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'''Volga Indo-European''' (abbreviated '''VIE''') is the working title of a [[Fictional language|fictional]] branch of the [[Indo-European languages|Indo-European]] family that is an ongoing joint project of [[User:WeepingElf|Jörg Rhiemeier]] and [[User:Tropylium|Juho Pystynen]].  Volga Indo-European is part of the [[League of Lost Languages]].
: '''This page is a DRAFT pertaining to an ongoing project.  ''Everything'' within is possibly subject to revision.'''


Volga Indo-European developed out of the easternmost part of the [[Wikipedia:Corded Ware culture|Corded Ware]] horizon and is most closely related to Balto-Slavic, though it also shows some affinity to its former southern neighbour, Iranian.  An early stage of VIE may be the source of some Indo-European loanwords in [[Uralic]] such as '''*aja-''' 'to drive' and '''*porćas''' 'pig'.  The language was later in turn influenced by Uralic and Turkic languages.
'''Zamanic''' is a [[Fictional language|fictional]] branch of the [[Indo-European languages|Indo-European]] family that is an ongoing joint project of [[User:WeepingElf|Jörg Rhiemeier]] and [[User:Tropylium|Juho Pystynen]].  It is part of the [[League of Lost Languages]].
 
Proto-Zamanic developed out of the easternmost part of the [[Wikipedia:Corded Ware culture|Corded Ware]] horizon and is most closely related to Balto-Slavic, though it also shows some affinity to its former southern neighbour, Iranian.  An early stage of Zamanic may be the source of some Indo-European loanwords in [[Uralic]] such as '''*aja-''' 'to drive' and '''*porćas''' 'pig'.  The language was later in turn influenced by Uralic and Turkic languages.
 
The name "Zamanic" is derived from the reconstructed word for 'human being', '''*zaman''' < PIE ''*dhǵhom-on-''.


==Phonology==
==Phonology==


VIE is a ''satem'' group (i.e. PIE palatovelars developed into palatals and later into sibilants) with the RUKI rule (i.e., '''*s''' was backed to '''*š''' after '''*r''', high vowels and velars).
Zamanic is a ''satem'' group (i.e. PIE palatovelars developed into palatals and later into sibilants, and the labiovelars merge with the plain velars) with the RUKI rule (i.e., '''*s''' was backed to '''*š''' after '''*r''', high vowels and velars).
 
===Consonants===
 
Proto-Zamanic is reconstructed with the following consonants:
 
{|class="wikitable"
|-
! &nbsp;
! Labial
! Alveolar
! Postalveolar/<br>Palatal
! Velar
|-
! Voiceless stops/<br>affricates
| *p || *t || *č || *k
|-
! Voiced stops/<br>affricates
| *b || *d || *dž || *g
|-
! Voiceless fricatives
| *f || *s || *š || *x
|-
! Voiced fricatives
| *v || *z || *ž || &nbsp;
|-
! Nasals
| *m || *n || &nbsp; || &nbsp;
|-
! Liquids
| &nbsp; || *l *r || &nbsp; || &nbsp;
|-
! Semivowel
| &nbsp; || &nbsp; || *j || &nbsp;
|-
|}
 
===Vowels===
 
The Proto-Zamanic vowel system consists of ''full vowels'', which may be stressed, and ''reduced vowels'', which never bear the stress.
 
====Full vowels====
 
{|class="wikitable"
|-
!rowspan="2"| &nbsp;
!colspan="2"| Front
!colspan="2"| Back
|-
! Unround || Round || Unround || Round
|-
! High
| *i || *ü || *ï || *u
|-
! Mid
| *e || *ö || *ë || *o
|-
! Low
| *ä || &nbsp; || *a || &nbsp;
|-
|}
 
====Reduced vowels ("yers")====
 
{|class="wikitable"
|-
! Front || Back
|-
| *ь || *ъ
|-
|}
 
====Vowel harmony====
 
A noncompound word contains either only ''front'' or ''back'' vowels, not both.  The first vowel of the word determines the harmony class.
 
===Accent===
 
A stress accent falling on the first full vowel of the word can be reconstructed.  The PIE mobile accent is only indirectly preserved in the lengthening of accented vowels (later shortened again) in open syallables.


===Sound changes===
===Sound changes===
List of suggestions, not (yet) in chronological order.


====Merger of voiced aspirates and plain voiced stops====
====Merger of voiced aspirates and plain voiced stops====


* Dʰ > D
* Dʰ > D
===="Thorn" clusters====
* TK > K (dental is lost)


====Satemization====
====Satemization====
Line 29: Line 113:
====Laryngeals====
====Laryngeals====


* Syllabic laryngeals become *ë, maybe several different outcomes depending on the next vowel?
* Syllabic laryngeals become *i before a high vowel in the next syllable, otherwise *a
* VH > V: (as usual)
* VH > V: (as usual)
* Other laryngeals are lost (as usual)
* Other laryngeals are lost (as usual)
Line 35: Line 119:
====Syllabic resonants====
====Syllabic resonants====


* R. > ïR
* R. > iR


====Palatalization====
====Palatalization====
Line 41: Line 125:
* k > č /_V[+front]
* k > č /_V[+front]
* g > dž /_V[+front]
* g > dž /_V[+front]
* kj > č
* gj > dž
* tj > č
* dj > dž
====Lengthening of vowels in accented open syllables====
* V > V: /_$ accented
====Accent retraction====
* The accent is retracted to the first syllable.
====Vowel shortening====
Short vowels:
* i > ь (ultrashort lax front vowel)
* u > ъ (ultrashort lax back vowel)
* e > ä
* o > a
Long vowels are shortened.


====Accent====
====Monophthongization====


* Retracted to first syllable.
* äi > e
* äu > ö
* ai > ë
* au > o


====Vowel harmony====
====Vowel harmony====
Line 50: Line 160:
* V > [+front] /first vowel is [+front]
* V > [+front] /first vowel is [+front]
* V > [-front] /first vowel is [-front]
* V > [-front] /first vowel is [-front]
* This remains a synchronically productive process in some languages.
 
This remains a synchronically productive process in some languages. The vowel classes are:
 
* '''Front''': i e ä ö ü ь
* '''Back''': ï ë a o u ъ
 
====Second accent shift====
 
* Accent shifts rightward to next full vowel is the first syllable contains a reduced vowel.
 
====Fortition of *w====
 
* w > v
 
====Cluster reduction====
 
* sp > f
* st > s
* zd > z
* sč > š
* sk > x
 
* C > 0 /C_#


==Morphology==
==Morphology==


The VIE languages are morphologically fusional, like the Balto-Slavic languages, with some agglutinating traits that evolved under the influence of their Uralic and Turkic neighbours.
The Zamanic languages are morphologically fusional, like the Balto-Slavic languages, with some agglutinating traits that evolved under the influence of their Uralic and Turkic neighbours.
 
===Nouns===
 
Nouns in Proto-Zamanic are divided into three ''genders'' (masculine, feminine, neuter), and inflected for two ''numbers'' (singular and plural) and eight ''cases'' (nominative, genitive, dative, accusative, instrumental, locative, ablative, vocative).  These cases are inherited from Proto-Indo-European.
 
====Meanings of the cases====
 
* ''Nominative'': sentence subject, predicate noun, vocative
* ''Genitive'': possessor, also some idiomatic uses
* ''Dative'': indirect object, some postpositions
* ''Accusative'': direct object, movement toward, some postpositions
* ''Instrumental'': thing by which the action is performed
* ''Locative'': location
* ''Ablative'': movement away from
* ''Vocative'': direct address
 
====The declension classes====
 
The system of PIE ''declension classes'' has been restructured due to the workings of vowel harmony.  In Proto-Zamanic, declension classes come in pairs, one member with front vowels, the other with back vowels.
 
====A/Ä-declension====
 
These declension classes continue the PIE thematic and ā-stems.  They are together the largest group of Proto-Zamanic nouns.  There are different endings in the nominative singular and the nominative and accusative plurals for the three genders.  The ''a-declension'' applies to words with back vowels and the ''ä-declension'' to words with front vowels.
 
{|class="wikitable"
|-
!rowspan="2"|A-declension
!colspan="2"|Masculine<br>*gardas 'homestead'
!colspan="2"|Feminine<br>*dona 'bread'
!colspan="2"|Neuter<br>*jugam 'yoke'
|-
! Singular
! Plural
! Singular
! Plural
! Singular
! Plural
|-
! Nominative
| *gardas || *gardos
| *dona || *donas
| *jugam || *juga
|-
! Genitive
| *gardasa || *gardom
| *donasa || *donom
| *jugasa || *jugom
|-
! Dative
| *gardë || *gardamas
| *donë || *donamas
| *jugë || *jugamas
|-
! Accusative
| *gardam || *gardos
| *donam || *donas
| *jugam || *juga
|-
! Instrumental
| *gardo || *gardës
| *dono || *donës
| *jugo || *jugës
|-
! Locative
| *gardë || *gardësъ
| *donë || *donësъ
| *jugë || *jugësъ
|-
! Ablative
| *gardad || *gardamas
| *donad || *donamas
| *jugad || *jugamas
|-
! Vocative
| *garda || *gardos
| *dona || *donas
| *juga || *juga
|-
|}
 
{|class="wikitable"
|-
!rowspan="2"|Ä-declension
!colspan="2"|Masculine<br>*viräs 'man'
!colspan="2"|Feminine<br>*devä 'goddess'
!colspan="2"|Neuter<br>*redräm 'sieve'
|-
! Singular
! Plural
! Singular
! Plural
! Singular
! Plural
|-
! Nominative
| *viräs || *virös
| *devä || *deväs
| *redräm || *redrä
|-
! Genitive
| *viräsä || *viröm
| *deväsä || *devöm
| *redräsä || *redröm
|-
! Dative
| *vire || *virämäs
| *deve || *devämäs
| *redre || *redrämäs
|-
! Accusative
| *viräm || *virös
| *deväm || *deväs
| *redräm || *redrä
|-
! Instrumental
| *virö || *vires
| *devö || *deves
| *redrö || *redres
|-
! Locative
| *vire || *viresь
| *deve || *devesь
| *redre || *redresь
|-
! Ablative
| *viräd || *virämäs
| *deväd || *devämäs
| *redräd || *redrämäs
|-
! Vocative
| *virä || *virös
| *devä || *deväs
| *redrä || *redrä
|-
|}
 
====Yer-declension====
 
The two yer-declensions continue the PIE *i- and *u-stems, which are reassigned to the two classes according to the root vowel: the ''ь-declension'' with front vowels, and the ''ъ-declension'' with back vowels.
 
{|class="wikitable"
|-
!rowspan="2"|Ъ-declension
!colspan="2"|Non-neuter<br>*datъs 'gift'
!colspan="2"|Neuter<br>*sarnъ 'horn'
|-
! Singular
! Plural
! Singular
! Plural
 
|-
! Nominative
| *datъs || *datës
| *sarnъ || *sarnu
|-
! Genitive
| *datës || *datajom
| *sarnës || *sarnajom
|-
! Dative
| *datajë || *datъmas
| *sarnajë || *sarnъmas
|-
! Accusative
| *datъm || *datъns
| *sarnъ || *sarnu
|-
! Instrumental
| *datu || *datus
| *sarnu || *sarnus
|-
! Locative
| *datë || *datъsъ
| *sarnë || *sarnъsъ
|-
! Ablative
| *datës || *datъmas
| *sarnës || *sarnъmas
|-
! Vocative
| *datъ || *datës
| *sarnъ || *sarnu
|-
|}
 
{|class="wikitable"
|-
!rowspan="2"|Ь-declension
!colspan="2"|Non-neuter<br>*mäntьs 'thought'
!colspan="2"|Neuter<br>*zänь 'cheek'
|-
! Singular
! Plural
! Singular
! Plural
 
|-
! Nominative
| *mäntьs || *mäntes
| *zänь || *zäni
|-
! Genitive
| *mäntes || *mäntejöm
| *zänes || *zänejöm
|-
! Dative
| *mänteje || *mäntьmäs
| *zäneje || *zänьmäs
|-
! Accusative
| *mäntьm || *mäntьns
| *zänь || *zäni
|-
! Instrumental
| *mänti || *mäntis
| *zäni || *zänis
|-
! Locative
| *mänte || *mäntьsь
| *zäne || *zänьsь
|-
! Ablative
| *mäntes || *mäntьmäs
| *zänes || *zänьmäs
|-
! Vocative
| *mäntь || *mäntes
| *zänь || *zäni
|-
|}


[[Category:Conlangs]]
[[Category:Conlangs]]
[[Category:LLL]]
[[Category:LLL]]

Latest revision as of 12:08, 27 May 2015

This page is a DRAFT pertaining to an ongoing project. Everything within is possibly subject to revision.

Zamanic is a fictional branch of the Indo-European family that is an ongoing joint project of Jörg Rhiemeier and Juho Pystynen. It is part of the League of Lost Languages.

Proto-Zamanic developed out of the easternmost part of the Corded Ware horizon and is most closely related to Balto-Slavic, though it also shows some affinity to its former southern neighbour, Iranian. An early stage of Zamanic may be the source of some Indo-European loanwords in Uralic such as *aja- 'to drive' and *porćas 'pig'. The language was later in turn influenced by Uralic and Turkic languages.

The name "Zamanic" is derived from the reconstructed word for 'human being', *zaman < PIE *dhǵhom-on-.

Phonology

Zamanic is a satem group (i.e. PIE palatovelars developed into palatals and later into sibilants, and the labiovelars merge with the plain velars) with the RUKI rule (i.e., *s was backed to *š after *r, high vowels and velars).

Consonants

Proto-Zamanic is reconstructed with the following consonants:

  Labial Alveolar Postalveolar/
Palatal 		Velar
Voiceless stops/
affricates 		*p *t *č *k
Voiced stops/
affricates 		*b *d *dž *g
Voiceless fricatives *f *s *š *x
Voiced fricatives *v *z *ž  
Nasals *m *n    
Liquids   *l *r    
Semivowel     *j  

Vowels

The Proto-Zamanic vowel system consists of full vowels, which may be stressed, and reduced vowels, which never bear the stress.

Full vowels

  Front Back
Unround Round Unround Round
High *i *ü *ï *u
Mid *e *ö *ë *o
Low *ä   *a  

Reduced vowels ("yers")

Front Back
*ь *ъ

Vowel harmony

A noncompound word contains either only front or back vowels, not both. The first vowel of the word determines the harmony class.

Accent

A stress accent falling on the first full vowel of the word can be reconstructed. The PIE mobile accent is only indirectly preserved in the lengthening of accented vowels (later shortened again) in open syallables.

Sound changes

Merger of voiced aspirates and plain voiced stops

  • Dʰ > D

"Thorn" clusters

  • TK > K (dental is lost)

Satemization

  • ḱ > ć, later > s
  • ǵ > dź, later > z
  • kʷ > k
  • gʷ > g

RUKI rule

  • s > š /(i,u,r,k)_

Laryngeals

  • Syllabic laryngeals become *i before a high vowel in the next syllable, otherwise *a
  • VH > V: (as usual)
  • Other laryngeals are lost (as usual)

Syllabic resonants

  • R. > iR

Palatalization

  • k > č /_V[+front]
  • g > dž /_V[+front]
  • kj > č
  • gj > dž
  • tj > č
  • dj > dž

Lengthening of vowels in accented open syllables

  • V > V: /_$ accented

Accent retraction

  • The accent is retracted to the first syllable.

Vowel shortening

Short vowels:

  • i > ь (ultrashort lax front vowel)
  • u > ъ (ultrashort lax back vowel)
  • e > ä
  • o > a

Long vowels are shortened.

Monophthongization

  • äi > e
  • äu > ö
  • ai > ë
  • au > o

Vowel harmony

  • V > [+front] /first vowel is [+front]
  • V > [-front] /first vowel is [-front]

This remains a synchronically productive process in some languages. The vowel classes are:

  • Front: i e ä ö ü ь
  • Back: ï ë a o u ъ

Second accent shift

  • Accent shifts rightward to next full vowel is the first syllable contains a reduced vowel.

Fortition of *w

  • w > v

Cluster reduction

  • sp > f
  • st > s
  • zd > z
  • sč > š
  • sk > x
  • C > 0 /C_#

Morphology

The Zamanic languages are morphologically fusional, like the Balto-Slavic languages, with some agglutinating traits that evolved under the influence of their Uralic and Turkic neighbours.

Nouns

Nouns in Proto-Zamanic are divided into three genders (masculine, feminine, neuter), and inflected for two numbers (singular and plural) and eight cases (nominative, genitive, dative, accusative, instrumental, locative, ablative, vocative). These cases are inherited from Proto-Indo-European.

Meanings of the cases

  • Nominative: sentence subject, predicate noun, vocative
  • Genitive: possessor, also some idiomatic uses
  • Dative: indirect object, some postpositions
  • Accusative: direct object, movement toward, some postpositions
  • Instrumental: thing by which the action is performed
  • Locative: location
  • Ablative: movement away from
  • Vocative: direct address

The declension classes

The system of PIE declension classes has been restructured due to the workings of vowel harmony. In Proto-Zamanic, declension classes come in pairs, one member with front vowels, the other with back vowels.

A/Ä-declension

These declension classes continue the PIE thematic and ā-stems. They are together the largest group of Proto-Zamanic nouns. There are different endings in the nominative singular and the nominative and accusative plurals for the three genders. The a-declension applies to words with back vowels and the ä-declension to words with front vowels.

A-declension Masculine
*gardas 'homestead' 		Feminine
*dona 'bread' 		Neuter
*jugam 'yoke'
Singular Plural Singular Plural Singular Plural
Nominative *gardas *gardos *dona *donas *jugam *juga
Genitive *gardasa *gardom *donasa *donom *jugasa *jugom
Dative *gardë *gardamas *donë *donamas *jugë *jugamas
Accusative *gardam *gardos *donam *donas *jugam *juga
Instrumental *gardo *gardës *dono *donës *jugo *jugës
Locative *gardë *gardësъ *donë *donësъ *jugë *jugësъ
Ablative *gardad *gardamas *donad *donamas *jugad *jugamas
Vocative *garda *gardos *dona *donas *juga *juga
Ä-declension Masculine
*viräs 'man' 		Feminine
*devä 'goddess' 		Neuter
*redräm 'sieve'
Singular Plural Singular Plural Singular Plural
Nominative *viräs *virös *devä *deväs *redräm *redrä
Genitive *viräsä *viröm *deväsä *devöm *redräsä *redröm
Dative *vire *virämäs *deve *devämäs *redre *redrämäs
Accusative *viräm *virös *deväm *deväs *redräm *redrä
Instrumental *virö *vires *devö *deves *redrö *redres
Locative *vire *viresь *deve *devesь *redre *redresь
Ablative *viräd *virämäs *deväd *devämäs *redräd *redrämäs
Vocative *virä *virös *devä *deväs *redrä *redrä

Yer-declension

The two yer-declensions continue the PIE *i- and *u-stems, which are reassigned to the two classes according to the root vowel: the ь-declension with front vowels, and the ъ-declension with back vowels.

Ъ-declension Non-neuter
*datъs 'gift' 		Neuter
*sarnъ 'horn'
Singular Plural Singular Plural
Nominative *datъs *datës *sarnъ *sarnu
Genitive *datës *datajom *sarnës *sarnajom
Dative *datajë *datъmas *sarnajë *sarnъmas
Accusative *datъm *datъns *sarnъ *sarnu
Instrumental *datu *datus *sarnu *sarnus
Locative *datë *datъsъ *sarnë *sarnъsъ
Ablative *datës *datъmas *sarnës *sarnъmas
Vocative *datъ *datës *sarnъ *sarnu
Ь-declension Non-neuter
*mäntьs 'thought' 		Neuter
*zänь 'cheek'
Singular Plural Singular Plural
Nominative *mäntьs *mäntes *zänь *zäni
Genitive *mäntes *mäntejöm *zänes *zänejöm
Dative *mänteje *mäntьmäs *zäneje *zänьmäs
Accusative *mäntьm *mäntьns *zänь *zäni
Instrumental *mänti *mäntis *zäni *zänis
Locative *mänte *mäntьsь *zäne *zänьsь
Ablative *mäntes *mäntьmäs *zänes *zänьmäs
Vocative *mäntь *mäntes *zänь *zäni
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