Circumflex: Difference between revisions
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| Ââ /ə˧/, Ấấ /ə˧˥/, Ầầ /ə̤˨˩/, Ẩẩ /ə˧˩˧/, Ẫẫ /əˀ˧˥/, Ậậ /ə̰ʔ˧˨/, Êê /e˧/, Ếế /e˧˥/, Ềề /e̤˨˩/, Ểể /e˧˩˧/, Ễễ /eˀ˧˥/, Ệệ /ḛʔ˧˨/, Ôô /o˧/, Ốố /o˧˥/, Ồồ /o̤˨˩/, Ổổ /o˧˩˧/, Ỗỗ /oˀ˧˥/, Ộộ /o̰ʔ˧˨/ | | Ââ /ə˧/, Ấấ /ə˧˥/, Ầầ /ə̤˨˩/, Ẩẩ /ə˧˩˧/, Ẫẫ /əˀ˧˥/, Ậậ /ə̰ʔ˧˨/, Êê /e˧/, Ếế /e˧˥/, Ềề /e̤˨˩/, Ểể /e˧˩˧/, Ễễ /eˀ˧˥/, Ệệ /ḛʔ˧˨/, Ôô /o˧/, Ốố /o˧˥/, Ồồ /o̤˨˩/, Ổổ /o˧˩˧/, Ỗỗ /oˀ˧˥/, Ộộ /o̰ʔ˧˨/ | ||
| Generally, unaccented Aa, Ee, Oo stand for /aː, ɛ, ɔ/. There are many exceptions to the phonemic value of all these letters though.<ref name=vietnamese>[[Wikipedia:Vietnamese_orthography#Pronunciation|Vietnamese orthography, Pronunciation]] at Wikipedia.</ref> | | Generally, unaccented Aa, Ee, Oo stand for /aː, ɛ, ɔ/. There are many exceptions to the phonemic value of all these letters though.<ref name=vietnamese>[[Wikipedia:Vietnamese_orthography#Pronunciation|Vietnamese orthography, Pronunciation]] at Wikipedia.</ref> | ||
|- | |||
| Rising [[Wikipedia:Tone_(linguistics)|tone]] | |||
| [[Wikipedia:Min_Nan|Min Nan]] ([[Wikipedia:Pe̍h-ōe-jī|Pe̍h-ōe-jī]] orthography) | |||
| Ââ /a˨˦/, Âⁿ âⁿ /ã˨˦/, Êê /e˨˦/, Êⁿ êⁿ /ẽ˨˦/, Îî /i˨˦/, Îⁿ îⁿ /ĩ˨˦/, M̂m̂ /m̩˨˦/, N̂g n̂g /ŋ̍˨˦/, Ôô /ə˨˦/, Ôⁿ ôⁿ /ɔ̃˨˦/, Ô͘ô͘ /ɔ˨˦/, Ûû /u˨˦/, Ûⁿ ûⁿ /u˨˦/ | |||
| There is much variation in the tones and vowel qualities between different dialects of Min Nan. The vowel qualities here seem to be an approximation between the dialects,<ref name=min_nan_vowels>[[Wikipedia:Pe̍h-ōe-jī#Current_system|Pe̍h-ōe-jī, Current system]] at Wikipedia.</ref> while the tones here are as they are pronounced in Taipei.<ref name=min_nan_tones>[[Wikipedia:Taiwanese_Hokkien#Tones|Taiwanese Hokkien, Tones]] at Wikipedia.</ref> | |||
|} | |} | ||
Revision as of 07:39, 19 January 2015
The circumflex comes from the Greek alphabet where it marked pitch. It was originally a combination of acute and grave accent.[1] Note that the circumflex is easily confused with the similar looking inverted breve ◌̑.
Circumflex in Unicode
| ^ | ˆ | ◌̂ | Â | â | Ấ | ấ | Ầ | ầ | Ẩ | ẩ | Ẫ | ẫ |
| U+005E | U+02C6 | U+0302 | U+00C2 | U+00E2 | U+1EA4 | U+1EA5 | U+1EA6 | U+1EA7 | U+1EA8 | U+1EA9 | U+1EAA | U+1EAB |
| Circumflex Accent | Modifier Letter Circumflex Accent | Combining Circumflex Accent | Latin Capital Letter A With Circumflex | Latin Small Letter A With Circumflex | Latin Capital Letter A With Circumflex And Acute | Latin Small Letter A With Circumflex And Acute | Latin Capital Letter A With Circumflex And Grave | Latin Small Letter A With Circumflex And Grave | Latin Capital Letter A With Circumflex And Hook Above | Latin Small Letter A With Circumflex And Hook Above | Latin Capital Letter A With Circumflex And Tilde | Latin Small Letter A With Circumflex And Tilde |
| Note: May be confused with Modifier Letter Up Arrowhead, ˄ (U+02C4); or Up Arrowhead, ⌃ (U+2303). | ||||||||||||
| Ậ | ậ | Ĉ | ĉ | Ê | ê | Ế | ế | Ề | ề | Ể | ể | Ễ |
| U+1EAC | U+1EAD | U+0108 | U+0109 | U+00CA | U+00EA | U+1EBE | U+1EBF | U+1EC0 | U+1EC1 | U+1EC2 | U+1EC3 | U+1EC4 |
| Latin Capital Letter A With Circumflex And Dot Below | Latin Small Letter A With Circumflex And Dot Below | Latin Capital Letter C With Circumflex | Latin Small Letter C With Circumflex | Latin Capital Letter E With Circumflex | Latin Small Letter E With Circumflex | Latin Capital Letter E With Circumflex And Acute | Latin Small Letter E With Circumflex And Acute | Latin Capital Letter E With Circumflex And Grave | Latin Small Letter E With Circumflex And Grave | Latin Capital Letter E With Circumflex And Hook Above | Latin Small Letter E With Circumflex And Hook Above | Latin Capital Letter E With Circumflex And Tilde |
| ễ | Ệ | ệ | Ĝ | ĝ | Ĥ | ĥ | Î | î | Ĵ | ĵ | Ô | ô |
| U+1EC5 | U+1EC6 | U+1EC7 | U+011C | U+011D | U+0124 | U+0125 | U+00CE | U+00EE | U+0134 | U+0135 | U+00D4 | U+00F4 |
| Latin Small Letter E With Circumflex And Tilde | Latin Capital Letter E With Circumflex And Dot Below | Latin Small Letter E With Circumflex And Dot Below | Latin Capital Letter G With Circumflex | Latin Small Letter G With Circumflex | Latin Capital Letter H With Circumflex | Latin Small Letter H With Circumflex | Latin Capital Letter I With Circumflex | Latin Small Ltter I With Circumflex | Latin Capital Letter J With Circumflex | Latin Small Letter J With Circumflex | Latin Capital Letter O With Circumflex | Latin Small Letter O With Circumflex |
| Ố | ố | Ồ | ồ | Ổ | ổ | Ỗ | ỗ | Ộ | ộ | Ŝ | ŝ | Û |
| U+1ED0 | U+1ED1 | U+1ED2 | U+1ED3 | U+1ED4 | U+1ED5 | U+1ED6 | U+1ED7 | U+1ED8 | U+1ED9 | U+015C | U+015D | U+00DB |
| Latin Capital Letter O With Circumflex And Acute | Latin Small Letter O With Circumflex And Acute | Latin Capital Letter O With Circumflex And Grave | Latin Small Letter O With Circumflex And Grave | Latin Capital Letter O With Circumflex And Hook Above | Latin Small Letter O With Circumflex And Hook Above | Latin Capital Letter O With Circumflex And Tilde | Latin Small Letter O With Circumflex And Tilde | Latin Capital Letter O With Circumflex And Dot Below | Latin Small Letter O With Circumflex And Dot Below | Latin Capital Letter S With Circumflex | Latin Small Letter S With Circumflex | Latin Capital Letter U With Circumflex |
| û | Ŵ | ŵ | Ŷ | ŷ | Ẑ | ẑ | ||||||
| U+00FB | U+0174 | U+0175 | U+0176 | U+0177 | U+1E90 | U+1E91 | ||||||
| Latin Small Letter U With Circumflex | Latin Capital Letter W With Circumflex | Latin Small Letter W With Circumflex | Latin Capital Letter Y With Circumflex | Latin Small Letter Y With Circumflex | Latin Capital Letter Z With Circumflex | Latin Small Letter Z With Circumflex | ||||||
Circumflex in Natlangs
| Usage | Language | Letters | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|
| Central vowel | Moldovan, Romanian | Ââ /ɨ/, Îî /ɨ/ | Ââ and Îî both stand for the same sound, but Ââ is used word-internally, and Îî initially and finally. Exceptions are compound words and proper nouns.[2] |
| Diphthong | Slovak | Ôô /u̯o/ | |
| Long vowel with low pitch | Slovene (orthography with tonal accentuation) | Ââ /àː/, Êê /ɛ̀ː/, Ệệ /èː/, Îî /ìː/, Ôô /ɔ̀ː/, Ộộ /òː/, Ûû /ùː/ | Inverted breve may be used instead of circumflex. These letters are not used in the standard orthography of Slovene, but in language materials.[3] |
| Raised vowel | Slovene (orthography with dynamic accentuation) | Êê /ˈeː/, Ôô /ˈoː/ | The circumflex marks that these vowel are stressed, long, and mid-close instead of mid-open. These letters are not used in the standard orthography of Slovene, but in language materials.[3] |
| Vietnamese | Ââ /ə˧/, Ấấ /ə˧˥/, Ầầ /ə̤˨˩/, Ẩẩ /ə˧˩˧/, Ẫẫ /əˀ˧˥/, Ậậ /ə̰ʔ˧˨/, Êê /e˧/, Ếế /e˧˥/, Ềề /e̤˨˩/, Ểể /e˧˩˧/, Ễễ /eˀ˧˥/, Ệệ /ḛʔ˧˨/, Ôô /o˧/, Ốố /o˧˥/, Ồồ /o̤˨˩/, Ổổ /o˧˩˧/, Ỗỗ /oˀ˧˥/, Ộộ /o̰ʔ˧˨/ | Generally, unaccented Aa, Ee, Oo stand for /aː, ɛ, ɔ/. There are many exceptions to the phonemic value of all these letters though.[4] | |
| Rising tone | Min Nan (Pe̍h-ōe-jī orthography) | Ââ /a˨˦/, Âⁿ âⁿ /ã˨˦/, Êê /e˨˦/, Êⁿ êⁿ /ẽ˨˦/, Îî /i˨˦/, Îⁿ îⁿ /ĩ˨˦/, M̂m̂ /m̩˨˦/, N̂g n̂g /ŋ̍˨˦/, Ôô /ə˨˦/, Ôⁿ ôⁿ /ɔ̃˨˦/, Ô͘ô͘ /ɔ˨˦/, Ûû /u˨˦/, Ûⁿ ûⁿ /u˨˦/ | There is much variation in the tones and vowel qualities between different dialects of Min Nan. The vowel qualities here seem to be an approximation between the dialects,[5] while the tones here are as they are pronounced in Taipei.[6] |
See Also
References
- ↑ Circumflex, Pitch at Wikipedia.
- ↑ Romanian alphabet, Special letters at Wikipedia.
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 Slovene language, Prosody at Wikipedia.
- ↑ Vietnamese orthography, Pronunciation at Wikipedia.
- ↑ Pe̍h-ōe-jī, Current system at Wikipedia.
- ↑ Taiwanese Hokkien, Tones at Wikipedia.
