṁúm áfa þűn'''
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| :::one of us
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| | |
| ::'''t̨e̋ƣse mőre e-t̨e̋ga da mı̋mu nem áfa e-főőla:'''
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| :::The skittish horse shied and the rider fell off it.
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| | |
| ::'''duspőrvu riine̋ȝu boþa̋s áfa hesáhvi dűűraþu e-ı̋la:'''
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| :::The corrupt mayor was removed from office yesterday.
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| | |
| *3. '''ána''' denotes change to, toward, or at an elevated place literally or figuratively: up (to).
| |
| ::'''šı̋naþu ii-s̨űűþlu ra̋ȝom ána ááþvi e-re̋e̋sa:'''
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| :::The threatened milkmaid quickly ran up the hill.
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| | |
| *4. '''ápa''' denotes removal from or location at a certain place or time either literally or figuratively: from, away from.
| |
| ::'''laane̋m ta̋do re̋e̋pante bı̋ı̋rem ápa e-re̋e̋sa:'''
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| :::The herd of red deer ran away from the prowling lion.
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| | |
| *5. '''ba''' denotes on or toward the exterior of: outside, without.
| |
| ::'''ṁus ðurős ba tőro þı̋mom e-ve̋na:'''
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| :::We heard a loud noise outside the door.
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| | |
| ::'''ṁúm e-rekantűm ṁu-þőősu terős ba e-ṡűra: '''
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| :::Our opponent stood without the room while we decided.
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| | |
| *6. '''do''' denotes motion towards literally or figuratively: to, toward, at, into.
| |
| ::'''a̋a̋do ta̋do lı̋ı̋me da̋a̋em do e-a̋ta:'''
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| :::The thirsty herd moved off toward the flooding river.
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| | |
| ::'''ȝuþne̋ðlu ȝőbante ve̋rem do ta̋inom e-ȝe̋e̋a:'''
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| :::The hiker threw the rock at the approaching bear.
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| | |
| ::'''ba̋a̋k̬o ṡúṁvi le̋e̋tam ǧǧa̋ron do u-a̋a̋ta:'''
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| :::Tomorrow the flock will move into the mountains for the summer.
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| | |
| ::'''tú sa̋ram do a̋a̋tek̬e ra̋a̋dek̬e:'''
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| :::Go to the party and have a good time.
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| | |
| *7. '''éha''' denotes movement or direction from the inside to the outside: (out) of, from (within).
| |
| ::'''tűgu pe̋e̋l̨us a̋iðanto demős éha e-re̋e̋sa:'''
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| :::The frightened occupants ran from the burning building.
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| | |
| ::'''mı̋mum ṍṍnu e-mı̋mantum—iime̋rus tungős éha e-ża̋ba:'''
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| :::The young women were looking out (of) the window when the knight rode by.
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| | |
| ::'''na̋a̋ðrus ðuunős éha ṡata̋’ še̋nom e-a̋a̋ṁa:'''
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| :::The villagers heard the sound of fighting from within the fortress.
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| | |
| *8. '''éna''' denotes stationary position or location within or movement into: at, in, into, on, to.
| |
| ::'''pempe̋lo ta̋inżo raȝős niterős éna ṡe̋ȝu e-tőpa:'''
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| :::The gigantic boulder came to rest at the bottom of the hill.
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| | |
| ::'''tú ṁaspe̋go e̋rgom éna pe̋lkon ðe̋e̋o:'''
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| :::Please put the dishes in the cupboard on the left.
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| | |
| ::'''ṡűvlu ṡeȝős néra ı̋vkom éna kűgom e-ðe̋e̋a:'''
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| :::The maid put the quilted clothing into the box under the bed.
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| | |
| *9. '''épa''' denotes accordance with: after the manner of, after, at, behind, in, under, according to, in terms of, as, in the role of.
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| ::'''ii-mı̋mu mal̨űm épa nu-mőrem e-mı̋ma:'''
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| :::The rider rode her horse after the manner of the nomads.
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| ::'''ṡa̋þṁus soþveelűs eevős épa e-ȝűða:'''
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| :::At the general's command the troops charged.
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| | |
| ::'''tei mol̨űs kőzu peeka̋s épa e-vűűi—te̋ido e-e̋sa:'''
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| :::It was clear that the miller’s wife was behind the plan.
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| | |
| ::'''no. reeƣűs ȝűűno þ̨orős épa. dőraþo ı̋lo mee:'''
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| :::Under the king's new law, that would not be allowed.
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| | |
| *10. '''éva''' denotes position on top of literally or figuratively: on, over, to, upon.
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| ::'''tu eðős éna serős éva ṡa̋bom u-de̋e̋sa:'''
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| :::You will find the hat on the table in the hall.
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| | |
| ::'''ma̋l̨us że̋e̋ro reðnős éva re̋uði te̋e̋rt̬t̬im e-te̋e̋ra:'''
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| :::The nomads applied red paint to the old wagon.
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| | |
| ::'''dőxlu maat̨őno serős éva a̋ito ṁe̋vom e-ðe̋e̋a:'''
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| :::The teacher put a variegated cloth over the wooden table.
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| | |
| *11. '''ha''' denotes causality: at, because of, by, for, in, of, on account of, by reason of, in consequence of, as a result of, out of, owing-, due -to, from, through, under, with.
| |
| ::'''dı̋slu ṁu-igős ha ṁenðónu terkős ðűrom e-lűra:'''
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| :::At our request, the guard finally opened the cell door.
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| | |
| ::'''ṁus ṡarsa̋a̋ke suuṁe̋s ha a̋tu e-ma̋a̋ƣa ne:'''
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| :::Because of the torrential rain we could not go.
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| | |
| ::'''ii-re̋e̋ƣu mexa̋s þáfa nu-govta̋s ha de̋ku e-vűűa:'''
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| :::The queen was famous throughout the land for her beauty.
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| | |
| ::'''ṁus i-sepa̋m ha na̋a̋nu ke̋la:'''
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| :::Under these circumstances, we should turn back.
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| | |
| ::'''le̋uðu nakaþős ha naaa̋s ha ðe̋inu e-ı̋la:'''
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| :::At the sight the people went pale with fear.
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| | |
| *12. '''la''' denotes on this side of.
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| ::'''vőðlus ṁeesős la ı̋vkom e-de̋e̋sa:'''
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| :::The diggers found the box on this side of the house.
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| | |
| *13. '''n̨a''' denotes change to, toward or at a lower place either literally or figuratively: down (through).
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| ::'''me̋ṡe ha̋iṡim n̨a e-re̋na:'''
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| :::The monkey climbed down the tree.
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| ::'''mu-vı̋lu dı̋la' n̨a e-e̋sa:'''
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| :::He has been my friend down through the years.
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| | |
| ::'''d̬ő űðres da̋a̋em n̨a ṁu-la̋iṁom e-da̋ga:'''
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| :::The two otters followed our canoe down the river.
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| | |
| *14. '''o''' denotes the indirect object of the verb: for, to; or indicates a relationship to an adjective: to.
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| ::'''re̋uðok̬e xűlok̬e i-na̋nos tús o e̋sa:'''
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| :::These red and yellow flowers are for you.
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| | |
| ::'''nú' sa̋ṁno orűm o te̋ido e-vűűa:'''
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| :::His speech was clear to all.
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| | |
| *15. '''ṍna''' denotes on the farther side of time or space literally or figuratively: after, around, behind, beyond, by, on the other side of, outside, past.
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| ::'''te̋na meðlaata̋s ṍna e̋sa:'''
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| :::The time is after/past midnight.
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| ::'''műdu őmu kéþu ten̈e̋msom ṍna e-tőpa:'''
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| :::The exhausted army arrived way behind schedule.
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| ::'''va̋rsim seea̋s tááda tena̋s ṍna e̋sa:'''
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| :::It is beyond/past the time for sowing barley.
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| | |
| ::'''ṁal̨űs ne̋e̋ra pe̋e̋ka mús nı̋þa þumra̋s ṍna e̋sa:'''
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| :::The master’s ingenious plan is beyond/past my feeble understanding.
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| ::'''re̋iðlu k̨ősaþo ðűűnom ṍna sééxvi ṁe̋ƣom e-re̋iða:'''
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| :::The driver drove the wagon éé by/past the beseiged fortress.
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| ::'''soþlűs ƣőlvo kı̋o nu-boþa̋s ṍna e-e̋sa:'''
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| :::The soldier's brave action was outside his duty.
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| ::'''reṁrűs ṡı̋ṡu főő ṍna lűku e-fe̋e̋e̋e̋a ne:'''
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| :::The peasant’s child couldn't count past 10.
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| | |
| *16. '''sána''' denotes having a lack of something; without.
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| ::'''t̬ı̋ɫus hurő' sána tı̋r a̋a̋han ṁa̋stom tára e-ta̋ƣa:'''
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| :::The survivors traveled three days across the desert without water.
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| | |
| *17. '''ša''' denotes exception; apart from, beside, besides, but for, except, save, not to-, -speak of, -mention, other than, outside.
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| ::'''ṁúm nuvke̋e̋sa þűn ðuső' ša dı̋zra e-e̋sa:'''
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| :::Apart from that one storm, our vacation was wonderful.
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| | |
| ::'''tu-te̋e̋a ȝoba̋' ša e̋sa:'''
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| :::Your statement is beside the point.
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| ::'''néx̨u bilűsk̬e músk̬e ša íðu vűűla:'''
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| :::There's no one here besides Bill and me.
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| | |
| ::'''őmu ṡaþmórmimlűs ze̋go kiő' ša ṡa̋tom hïha̋ȝo:'''
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| :::But for the cavalryman’s brave deed, the army would have lost the battle.
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| ::'''őru nus mú' ša tóru e-e̋sa:'''
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| :::They were all there except/save me.
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| ::'''dűƣlus ṡaþṁűs o me̋e̋e kake̋m ša tı̋r ǧőősen e-nı̋ı̋xa:'''
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| :::The cooks served the troops three oxen, not to speak of/mention the many chickens.
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| ::'''néxo dőþo s̨oxőm paadős éna pad̨őm ša mús o vűűa:'''
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| :::I have no money other than the few coins in my pocket.
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| ::'''ne̋k̬o govta̋' ša nús o vűűa:'''
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| :::Outside her beauty, she has nothing going for her.
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| *18. '''úúda''' denotes egress; out of, from.
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| ::'''bőőde ne-dűpom úúda e-főőla:'''
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| :::The chick fell out of its nest.
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| | |
| ==Derivative postpositions==
| |
| | |
| *19. '''altúȝa''' denotes paying no attention to: regardless of.
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| ::'''mu dagőm altúȝ' a̋ta:'''
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| :::I am going regardless of the consequences.
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| *20. '''ṡ̨óga''' denotes in exchange for, literally or figuratively: (in-, -exchange-, -return-) -for.
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| ::'''tu-ǧiiȝa̋s ṡ̨óga re̋e̋se:'''
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| :::Run for your life!
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| ::'''mu tu-l̨omős ṡ̨óga tús o tı̋r abe̋lon u-dőőa:'''
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| :::I will give you three apples for your bow.
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| *21. '''ṡ̨úfa''' denotes in the course of; during, for, in, in the process-, -course-, -of, on, through, throughout, under
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| ::'''ṁus leeta̋s ṡ̨úfa še̋ma:'''
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| :::During the summer we go swimming.
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| ::'''ṁus vı̋l̨us me̋e̋a kalta̋m ṡ̨úfa e̋e̋sa:'''
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| :::We have been friends through many trials.
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| ::'''ṁe̋kos reeƣűs zila̋s ṡ̨úfa ṁéumvi vïva̋dos e-e̋sa:'''
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| :::Under the king's rule things were much better.
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| | |
| *22. '''dása''' denotes on the authority of: by
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| ::'''k̨uðdı̋slu dasűs dása őnom e-e̋ma:'''
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| :::The coast guard seized the cargo on the authority of the governor.
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| | |
| *23. '''déla''' denotes reference: with reference to, as to.
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| ::'''mu meta̋s déla kı̋rom sa̋a̋ra ne:'''
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| :::As to your question, I don’t know the answer.
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| *24. '''déxa''' denotes in order to obtain or acquire: for.
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| ::'''tu sade̋mom do toolőm déxa a̋tu ma̋a̋ƣa-me:'''
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| :::Can you go to the store for some eggs?
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| | |
| *25. '''dúna''' denotes at or during a time anterior to; before, by, no later than, of, to.
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| ::'''tú íðu duua̋s dúna vűűe:'''
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| :::Be here by/no later than sunset.
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| ::'''d̬őfoos te̋nlas pe̋n te̋na̋s dúna'''
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| :::twenty minutes of/to five
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| | |
| ::'''nu. rı̋ı̋ba i-aha̋s dúna. num ṁe̋e̋rum e-vűűu ðe̋ra:'''
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| :::To this very day, he insists he was right.
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| | |
| *26. '''ðééa''' denotes in place of, replacement or preference: for, instead of, in lieu of, rather than.
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| ::'''e̋rlus erőm ðééa fa̋lo' ne̋udu e-ke̋la:'''
| |
| :::The rowers had to use boards for oars.
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| | |
| ::'''ṁus ǧoṁős ðééa dorős tááda þe̋som e̋da:'''
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| :::Instead of beef we had lamb for supper.
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| | |
| ::'''vőőƣlu i-voogős éna ḳortemős ðéé’ abe̋lon e-ne̋uda:'''
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| :::The baker used apples rather than pears in this cake.
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| | |
| *27. '''éba''' denotes eventuality: in case of, against.
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| ::'''ṁus suuṁős éba beƣős éna u-sa̋ra:'''
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| :::In case of rain, we'll have the party in the barn.
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| | |
| ::'''nus sűṁ’ aha̋s éba dőþom a̋uka:'''
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| :::They are saving money against a rainy day.
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| | |
| *28. '''éȝa''' denotes in charge of: in charge of, with.
| |
| ::'''nu le̋e̋mon műűlu éȝa vűűa:'''
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| :::She is in charge of planting the vegetables.
| |
| | |
| *29. '''éra''' denotes done on behalf of, for the benefit, sake, or interest of someone, for.
| |
| ::'''ṁus leudős éra íðu vűűa:'''
| |
| :::We are here on behalf of the people.
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| | |
| ::'''mu mu-taƣős éra bűtu ke̋la:'''
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| :::I must pack for my trip.
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| | |
| *30. '''éta''' denotes addition: as well as, besides, in addition to, with.
| |
| ::'''šemőutom sausṁevős éta tőƣo:'''
| |
| :::Please bring your swimming suit as well as your towel.
| |
| | |
| ::'''da̋mu e̋fu maama̋s éta nús o mõ̋õ̋ru e̋sa:'''
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| :::Besides a mother, he has an invalid older sister to support.
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| | |
| ::'''nu xirős éta mőrem e-sa̋a:'''
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| :::He bought the horse with the saddle.
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| | |
| *31. '''fára''' denotes in preparation for: for.
| |
| ::'''ṁús ṡ̬ena̋s fára be̋go:'''
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| :::Let’s brew some millet beer (in preparation) for the celebration.
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| | |
| *32. '''fésa''' denotes before in time: before, previous to.
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| ::'''leuðṁe̋ƣo naaża̋s fésa vı̋da:'''
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| :::The bus leaves before noon.
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| | |
| *33. '''f̨óþa''' denotes being able to see by some light: by, in
| |
| ::'''pa̋a̋vo zeere̋s f̨óþa nïna̋k̨o e-ı̋la:'''
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| :::By the light of the moon the road became more visible.
| |
| | |
| *34. '''góþa''' denotes similarity or likeness: like, similar to.
| |
| ::'''tu-eðdőka mu-eðdoka̋s góþa e̋sa:'''
| |
| :::Your recipe is like/similar to mine.
| |
| | |
| ::'''tu voutős góþa nűmon e-ża̋a̋da:'''
| |
| :::You spread out the heavens like a tent.
| |
| | |
| *35. '''íla''' denotes change from one form into another: into.
| |
| ::'''ga̋a̋lem e-le̋ża: ṁe̋nantűm íla nem e-űűra:'''
| |
| :::He gathered air. He crafted it into loving beings:
| |
| | |
| *36. '''ı́za''' denotes descent from: down from.
| |
| ::'''korős ı́za re̋nantu da̋rlu e-főőla:'''
| |
| :::The workman fell climbing down from the roof.
| |
| | |
| *37. '''ȝéta''' denotes relating to someone or something: toward, in relation to.
| |
| ::'''t'-űtos nús ȝéta xos vűűa:'''
| |
| :::What are your feelings toward him?
| |
| | |
| *38. '''ȝóba''' denotes proximity: near, about, by, next to, on, close to, against.
| |
| ::'''mı̋ı̋nlu leðős éna eherős ȝóba nomős éna e-ṁe̋e̋sa:'''
| |
| :::The fisherman lived in a home by/on the lake in the valley.
| |
| | |
| ::'''be̋ƣo ṁeesős ȝóba e̋sa: tu ta̋sen ve̋nu ma̋a̋ƣa:'''
| |
| :::The barn is close to the house. You can hear the animals.
| |
| | |
| ::'''sa̋mu ṁeesős ȝóba ṁe̋ƣom e-ṡűra:'''
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| :::The shaman parked the wagon against the house.
| |
| | |
| *39. '''ȝúa''' denotes interiority: inside, within.
| |
| ::'''kűno nı̋ı̋go vőṁaþo abelős ȝúa e-vűűa:'''
| |
| :::Inside each baked apple was a walnut.
| |
| | |
| ::'''mőres sa̋ko riȝős ȝúa dőraþes ı̋la ne:'''
| |
| :::Horses are not permitted within the holy city.
| |
| | |
| *40. '''ȝúṡa''' denotes situation or partition between two or more entities: among(st), (in) between, through, with.
| |
| ::'''þa̋la voourlűm ȝúṡa vűűla ne:'''
| |
| :::There is no honor among(st) thieves.
| |
| | |
| ::'''de̋e̋ȝos ṁeesősk̬e beƣősk̬e ȝúṡa vűűa:'''
| |
| :::The beehives are between the house and the barn.
| |
| | |
| ::'''i-lűvo me̋e̋o ma̋non ȝúṡa kïke̋e̋da:'''
| |
| :::This book has passed through many hands.
| |
| | |
| *41. '''kéésa''' denotes from a past time: since.
| |
| ::'''mu hesdila̋s kéésa num żïże̋e̋na:'''
| |
| :::I have known her since last year.
| |
| | |
| *42. '''kía''' denotes agency: by.
| |
| ::'''nu taata̋s kía ka̋a̋daþu ı̋la:'''
| |
| :::He was killed by his father.
| |
| | |
| *43. '''kóma''' denotes physical proximity: about, beside, by, next to, on.
| |
| ::'''oṁta̋ðlu raȝős éva noivdarős kóma miþa̋a̋gum e-me̋na:'''
| |
| :::The shepherd waited beside the shrine on the hill for the messenger.
| |
| | |
| *44. '''kúȝa''' denotes gratitude for: thanks to.
| |
| ::'''nu-dooős kúȝa mu-e̋dom sa̋u e-ma̋a̋ƣa:'''
| |
| :::Thanks to his donation, I was able to buy my food.
| |
| | |
| *45. '''láába''' denotes hanging down from: on.
| |
| ::'''abe̋los haiṡı̋m lááb' a̋la:'''
| |
| :::Apples grow on trees.
| |
| | |
| 46. '''méṡa''' denotes in a parallel direction: along, alongside of.
| |
| ::'''ve̋e̋ðlus fűrom þáfa paavős méṡa e-ne̋da:'''
| |
| :::The hunters walked along the road through the forest.
| |
| | |
| ::'''na̋ȝe mu' méṡa saxṁe̋e̋som d' őr' a̋tam e-re̋e̋sa:'''
| |
| :::The dog ran alongside me all the way to the tavern.
| |
| | |
| *47. '''með-''' denotes the middle; the exact meaning is determined by the postposition to which it is prefixed.
| |
| ::'''ƥa̋þu terős meðéna e-ṡűrak̬' e-ɫı̋ı̋gak̬e:'''
| |
| :::The girl stood in the middle of the room and cried.
| |
| | |
| ::'''nu pósu lőuko' méðdo e-re̋e̋sa:'''
| |
| :::Then she ran to the middle of the field.
| |
| | |
| *48. '''méta''' denotes at the same time as.
| |
| ::'''nu mús méta he̋lem e-na̋ka:'''
| |
| :::She saw the lightning at the same time as me.
| |
| | |
| *49. '''méþa''' denotes in the center of.
| |
| ::'''ṁú' se̋rom méþa na̋nan ðe̋e̋o:'''
| |
| :::Let’s put the flowers in the center of the table.
| |
| | |
| *50. '''móóda''' denotes the manner, method, way by which something is done: with, by means of, through, in.
| |
| ::'''raðta̋s móóda ȝűmum nı̋ı̋xe:'''
| |
| :::Serve God with gladness.
| |
| | |
| *51. '''ṁása''' denotes to or on the side of a person or thing toward the north when facing the rising sun: on-, to-, -the left.
| |
| ::'''be̋ku nu-taata̋s ṁása e-ṡűra:'''
| |
| :::The young man stood to the left of his father.
| |
| | |
| ::'''sőþlu ha̋iṡim ṁása e-re̋e̋sa:'''
| |
| :::The soldier ran to the left of the tree.
| |
| | |
| *52. '''néra''' denotes at or to a lower level than something else literally or figuratively: behind, below, beneath, under(neath).
| |
| ::'''re̋e̋slu þ̨axős néra la̋kom e-ȝa̋fa:'''
| |
| :::The runner broke his leg below the knee.
| |
| | |
| ::'''fa̋ṡo sűðo ka̋l’ o-niivrős néra bűþa:'''
| |
| :::Beneath that stern visage beats a kindly heart.
| |
| | |
| ::'''zõ̋ðlu ṁeesős n̨erős néra nu-goolƣa̋vom e-ðőőva:'''
| |
| :::The farmer buried his treasure under(neath) the floor of his house.
| |
| | |
| *53. '''nóóla''' denotes to the extent of: by.
| |
| ::'''n̨a̋ro pe̋n bı̋n nóóla me̋a:'''
| |
| :::The picture measures 5 by 8.
| |
| | |
| ::'''nu þűn ṡidős nóóla tït̨a̋a̋ru efű' sóma vűűa:'''
| |
| :::He is shorter than his older sister by one inch.
| |
| | |
| *54. '''nóma''' denotes to or at the home of someone.
| |
| ::'''ṁus riineȝűs nóma tum u-pa̋na:'''
| |
| :::We will meet you at the home of the mayor.
| |
| | |
| ::'''ȝÿȝűűnus riine̋ȝum nóma e-re̋e̋sa:'''
| |
| :::The younger ones ran to the home of the mayor.
| |
| | |
| *55. '''n̨áxa''' denotes disregard for: despite, in spite of, for, in face of, notwithstanding.
| |
| ::'''be̋ku gaudős nu-egős n̨áxa e-ve̋e̋da:'''
| |
| :::The young man went hunting despite his lack of experience.
| |
| | |
| ::'''a-sőþlu sóólvi þűn be̋som űðu n̨áxa dűbu da̋a̋rlu vűűa:'''
| |
| :::That soldier is a good worker for having only one arm.
| |
| | |
| *56. '''n̨ópa''' denotes in a position forward of: in front of, before, ahead of, against, in advance of.
| |
| ::'''va̋mlu tozdemős n̨ópa e-ṡűra:'''
| |
| :::The priest stood in front of the church.
| |
| | |
| ::'''ṡiṡűs nı̋zo num n̨ópa e-me̋ṁa da num e-tűga:'''
| |
| :::The child’s shadow advanced before/ahead of him and frightened him.
| |
| | |
| ::'''ṁus żı̋mo posnákaþős n̨óp' alkénvi na̋non e-na̋ka:'''
| |
| :::We saw the flowers easily against the dark background.
| |
| | |
| *57. '''óita''' denotes the taking of an oath; by, in the name of
| |
| ::'''mu ȝuműs óita nom kı̋u ma̋a̋ƣa:'''
| |
| :::By God, I can do it.
| |
| | |
| *58. '''péga''' denotes position at or movement towards the side of something or someone; at-, to-, -the side of
| |
| ::'''me̋vlus mevsárterős péga e-se̋da:'''
| |
| :::The dancers sat at the side of the ballroom.
| |
| | |
| ::'''ṡı̋ṡus leida̋ulom péga e-re̋e̋sa:'''
| |
| :::The children ran to the side of the playground.
| |
| | |
| *59. '''pósa denotes posterior to in time or space; after, behind, following.'''
| |
| ::'''ṁúm ṁenðónu tÿtopaþűm. naaża̋s pósa e-e̋sa:'''
| |
| :::It was after noon when we finally arrived.
| |
| | |
| ::'''mu mús pósa ȝaṡős aaþe̋s műxom na̋ku e-ma̋a̋ƣa:'''
| |
| :::I could see the smoke of the pine forest fire behind me.
| |
| | |
| ::'''ǧe̋nus ṡatős pósa t̬iɫőnun e-ve̋da:'''
| |
| :::Following the battle, the women looked for survivors.
| |
| | |
| *60. '''réiða''' denotes a means of conveyance; by.
| |
| ::'''soorta̋ƣlus reðnős réiða noiivda̋rom do e-a̋ta:'''
| |
| :::The pilgrims went by wagon to the shrine.
| |
| | |
| *61. '''ríza''' denotes support; in-, -support-, -favor-, -of.
| |
| ::'''le̋udu reeƣűs tőlos ríza vűa:'''
| |
| :::The people are in favor of the king’s decree.
| |
| | |
| *62. '''sépa''' denotes reference or interest; concerning, concern with, about.
| |
| ::'''pe̋rlu saarkős áfa vőőuraþo doþős sépa néxom e-sa̋a̋ra:'''
| |
| :::The ferryman knew nothing regarding/as regards/about the money stolen from the treasury.
| |
| | |
| *63. '''síra''' denotes up to a limit; at the edge of, as far as, as many as, to, until/till, (up) to.
| |
| ::'''ka̋a̋ðlu peliső' síra e-ṡűra: péru e-ı̋ta:'''
| |
| :::The murderer stood at the edge of the cliff, then jumped.
| |
| | |
| ::'''ṁus da̋a̋em síra tum u-sűna:'''
| |
| :::We will go with you as far as the river.
| |
| | |
| ::'''tu pe̋n abelőm síra ga̋o:'''
| |
| :::You may have as many as five apples.
| |
| | |
| ::'''abe̋li bı̋n peda̋m síra e-a̋la:'''
| |
| :::The apple tree grew to a height of eight feet.
| |
| | |
| ::'''ṁus needa̋' síra tum u-me̋na:'''
| |
| :::We will wait for you until/till sunup.
| |
| | |
| ::'''ṡiifne̋xlus tűűbom síra ṡı̋ı̋pom e-pe̋e̋la:'''
| |
| :::The cupbearer filled my cup (up) to the brim.
| |
| | |
| *64. '''sóma''' denotes comparison, compared to, than.
| |
| ::'''sa hesdila̋' sóma tı̋ı̋þa le̋e̋ta e-e̋sa ne:'''
| |
| :::Compared to last year, this was not a hot summer.
| |
| | |
| ::'''mőre mïme̋że ṁake̋' sóma e̋sa:'''
| |
| :::A horse is bigger than a cow.
| |
| | |
| *65. '''súna''' denotes accompaniment in time or space; with, in company with, along with.
| |
| ::'''ṁu-sűűnu' őra sı̋xam nu-orpűm súna e-le̋ida:'''
| |
| :::Our sons played with their cousins all afternoon.
| |
| | |
| ::'''ṡ̨őƣlu tı̋r eepűm súna sade̋mom e-ka̋da:'''
| |
| :::The trader in company with three associates robbed the store.
| |
| | |
| ::'''ii-asűru ɫiirlűm súna ga̋ȝu e-tőda:'''
| |
| :::The princess began to sing along with the minstrels.
| |
| | |
| *66. '''šéða''' denotes possessing a special characteristic; characteristic of, with.
| |
| ::'''mu-ta̋a̋ta miiṡős šéða ṁı̋ru e̋sa:'''
| |
| :::My father is the man with the moustache.
| |
| | |
| *67. '''šóóða''' denotes from one side of an opening to another; through.
| |
| ::'''nu tűngom šóóða þűslum e-ȝe̋e̋a:'''
| |
| :::He threw the hammer through the window.
| |
| | |
| *68. '''tááda''' denotes purpose; for, in order to.
| |
| ::'''ṁus ṁite̋ra siiga̋s tááda ka̋ltam le̋mu e-pe̋ra:'''
| |
| :::We tried to break down the problem for further study.
| |
| | |
| *69. '''táɫa''' denotes to or on the side of a person or thing toward the south when facing the rising sun: on, to-, -the right of.
| |
| ::'''ii-asűrus nu-taata̋s reegűs táɫa e-se̋da:'''
| |
| :::The princess sat to the right of her father the king.
| |
| | |
| *70. '''tára''' denotes motion from one side to the other; across, on the other side of, over.
| |
| ::'''ii-ba̋nlus vőgom tára ṡÿṡ̬őko ðeeős éna e-ṁa̋a̋ða:'''
| |
| :::The washerwomen waded across the stream at its shallowest part.
| |
| | |
| ::'''tú terős tára se̋dom ðe̋e̋o:'''
| |
| :::Please put the chair on the other side of the room.
| |
| | |
| ::'''se̋haþu ṡa̋þmus þolős tára e-vűga:'''
| |
| :::The defeated troops fled over the bridge.
| |
| | |
| *71. '''túȝa''' denotes with respect or regard to; in/with regard to, with respect to, regarding, as regards, about, with, on, for, in.
| |
| ::'''mu tu-miþős túȝa ṡúṁvi u-pute̋e̋a:'''
| |
| :::In/with regard to your letter, I will answer tomorrow.
| |
| | |
| ::'''mu tu-ṁida̋s túȝa ṡa̋a̋ma:'''
| |
| :::With respect to your knowledge, I disagree.
| |
| | |
| ::'''mu—tei tu-kőzu tanɠőno dooős túȝa u-se̋bi—ne̋sa:'''
| |
| :::I am sure your wife will be pleased with this mother-of-pearl gift.
| |
| | |
| ::'''ruunȝara̋s túȝa áulmuþı̋ȝu'''
| |
| :::The Committee on Orthography
| |
| | |
| ::'''(tú) i-siṁős túȝa bÿbőőko ne̋e̋tom ne̋ude:'''
| |
| :::For this stitch, use a heavier thread.
| |
| | |
| ::'''mu-dőxlu mu-nomvagős túȝa mum e-re̋e̋ga:'''
| |
| :::My teacher helped me with my homework.
| |
| | |
| ::'''marvőőurlu þűn t̬alős túȝa re̋e̋mu e-e̋sa:'''
| |
| :::The pirate was blind in one eye.
| |
| | |
| *72. '''þáfa''' denotes duration or extension through space literally or figuratively; (all) over, through(out).
| |
| ::'''me̋ża ba̋ȝa me̋xam þáfa e-vűűla:'''
| |
| :::Throughout the nation there was great joy.
| |
| | |
| ::'''ga̋a̋ȝu őro vutiȝős þáfa ve̋naþo ı̋lu e-ma̋a̋ƣa:'''
| |
| :::The singing could be heard (all) over the whole camp.
| |
| | |
| ::'''re̋e̋ƣu ṁűn ðűűnom þáfa ma̋lu e-te̋e̋a:'''
| |
| :::The king said we might wander through the castle.
| |
| | |
| *73. '''þa̋la''' denotes in honor of.
| |
| ::'''nus ka̋a̋daþu asurűs þála þőlom e-fe̋e̋ta:'''
| |
| :::They named the bridge in honor of the murdered prince.
| |
| | |
| *74. '''þééxa''' denotes foundation or dependence; based-, depending-, -on
| |
| ::'''ṁus nu-kirős þééxa da̋rom u-se̋e̋ra:'''
| |
| :::Depending on his response, we will continue the work.
| |
| | |
| *75. '''þifápa''' denotes at a far distance; far away from.
| |
| ::'''ṁus i-ǧarős þifápa ṁe̋e̋sa:'''
| |
| :::We live far away from these mountains.
| |
| | |
| *76. '''þóósa''' denotes in opposition to, in contact with, against, contrary to, into, on, opposed to, opposite, up, with.
| |
| ::'''vı̋smu őőðlus a̋a̋to ṡűrkom þóósa e̋ru e-ke̋la:'''
| |
| :::The desperate fugitives had to row against the swift current.
| |
| | |
| ::'''ṁus darı̋s þóósa ṡı̋lantu műdu re̋e̋slum e-na̋ka:'''
| |
| :::We saw the exhausted runner leaning against the tree.
| |
| | |
| ::'''(mu) mús vïva̋a̋da meda̋s þóósa som kı̋a:'''
| |
| :::I do this against/contrary to my better judgment.
| |
| | |
| ::'''da̋mu nu-damős þóósa nu-na̋a̋rom e-ha̋ȝa:'''
| |
| :::The patient lost his struggle against his illness.
| |
| | |
| ::'''fűðnaþu nu-laauős þóósa fesþa̋mom e-ı̋ga:'''
| |
| :::The employee asked for an advance against his salary.
| |
| | |
| ::'''dúslatőlu ṡı̋ṡ' uflős þóósa va̋a̋dom że̋e̋na néstu:'''
| |
| :::The poor child does not yet know good from bad.
| |
| | |
| ::'''mőőṁaþu da̋a̋rlu da̋rim þóósa e-re̋e̋sa:'''
| |
| :::The dazed workman ran into the tree.
| |
| | |
| ::'''ðűűnom þóósa ȝűðo ṡűṁam pe̋e̋kaþo e-ı̋la:'''
| |
| :::The attack on the castle was planned for tomorrow.
| |
| | |
| ::'''rı̋ı̋rus asurű' sőtu þóósa e-vűűa:'''
| |
| :::The citizens were opposed to the prince’s going to war.
| |
| | |
| ::'''ża̋vlu a̋a̋þem ża̋bu tááda gooldarős þóósa da̋rim e-re̋na:'''
| |
| :::The onlooker climbed the tree opposite the store to look at the fire.
| |
| | |
| ::'''ǧe̋nu (nu-) potűs þóósa e-le̋ida:'''
| |
| :::The woman played opposite her husband.
| |
| | |
| ::'''pűűmus ṁe̋e̋em þóósa na̋a̋ṁom na̋a̋ṁu e-ke̋la:'''
| |
| :::The explorers had to sail the boat up wind.
| |
| | |
| ::'''(nus) (nu-)ȝorűs þóósa ṡa̋tantus a̋ha:'''
| |
| :::He spent the day fighting with his younger brother.
| |
| | |
| ::'''reeƣűs n̨a̋ros godős þóósa kőranþo vÿvűűa:'''
| |
| :::The picture of the king has been hanging on the wall.
| |
| | |
| *77. '''þóla''' denotes at or to the two sides of a place or thing; astraddle, astride, on both sides of.
| |
| ::'''hűsu turős þóla e-se̋da:'''
| |
| :::The boy perched astraddle the fence.
| |
| | |
| ::'''sa̋a̋rlu (nu-)paame̋s þóla e-se̋da:'''
| |
| :::The wizard sat astride his dragon.
| |
| | |
| ::'''ṡı̋mżo daae̋s þóla e-e̋sa:'''
| |
| :::The town was on both sides of the river.
| |
| | |
| *78. '''þóna''' denotes assistance; with help.
| |
| ::'''mu nu-rééga meedős éna a̋a̋þem e-ǧe̋sa:'''
| |
| :::I put out the fire in the attic with his help.
| |
| | |
| *79. '''úfa''' denotes the position of the body with the front toward the object; facing.
| |
| ::'''alta̋a̋bu ṡı̋ṡu godős úfa e-ṡűra:'''
| |
| :::The disobedient child stood facing the wall.
| |
| | |
| *80. '''úpa''' denotes to or at a higher level than something else literally or figuratively; above, over.
| |
| ::'''mı̋mlu niimős úpa (nu-)ve̋e̋mom e-ƣa̋va:'''
| |
| :::The knight held the sword above his head.
| |
| | |
| ::'''ga̋s' ehe̋rom úpa e-k̬iilpe̋ta:'''
| |
| :::The osprey hovered over the lake.
| |
| | |
| *81. '''vóóa''' denotes encirclement or in or to various directions or locations.
| |
| ::'''főőd̬o ṁaat̨őno se̋dos ketős vóóa e-vűűa:'''
| |
| :::About/On all sides of/All about the living room were twelve wooden chairs.
| |
| | |
| ::'''sevta̋ƣlus fééþsada̋ro vóóa e-ma̋la.'''
| |
| :::The tourists wandered about/around the meat market.
| |
| | |
| ::'''sőtu asűru (nu-)ðuunős vóóa fa̋dom e-de̋ma:'''
| |
| :::The warlike prince built a wall around his castle.
| |
| | |
| *82. '''xéma''' denotes instrumentality; with, by means of. | |
| ::'''meðna̋mu siimlős xéma ðűrom lűru e-ma̋ƣa:'''
| |
| :::By means of a knife the policeman was able to open the door.
| |
| | |
| ::'''ve̋e̋mlu nu-veemős xéma n̨e̋tum e-ka̋a̋da:'''
| |
| :::The swordsman killed the enemy with his sword.
| |
| | |
| ==Non-derivative postpositions==
| |
| *1. '''áda''' denotes in association or connection with: among(st), with(in).
| |
| ::'''no ɱą̋sto leuðős áða le̋uða gűa ésa:'''
| |
| :::That is a custom popular among(st)/with the desert people
| |
| | |
| ::'''koldemős áfa tum süe̋vu mu-ɱaka̋s áða vűa ne:'''
| |
| :::It is not within my power to free you from prison.
| |
| | |
| *2. '''áfa''' denotes separation from support, attachment or position: off (of), from, of.
| |
| ::'''ɱúm áfa se̋m'''
| |
| :::one of us
| |
| | |
| ::'''tÿe̋ᵹse mőre e-tÿe̋ga da mı̋mu nem áfa e-fǫ̋la:'''
| |
| :::The skittish horse shied and the rider fell off it.
| |
| | |
| ::'''duspőrvu rįne̋ȝu boþa̋s áfa hesáhvi dų̋raþu e-ı̋la:'''
| |
| :::The corrupt mayor was removed from office yesterday.
| |
| | |
| *3. '''ána''' denotes change to, toward, or at an elevated place literally or figuratively: up (to).
| |
| ::'''süı̋naþu įsÿų̋þlu ra̋ȝom ána ą́þvi e-rę̋sa:'''
| |
| :::The threatened milkmaid quickly ran up the hill.
| |
| | |
| *4. '''ápa''' denotes removal from or location at a certain place or time either literally or figuratively: from, away from.
| |
| ::'''ląne̋m ta̋do rę̋pante bı̨̋rem ápa e-rę̋sa:'''
| |
| :::The herd of red deer ran away from the prowling lion.
| |
| | |
| *5. '''ba''' denotes on or toward the exterior of: outside, without.
| |
| ::'''ɱus düurős ba tőro þı̋mom e-ą̋ɱa:'''
| |
| :::We heard a loud noise outside the door.
| |
| | |
| ::'''ɱúm e-rekantűm ɱu-þǫ̋su terős ba e-cűra: '''
| |
| :::Our opponent stood without the room while we decided.
| |
| | |
| *6. '''do''' denotes motion towards literally or figuratively: to, toward, at, into.
| |
| ::'''ą̋do ta̋do lı̨̋me dą̋em do e-a̋ta:'''
| |
| :::The thirsty herd moved off toward the flooding river.
| |
| | |
| ::'''ȝúþneðlu ȝőbante ve̋rem do ta̋inom e-ȝę̋a:'''
| |
| :::The hiker threw the rock at the approaching bear.
| |
| | |
| ::'''bą̋küo cúɱvi lę̋tam güa̋ron do u-ą̋ta:'''
| |
| :::Tomorrow the flock will move into the mountains for the summer.
| |
| | |
| ::'''tú sa̋ram do ą̋teküe rą̋deküe:'''
| |
| :::Go to the party and have a good time.
| |
| | |
| *7. '''éha''' denotes movement or direction from the inside to the outside: (out) of, from (within).
| |
| ::'''tűgu pę̋l̨us a̋iðanto demős éha e-re̋sa:'''
| |
| :::The frightened occupants ran from the burning building.
| |
| | |
| ::'''mı̋mum ɵ́nu e-mı̋mantum—įme̋rus tungős éha e-ᵶa̋ba:'''
| |
| :::The young women were looking out (of) the window when the knight rode by.
| |
| | |
| ::'''ną̋ðrus ðųnős éha cata̋’ süe̋nom e-ą̋ɱa:'''
| |
| :::The villagers heard the sound of fighting from within the fortress.
| |
| | |
| *8. '''éna''' denotes stationary position or location within or movement into: at, in, into, on, to.
| |
| ::'''pempe̋lo ta̋inᵶo raȝős niterős éna ce̋ȝu e-tőpa:'''
| |
| :::The gigantic boulder came to rest at the bottom of the hill.
| |
| | |
| ::'''tú ɱaspe̋go e̋rgom éna pe̋lkon ðę̋o:'''
| |
| :::Please put the dishes in the cupboard on the left.
| |
| | |
| ::'''cűvlu ceȝős néra ı̋vkom éna kűgom e-ðę̋a:'''
| |
| :::The maid put the quilted clothing into the box under the bed.
| |
| | |
| *9. '''épa''' denotes accordance with: after the manner of, after, at, behind, in, un¬der, according to, in terms of, as, in the role of, un¬der, according to, in terms of.
| |
| ::'''įmı̋mu mal̨űm épa nu-mőrem e-mı̋ma:'''
| |
| :::The rider rode her horse after the manner of the nomads.
| |
| | |
| ::'''ca̋þɱus soþvęlűs ęvős épa e-ȝűða:'''
| |
| :::At the general's command the troops charged.
| |
| | |
| ::'''tei mol̨űs kőzu pęka̋s épa e-vų̋i. dı̋lo e-e̋sa:'''
| |
| :::It was clear that the miller’s wife was behind the plan.
| |
| | |
| ::'''no. reᵹűs ȝų̋no þ̇orős épa. dőraþo ı̋lo mę:'''
| |
| :::Under the king's new law, that would not be allowed.
| |
| | |
| *10. '''éva''' denotes position on top of literally or figuratively: on, over, to, upon.
| |
| ::'''tu eðős éna serős éva ca̋bom u-dę̋sa:'''
| |
| :::You will find the hat on the table in the hall.
| |
| | |
| ::'''ma̋l̨us ᵶę̋ro reðnős éva re̋uði tę̋rtüim e-tę̋ra:'''
| |
| :::The nomads applied red paint to the old wagon.
| |
| | |
| ::'''dőxlu mątÿőno serős éva a̋ito ɱe̋vom e-ðę̋a:'''
| |
| :::The teacher put a variegated cloth over the wooden table.
| |
| | |
| *11. '''ha''' denotes causality: at, because of, by, for, in, of, on account of, by reason of, in consequence of, as a result of, out of, owing-, due -to, from, through, under, with.
| |
| ::'''dı̋slu ɱu-igős ha ɱenðónu terkős ðűrom e-lűra:'''
| |
| :::At our request, the guard finally opened the cell door.
| |
| | |
| ::'''ɱus carsą̋ke sųɱe̋s ha a̋tu e-mą̋ᵹa ne:'''
| |
| :::Because of the torrential rain we could not go.
| |
| | |
| ::'''į-rę̋ᵹu mexa̋s þáfa nu-govta̋s ha de̋ku e-vų̋a:'''
| |
| :::The queen was famous throughout the land for her beauty.
| |
| | |
| ::'''ɱus i-sepa̋m ha ną̋nu ke̋la:'''
| |
| :::Under these circumstances, we should turn back.
| |
| | |
| ::'''le̋uðu nakaþős ha nąa̋s ha ðe̋inu e-ı̋la:'''
| |
| :::At the sight the people went pale with fear.
| |
| | |
| *12. '''la''' denotes on this side of.
| |
| ::'''vőðlus ɱęsős la ı̋vkom e-dę̋sa:'''
| |
| :::The diggers found the box on this side of the house.
| |
| | |
| *13. '''nÿa''' denotes change to, toward or at a lower place either literally or figuratively: down (through).
| |
| ::'''me̋ce ha̋icim nÿa e-re̋na:'''
| |
| :::The monkey climbed down the tree.
| |
| | |
| ::'''mu-vı̋lu dı̋la' nÿa e-e̋sa:'''
| |
| :::He has been my friend down through the years.
| |
| | |
| ::'''düő űðres dą̋em nÿa ɱu-la̋iɱom e-da̋ga:'''
| |
| :::The two otters followed our canoe down the river.
| |
| | |
| *14. '''o''' denotes the indirect object of the verb: for, to; or indicates a relationship to an adjective: to.
| |
| ::'''re̋uðoküe xűloküe i-na̋nos tús o e̋sa:'''
| |
| :::These red and yellow flowers are for you.
| |
| | |
| ::'''nú' sa̋ɱno orűm o e-vų̋a:'''
| |
| :::His speech was clear to all.
| |
| | |
| *15. '''ɵ́na''' denotes on the farther side of time or space literally or figuratively: after, around, behind, beyond, by, on-, -the other side of, outside, past.
| |
| ::'''te̋na meðlata̋s ɵ́na e̋sa:'''
| |
| :::The time is after/past midnight.
| |
| | |
| ::'''műdu őmu kéþu ten̨e̋msom ɵ́na e-tőpa:'''
| |
| :::The exhausted army arrived way behind schedule.
| |
| | |
| ::'''va̋rsim sęa̋s tą́da tena̋s ɵ́na e̋sa:'''
| |
| :::It is beyond/past the time for sowing barley.
| |
| | |
| ::'''ɱal̨űs nę̋ra pę̋ka mús nı̋þa þumą̋s ɵ́na e̋sa:'''
| |
| :::The master’s ingenious plan is beyond/past my feeble understanding.
| |
| | |
| ::'''re̋iðlu kÿősaþo ðų̋nom ɵ́na sę́xvi ɱe̋ᵹom e-re̋iða:'''
| |
| :::The driver drove the wagon slowly by/past the beseiged fortress.
| |
| | |
| ::'''soþlűs ᵹőlvo kı̋o nús boþa̋s ɵ́na e-e̋sa:'''
| |
| :::The soldier's brave action was outside his duty.
| |
| | |
| ::'''reɱrűs cı̋cu fő ɵ́na lűku e-fę̋a ne:'''
| |
| :::The peasant’s child couldn't count past 10.
| |
| | |
| *16. '''sána''' denotes having a lack of something; without.
| |
| ::'''tüı̋ɫus hurő' sána tı̋r ą̋han ɱa̋stom tára e-ta̋ᵹa:'''
| |
| :::The survivors traveled three days across the desert without water.
| |
| | |
| *17. '''süa''' denotes exception; apart from, beside, besides, but for, except, save, not to-, -speak of, -mention, other than, outside. | |
| | |
| ::'''ɱúm nuvkę̋sa se̋m ðuső' süa dı̋zra e-e̋sa:'''
| |
| :::Apart from that one storm, our vacation was wonderful.
| |
| | |
| ::'''tús tę̋a ȝoba̋' süa e̋sa:'''
| |
| :::Your statement is beside the point.
| |
| | |
| ::'''néxÿu bı̋lküe músküe süa íðu vų̋la:'''
| |
| :::There's no one here besides Bill and me.
| |
| | |
| ::'''őmu cáþmormı̋mlus ze̋go kiő' süa ca̋tom hıha̋ȝo:'''
| |
| :::But for the cavalryman’s brave deed, the army would have lost the battle.
| |
| | |
| ::'''őru nus mú' süa tóru e-e̋sa:'''
| |
| :::They were all there except/save me.
| |
| | |
| ::'''dűᵹlus caþɱűs o mę̋e kake̋m sűa tı̋r güǫ̋sen e-nı̨̋xa:'''
| |
| :::The cooks served the troops three oxen, not to speak of/mention the many chickens.
| |
| | |
| ::'''néxo dőþo sÿoxőm pądős éna padÿőm süa mús o vűa:'''
| |
| :::I have no money other than the few coins in my pocket.
| |
| | |
| ::'''ne̋küo govta̋' süa nús o vų̋a:'''
| |
| :::Outside her beauty, she has nothing going for her.
| |
| | |
| *18. '''ų́da''' denotes egress; out of, from.
| |
| ::'''bǫ̋de nés dűpom ų́da e-fǫ̋la:'''
| |
| :::The chick fell out of its nest.
| |
| | |
| ==Derivative postpositions==
| |
| | |
| *19. '''altúȝa''' denotes paying no attention to: regardless of.
| |
| ::'''mu dagőm altúȝ' a̋ta:'''
| |
| :::I am going regardless of the consequences.
| |
| | |
| *20. '''cÿóga''' denotes in exchange for, literally or figuratively: (in-, -exchange-, -return-) -for.
| |
| ::'''tu-güįȝa̋s cÿóga re̋se:'''
| |
| :::Run for your life!
| |
| | |
| ::'''mu tu-ḷomős cÿóga tús o tı̋r abe̋lon u-dǫ̋a:'''
| |
| :::I will give you three apples for your bow.
| |
| | |
| *21. '''cÿúfa''' denotes in the course of; during, for, in, in the process-, -course-, -of, on, through, throughout, un¬der
| |
| ::'''ɱus lęta̋s cÿúfa süe̋ma:'''
| |
| :::During the summer we go swimming.
| |
| | |
| ::'''ɱus vı̋l̨us mę̋a kalta̋m cÿúfa ę̋sa:'''
| |
| :::We have been friends through many trials.
| |
| | |
| ::'''ɱe̋kos ręᵹűs zila̋s cÿúfa ɱéumvi vıva̋dos e-e̋sa:'''
| |
| :::Under the king's rule things were much better.
| |
| | |
| *22. '''dása''' denotes on the authority of: by
| |
| ::'''kÿuðdı̋slu dasűs dása őnom e-e̋ma:'''
| |
| :::The coast guard seized the cargo on the au¬thority of the governor.
| |
| | |
| *23. '''déla''' denotes reference: with reference to, as to.
| |
| ::'''mu meta̋s déla kı̋rom są̋ra ne:'''
| |
| :::As to your question, I don’t know the answer.
| |
| | |
| *24. '''déxa''' denotes in order to obtain or acquire: for.
| |
| ::'''tu sade̋mom do tǫlőm déxa a̋tu mą̋ᵹa-me:'''
| |
| :::Can you go to the store for some eggs?
| |
| | |
| *25. '''dúna''' denotes at or during a time anterior to; before, by, no later than, of, to.
| |
| ::'''tú íðu dųa̋s dúna vűe:'''
| |
| :::Be here by/no later than sunset.
| |
| | |
| ::'''xÿűr te̋nlas pe̋n te̋na dúna'''
| |
| :::twenty minutes of/to five
| |
| | |
| ::'''nu. rı̨̋ba i-aha̋s dúna. num ɱę̋rum e-vų̋u ðe̋ra:'''
| |
| :::To this very day, he insists he was right.
| |
| | |
| *26. '''ðę́a''' denotes in place of, replacement or preference: for, instead of, in lieu of, rather than.
| |
| ::'''e̋rlus erőm ðę́a fa̋lo' ne̋udu e-ke̋la:'''
| |
| :::The rowers had to use boards for oars.
| |
| | |
| ::'''ɱus güoɱős ðę́a dorős tą́da þe̋som e̋da:'''
| |
| :::Instead of beef we had lamb for supper.
| |
| | |
| ::'''vǫ̋ᵹlu i-vǫgős éna ḳortemős ðę́’ abe̋lon e-ne̋uda:'''
| |
| :::The baker used apples rather than pears in this cake.
| |
| | |
| *27. '''éba''' denotes eventuality: in case of, against.
| |
| ::'''ɱus sųɱős éba beᵹős éna u-sa̋ra:'''
| |
| :::In case of rain, we'll have the party in the barn.
| |
| | |
| ::'''nus sűɱ’ aha̋s éba dőþom a̋uka:'''
| |
| :::They are saving money against a rainy day.
| |
| | |
| *28. '''éȝa''' denotes in charge of: in the charge-, keeping-, -of, with.
| |
| ::'''nu lę̋mon mų̋lu éȝa vűa:'''
| |
| :::She is in charge of planting the vegetables.
| |
| | |
| *29. '''éra''' denotes done on behalf of, for the benefit, sake, or interest of someone, for.
| |
| ::'''ɱus leudős éra íðu vų̋a:'''
| |
| :::We are here on behalf of the people.
| |
| | |
| ::'''mu mu-taᵹős éra bűtu ke̋la:'''
| |
| :::I must pack for my trip.
| |
| | |
| *30. '''éta''' denotes addition: as well as, besides, in addition to, with.
| |
| ::'''süemőutom sausɱevős éta tőᵹo:'''
| |
| :::Please bring your swimming suit as well as your towel.
| |
| | |
| ::'''da̋mu e̋fu mąma̋s éta nús o mɵ̋ru e̋sa:'''
| |
| :::Besides a mother, he has an invalid older sister to support.
| |
| | |
| ::'''nu xirős éta mőrem e-sa̋a:'''
| |
| :::He bought the horse with the saddle.
| |
| | |
| *31. '''fára''' denotes in preparation for: for.
| |
| ::'''ɱús cüena̋s fára be̋go:'''
| |
| :::Let’s brew some millet beer (in preparation) for the celebration.
| |
| | |
| *32. '''fésa''' denotes before in time: before, previous to.
| |
| ::'''leuðɱe̋ᵹo nąᵶa̋s fésa vı̋da:'''
| |
| :::The bus leaves before noon.
| |
| | |
| *33. '''fÿóþa''' denotees being able to see by some light: by, in
| |
| ::'''pą̋vo zęre̋s fÿóþa nına̋kÿo e-ı̋la:'''
| |
| :::By the light of the moon the road became more visible.
| |
| | |
| *34. '''góþa''' denotes similarity or likeness: like, similar to.
| |
| ::'''tu-eðdőka mu-eðdoka̋s góþa e̋sa:'''
| |
| :::Your recipe is like/similar to mine.
| |
| | |
| ::'''tu voutős góþa nűmon e-ᵶą̋da:'''
| |
| :::You spread out the heavens like a tent.
| |
| | |
| *35. '''íla''' denotes change from one form into another: into.
| |
| ::'''gą̋lem e-le̋ᵶa: ɱe̋nantun íla num e-ų̋ra:'''
| |
| :::He gathered air. He crafted it into loving beings:
| |
| | |
| *36. '''ı́za''' denotes descent from: down from.
| |
| ::'''korős ı́za re̋nantu da̋rlu e-fǫ̋la:"""
| |
| :::The workman fell climbing down from the roof.
| |
| | |
| *37. '''ȝéta''' denotes relating to someone or something: toward, in relation to.
| |
| ::'''t'-űtos nús ȝéta xos vų̋a:'''
| |
| :::What are your feelings toward him?
| |
| | |
| *38. '''ȝóba''' denotes proximity: near, about, by, next to, on, close to, against.
| |
| ::'''mı̨̋nlu leðős éna eherős ȝóba nomős éna e-ɱę̋sa:'''
| |
| :::The fisherman lived in a home by/on the lake in the valley.
| |
| | |
| ::'''be̋ᵹo ɱęsős ȝóba e̋sa: tu ta̋sen ve̋nu mą̋ᵹa:'''
| |
| :::The barn is close to the house. You can hear the animals.
| |
| | |
| ::'''sa̋mu ɱęsős ȝóba ɱe̋ᵹom e-cűra:'''
| |
| :::The shaman parked the wagon against the house.
| |
| | |
| *39. '''ȝúa''' denotes interiority: inside, within.
| |
| ::'''kűno nı̨̋go vőɱaþo abelős ȝúa e-vų̋a:'''
| |
| :::Inside each baked apple was a walnut.
| |
| | |
| ::'''mőres sa̋ko riȝős ȝúa dőraþes ı̋la ne:'''
| |
| :::Horses are not permitted within the holy city.
| |
| | |
| *40. '''ȝúca''' denotes situation or partition between two or more entities: among(st), (in) between, through, with.
| |
| ::'''þa̋la vǫurlűm ȝúca vų̋la ne:'''
| |
| :::There is no honor among(st) thieves.
| |
| | |
| ::'''dę̋ȝos ɱęsősk̬e beᵹősk̬e ȝúca vų̋a:'''
| |
| :::The beehives are between the house and the barn.
| |
| | |
| ::'''i-lűvo mę̋o ma̋non ȝúca kıkę̋da:'''
| |
| :::This book has passed through many hands.
| |
| | |
| *41. '''kę́sa''' denotes from a past time: since.
| |
| ::'''mu hesdila̋s kę́sa num ᵶıᵶę̋na:'''
| |
| :::I have known her since last year.
| |
| | |
| *42. '''kía''' denotes agency: by.
| |
| ::'''nu tąta̋s kía ką̋daþu ı̋la:'''
| |
| :::He was killed by his father.
| |
| | |
| *43. '''kóma''' denotes physical proximity: about, beside, by, next to, on.
| |
| ::'''oɱta̋ðlu''' raȝős éva noivdarős kóma miþą̋gum e-me̋na:
| |
| :::The shepherd waited beside the shrine on the hill for the messenger.
| |
| | |
| *44. '''kúȝa''' denotes gratitude for: thanks to.
| |
| ::'''nu-dǫős kúȝa mu-e̋dom sa̋u e-mą̋ᵹa:'''
| |
| :::Thanks to his donation, I was able to buy my food.
| |
| | |
| *45. '''lą́ba''' denotes hanging down from: on.
| |
| ::'''abe̋los haicı̋m lą́b' a̋la:'''
| |
| :::Apples grow on trees.
| |
| | |
| 46. '''méca''' denotes in a parallel direction: along, alongside of.
| |
| ::'''vę̋ðlus fűrom þáfa pąvős méca e-ne̋da:'''
| |
| :::The hunters walked along the road through the forest.
| |
| | |
| ::'''na̋ȝe mu' méca saxɱę̋som do őro a̋tam e-rę̋sa:'''
| |
| :::The dog ran alongside me all the way to the tavern.
| |
| | |
| *47. '''með-''' denotes the middle; the exact meaning is determined by the postposition to which it is prefixed.
| |
| ::'''pÿa̋þu terős meðéna e-cűrakü' e-ɫı̨̋gaküe:'''
| |
| :::The girl stood in the middle of the room and cried.
| |
| | |
| ::'''nu pósu lőuko' méðdo e-rę̋sa:'''
| |
| :::Then she ran to the middle of the field.
| |
| | |
| *48. '''méta''' denotes at the same time as.
| |
| ::'''nu mús méta he̋lem e-na̋ka:'''
| |
| :::She saw the lightning at the same time as me.
| |
| | |
| *49. '''méþa''' denotes in the center of.
| |
| ::'''ɱú' se̋rom méþa na̋nan ðe̋o:'''
| |
| :::Let’s put the flowers in the center of the table.
| |
| | |
| *50. '''mǫ́da''' denotes the manner, method, way by which something is done: with, by means of, through, in.
| |
| ::'''raðta̋s mǫ́da ȝűmum nı̨̋xe:'''
| |
| :::Serve God with gladness.
| |
| | |
| *51. '''ɱása''' denotes to or on the side of a person or thing toward the north when facing the rising sun: on-, to-, -the left.
| |
| ::'''be̋ku nu-tąta̋s ɱása e-cűra:'''
| |
| :::The young man stood to the left of his father.
| |
| | |
| ::'''sőþlu ha̋icim ɱása e-rę̋sa:'''
| |
| :::The soldier ran to the left of the tree.
| |
| | |
| *52. '''néra''' denotes at or to a lower level than something else literally or figuratively: behind, below, beneath, under(neath).
| |
| ::'''rę̋slu þÿaxős néra la̋kom e-ȝa̋fa:'''
| |
| :::The runner broke his leg below the knee.
| |
| | |
| ::'''fa̋co sűðo ka̋l’ o-nįvrős néra bűþa:'''
| |
| :::Beneath that stern visage beats a kindly heart.
| |
| | |
| ::'''zɵ̋ðlu ɱęsős nÿerős néra nu-gǫlᵹa̋vom e-ðǫ̋va:'''
| |
| :::The farmer buried his treasure under(neath) the floor of his house.
| |
| | |
| *53. '''nǫ́la''' denotes to the extent of: by.
| |
| ::'''nÿa̋ro pen bun nǫ́la me̋a:'''
| |
| :::The picture measures 5 by 8.
| |
| | |
| ::'''nu se̋m cidős nǫ́la tıtÿą̋ru efű' sóma vűa:'''
| |
| :::He is shorter than his older sister by one inch.
| |
| | |
| *54. '''nóma''' denotes to or at the home of someone.
| |
| ::'''ɱus rįneȝűs nóma tum u-pa̋na:'''
| |
| :::We will meet you at the home of the mayor.
| |
| | |
| ::'''ȝyȝų̋nus rįne̋ȝum nóma e-rę̋sa:'''
| |
| :::The younger ones ran to the home of the mayor.
| |
| | |
| *55. '''nÿáxa''' denotes disregard for: despite, in spite of, for, in face of, notwithstanding.
| |
| ::'''be̋ku gaudős nu-egős nÿáxa e-vę̋da:'''
| |
| :::The young man went hunting despite his lack of experience.
| |
| | |
| ::'''a-soþlu sǫ́lvi se̋m be̋som űðu nÿáxa dűbu dą̋rlu vų̋a:'''
| |
| :::That soldier is a good worker for having only one arm.
| |
| | |
| *56. '''nÿópa''' denotes in a position forward of: in front of, before, ahead of, against, in advance of.
| |
| ::'''va̋mlu tozdemős nÿópa e-cűra:'''
| |
| :::The priest stood in front of the church.
| |
| | |
| ::'''cicűs nı̋zo num nÿópa e-me̋ɱa da num e-tűga:'''
| |
| :::The child’s shadow advanced before/ahead of him and frightened him.
| |
| | |
| ::'''ɱus ᵶı̋mo posnakaþős nÿóp' alkénvi na̋non e-na̋ka:'''
| |
| :::We saw the flowers easily against the dark background.
| |
| | |
| *57. '''óita''' denotes the taking of an oath; by, in the name of
| |
| ::'''mu ȝuműs óita nom kı̋u mą̋ᵹa:'''
| |
| :::By God, I can do it.
| |
| | |
| *58. '''péga''' denotes position at or movement towards the side of something or someone; at-, to-, -the side of
| |
| ::'''me̋vlus mevsárterős péga e-se̋da:'''
| |
| :::The dancers sat at the side of the ballroom.
| |
| | |
| ::'''cı̋cus leida̋ulom péga e-rę̋sa:'''
| |
| :::The children ran to the side of the playground.
| |
| | |
| *59. '''pósa denotes posterior to in time or space; after, behind, following.'''
| |
| ::'''ɱúm ɱenðónu tytopaþűm. nąᵶa̋s pósa e-e̋sa:'''
| |
| :::It was after noon when we finally arrived.
| |
| | |
| ::'''mu mús pósa ȝacős ąþe̋s műxom na̋ku e-mą̋ᵹa:'''
| |
| :::I could see the smoke of the pine forest fire behind me.
| |
| | |
| ::'''güe̋nus catős pósa tüiɫőnun e-ve̋da:'''
| |
| :::Following the battle, the women looked for survivors.
| |
| | |
| *60. '''réiða''' denotes a means of conveyance; by.
| |
| ::'''sǫrta̋ᵹlus reðnős réiða noįvda̋rom do e-a̋ta:'''
| |
| :::The pilgrims went by wagon to the shrine.
| |
| | |
| *61. '''ríza''' denotes support; in-, -support-, -favor-, -of.
| |
| ::'''le̋udu ręᵹűs tőlos ríza vűa:'''
| |
| :::The people are in favor of the king’s decree.
| |
| | |
| *62. '''sépa''' denotes reference or interest; concerning, concern with, about.
| |
| ::'''pe̋rlu saąukős áfa vǫ̋uraþo doþős sépa néxom e-są̋ra:'''
| |
| :::The ferryman knew nothing regarding/as regards/about the money stolen from the treasury.
| |
| | |
| *63. '''sį́ra''' denotes up to a limit; at the edge of, as far as, as many as, to, until/till, (up) to.
| |
| ::'''ką̋ðlu peliső' sį́ra e-cűra: péru e-ı̋ta:'''
| |
| :::The murderer stood at the edge of the cliff, then jumped.
| |
| | |
| ::'''ɱus dą̋em sį́ra tum u-sűna:'''
| |
| :::We will go with you as far as the river.
| |
| | |
| ::'''tu pe̋n abelőm sį́ra ga̋o:'''
| |
| :::You may have as many as five apples.
| |
| | |
| ::'''abe̋li bı̋n peda̋m sį́ra e-a̋la:'''
| |
| :::The apple tree grew to a height of eight feet.
| |
| | |
| ::'''ɱus nęda̋' sį́ra tum u-me̋na:'''
| |
| :::We will wait for you until/till sunup.
| |
| | |
| ::'''cį́fne̋xlus tų̋bom sį́ra cı̨̋pom e-pę̋la:'''
| |
| :::The cupbearer filled my cup (up) to the brim.
| |
| | |
| *64. '''sóma''' denotes comparison, compared to, than.
| |
| ::'''sa lę̋ta hesdila̋' sóma tį̃þa e-e̋sa ne:'''
| |
| :::Compared to last year, this was not a hot summer.
| |
| | |
| ::'''mőre mıme̋ᵶe ɱake̋' sóma e̋sa:'''
| |
| :::A horse is bigger than a cow.
| |
| | |
| *65. '''súna''' denotes accompaniment in time or space; with, in company with, along with.
| |
| ::'''ɱúm sų̋nu' sóla posną̋ᵶam núm orpűm súna e-le̋ida:'''
| |
| :::Our sons played with their cousins all afternoon.
| |
| | |
| ::'''cÿoᵹlu tı̋r ępűm súna sade̋mom e-ka̋da:'''
| |
| :::The trader in company with three associates robbed the store.
| |
| | |
| ::'''į-asűru ɫįrlűm súna ga̋ȝu e-tőda:'''
| |
| :::The princess began to sing along with the minstrels.
| |
| | |
| *66. '''süéða''' denotes possessing a special characteristic; characteristic of, with.
| |
| ::'''mús tą̋ta mįcős süéða ɱı̋ru e̋sa:'''
| |
| :::My father is the man with the moustache.
| |
| | |
| *67. '''süǫ́ða''' denotes from one side of an opening to another; through.
| |
| ::'''nu tűngom süǫ́ða þűslum e-ȝę̋a:'''
| |
| :::He threw the hammer through the window.
| |
| | |
| *68. '''tą́da''' denotes purpose; for, in order to.
| |
| ::'''ɱus ɱite̋ra sįga̋s tą́da ka̋ltam le̋mu e-pe̋ra:'''
| |
| :::We tried to break down the problem for further study.
| |
| | |
| *69. '''táɫa''' denotes to or on the side of a person or thing toward the south when facing the rising sun: on, to-, -the right of.
| |
| ::'''į-asűrus (nús) tąta̋s ręgűs táɫa e-se̋da:'''
| |
| :::The princess sat to the right of her father the king.
| |
| | |
| *70. '''tára''' denotes motion from one side to the other; across, on the other side of, over.
| |
| ::'''į-ba̋nlus vőgom tára cycüőko ðęős éna e-ɱą̋ða:'''
| |
| :::The washerwomen waded across the stream at its shallowest part.
| |
| | |
| ::'''tú terős tára se̋dom ðę̋o:'''
| |
| :::Please put the chair on the other side of the room.
| |
| | |
| ::'''se̋haþu ca̋þmus þolős tára e-vűga:'''
| |
| :::The defeated troops fled over the bridge.
| |
| | |
| *71. '''túȝa''' denotes with respect or regard to; in/with regard to, with respect to, regarding, as regards, about, with, on, for, in.
| |
| ::'''mu tús miþős túȝa cúɱvi u-putę̋a:'''
| |
| :::In/with regard to your letter, I will answer tomorrow.
| |
| | |
| ::'''mu tús ɱida̋s túȝa cą̋ma:'''
| |
| :::With respect to your knowledge, I disagree.
| |
| | |
| ::'''mu—tei tús kőzu tangÿőno dǫős túȝa u-se̋bi—ne̋sa:'''
| |
| :::I am sure your wife will be pleased with this mother-of-pearl gift.
| |
| | |
| ::'''rųnȝara̋s túȝa áulmuþı̋ȝu'''
| |
| :::The Committee on Orthography
| |
| | |
| ::'''(tú) i-siɱős túȝa bybǫ̋ko nę̋tom ne̋ude:'''
| |
| :::For this stitch, use a heavier thread.
| |
| | |
| ::'''mús dőxlu mús nomvagős túȝa mum e-rę̋ga:'''
| |
| :::My teacher helped me with my homework.
| |
| | |
| ::'''marvǫ̋urlu se̋m tüalős túȝa rę̋mu e-ẽsa:'''
| |
| :::The pirate was blind in one eye.
| |
| | |
| *72. '''þáfa''' denotes duration or extension through space literally or figuratively; (all) over, through(out).
| |
| ::'''me̋ᵶa ba̋ȝa me̋xam þáfa e-vų̋la:'''
| |
| :::Throughout the nation there was great joy.
| |
| | |
| ::'''gą̋ȝu őro vutiȝős þáfa ą̋ɱaþo ı̋lu e-mą̋ᵹa:'''
| |
| :::The singing could be heard (all) over the whole camp.
| |
| | |
| ::'''rę̋ᵹlu ɱűn ðų̋nom þáfa ma̋lu e-tę̋a:'''
| |
| :::The king said we might wander through the castle.
| |
| | |
| *73. '''þa̋la''' denotes in honor of.
| |
| ::'''nus ką̋daþu asurűs þála þőlom e-fę̋ta:'''
| |
| :::They named the bridge in honor of the murdered prince.
| |
| | |
| *74. '''þę́xa''' denotes foundation or dependence; based-, depending-, -on
| |
| ::'''ɱus nús kirős þę́xa da̋rom u-sę̋ra:'''
| |
| :::Depending on his response, we will continue the work.
| |
| | |
| *75. '''þifápa''' denotes at a far distance; far away from.
| |
| ::'''ɱus i-güarős þifápa ɱe̋sa:'''
| |
| :::We live far away from these mountains.
| |
| | |
| *76. '''þǫ́sa''' denotes in opposition to, in contact with, against, contrary to, into, on, opposed to, opposite, up, with.
| |
| ::'''vı̋smu ǫ̋ðlus ą̋to cűrkom þǫ́sa e̋ru e-ke̋la:'''
| |
| :::The desperate fugitives had to row against the swift current.
| |
| | |
| ::'''ɱus darı̋s þǫ́sa cı̋lantu műdu rę̋slum e-na̋ka:'''
| |
| :::We saw the exhausted runner leaning against the tree.
| |
| | |
| ::'''(mu) mús vıvą̋da meda̋s þǫ́sa som kı̋a:'''
| |
| :::I do this against/contrary to my better judgment.
| |
| | |
| ::'''da̋mu (nús) damős þǫ́sa (nús) ną̋rom e-ha̋ȝa:'''
| |
| :::The patient lost his struggle against his illness.
| |
| | |
| ::'''fűðnaþu nús ląuős þǫ́sa fesþa̋mom e-ı̋ga:'''
| |
| :::The employee asked for an advance against his salary.
| |
| | |
| ::'''dúslatőlu cı̋c' uflős þǫ́sa vą̋dom ᵶę̋na néstu:'''
| |
| :::The poor child does not yet know good from bad.
| |
| | |
| ::'''mǫ̋ɱaþu dą̋rlu da̋rim þǫ́sa e-rę̋sa:'''
| |
| :::The dazed workman ran into the tree.
| |
| | |
| ::'''ðų̋nom þǫ́sa ȝűðo cűɱam pę̋kaþo e-ĩla:'''
| |
| :::The attack on the castle was planned for tomorrow.
| |
| | |
| ::'''rı̨̋rus asurű' sőtu þǫ́sa e-vų̋a:'''
| |
| :::The citizens were opposed to the prince’s going to war.
| |
| | |
| ::'''ᵶa̋vlu ą̋þem ᵶa̋bu tą́da gǫldarős þǫ́sa da̋rim e-re̋na:'''
| |
| :::The onlooker climbed the tree opposite the store to look at the fire.
| |
| | |
| ::'''güe̋nu (nús) potűs þǫ́sa e-le̋ida:'''
| |
| :::The woman played opposite her husband.
| |
| | |
| ::'''pų̋mus ɱę̋em þǫ́sa ną̋ɱom ną̋ɱu e-ke̋la:'''
| |
| :::The explorers had to sail the boat up wind.
| |
| | |
| ::'''(nus) (nús) ȝorűs þǫ́sa ca̋tantus a̋ha:'''
| |
| :::He spent the day fighting with his younger brother.
| |
| | |
| ::'''ręᵹlűs nÿa̋ros godős þǫ́sa kőranþo vyvų̋a:'''
| |
| :::The picture of the king has been hanging on the wall.
| |
| | |
| *77. '''þóla''' denotes at or to the two sides of a place or thing; astraddle, astride, on both sides of.
| |
| ::'''hűsu turős þóla e-se̋da:'''
| |
| :::The boy perched astraddle the fence.
| |
| | |
| ::'''są̋rlu (nús) pąme̋s þóla e-se̋da:'''
| |
| :::The wizard sat astride his dragon.
| |
| | |
| ::'''cı̋mᵶo dąe̋s þóla e-e̋sa:'''
| |
| :::The town was on both sides of the river.
| |
| | |
| *78. '''þóna''' denotes assistance; with help.
| |
| ::'''mu nús rę́ga mędős éna ą̋þem e-güe̋sa:'''
| |
| :::I put out the fire in the attic with his help.
| |
| | |
| *79. '''úfa''' denotes the position of the body with the front toward the object; facing.
| |
| ::'''altą̋bu cı̋cu godős úfa e-cűra:'''
| |
| :::The disobedient child stood facing the wall.
| |
| | |
| *80. '''úpa''' denotes to or at a higher level than something else literally or figuratively; above, over.
| |
| ::'''mı̋mlu nįmős úpa (nús) vę̋mom e-ᵹa̋va:'''
| |
| :::The knight held the sword above his head.
| |
| | |
| ::'''ga̋s' ehe̋rom úpa e-küįlpe̋ta:'''
| |
| :::The osprey hovered over the lake.
| |
| | |
| *81. '''vǫ́a''' denotes encirclement or in or to various directions or locations.
| |
| ::'''za̋l ɱątÿőno se̋dos ketős vǫ́a e-vų̋a:'''
| |
| :::About/On all sides of/All about the living room were twelve wooden chairs.
| |
| | |
| ::'''sevta̋ᵹlus fę́þsada̋ro vǫ́a e-ma̋la.'''
| |
| :::The tourists wandered about/around the meat market.
| |
| | |
| ::'''sőtu asűru (nűs) ðųnős vǫ́a fa̋dom e-de̋ma:'''
| |
| :::The warlike prince built a wall around his castle.
| |
| | |
| *82. '''xéma''' denotes instrumentality; with, by means of.
| |
| ::'''meðna̋mu sįmlős xéma dų̋rom t̬ı̨̋vu e-ma̋ᵹa:'''
| |
| :::By means of a knife the policeman was able to open the door.
| |
| | |
| ::'''vę̋mlu (nús) vęmős xéma nÿe̋tum e-ką̋da:'''
| |
| :::The swordsman killed the enemy with his sword.
| |
