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| ===[[dal'qörian|back to Dalcurian main page]]=== | | ===[[dal'qörian|back to Dalcurian main page]]=== |
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| Halcarnian (Dal' spelling: '''Hal'qánian'''), also known as: '''Söemi'Dal'qörian''' (Finno-Dalcurian) is a Dalcurian dialect spoken exclusively in the Halcarnian province, which has been derived from a Finnish population which had dominated the province for over 500 years. It has several differences between itself and ''''Dal'qöriádn''''-Standard Dalcurian. These include: | | The Halcarnian dialect arose out the isolation period between 500 to 1400AD. Halcarnia was the main southern port on the island, and a major trading artery to central Dalcuria. However, after a corruption battle between a Halcarnian provincial governor and the King's central governmant, Halcarnia was segragated from the rest of Dalcuria, and ran as an autonomous province for nearly 900 years. Halcarnia fell on very hard times during this period since Dalcuria's leaders had always forged good relationships with England and Europe, and they were extremely influential in directing trade away from the province, thus forcing Halcarnia to survive on a recipricol economy. This also had a significant effect on the language, which failed to evolve beyond the realm of Old Dalcurian.<br/>Dalcuria managed to reclaim Halcarnia at the beginning of the 14th century, but the dialect never became superstrated. Although business, political and religious affairs were standardized, both orally and in literacy, the standard tongue of the region was very healthily retained. Of course, from that time, the Halcarnian dialect has undergone changes along with middle to modern-Dalcurian, but retains many old-Dalcurian features such as verb moods and modality, verb-pronoun inflection, and noun cases and accusative marking. |
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| * Noun cases/markers
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| * Spelling, pronunciation and vocabulary
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| * Pronouns
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| * Modal expressivness
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| * Possesive structure
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| * Word order
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| Halcarnian is mutually intelligeable with its mother tongue, although some knowledge of its case system is required.
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| Here are brief descriptions of those differences.
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| ----
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| ===Noun Cases and markers===
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| Halcarnian has fifteen noun cases: 3 grammatical cases, 6 locative cases, 3 essive cases and 3 marginal cases.
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| {| class="wikitable" border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="2"
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| ! colspan="5" style="background:#cfcfcf;" | Halcarnian cases
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| |- style="background:#dfdfdf;" |
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| ! Case !! Suffix !! English prep. !! Sample !! Translation
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| |-
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| ! colspan="5" style="background:#efefef" | Grammatical
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| | nominative || || - || taloj || house
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| |-
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| | genitive
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| | -in || of || talojin || of (a) house
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| |-
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| | accusative || -an || - || talojan || house (as an object)
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| |-
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| ! colspan="5" style="background:#efefef" | Locative (internal)
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| |-
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| | inessive || -asä || in || talojasä || in (a) house
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| |-
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| | elative || -ta || from (inside) || talojta || from (a) house
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| |-
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| | illative || -sta || into || talojsta || into (a) house
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| |-
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| ! colspan="5" style="background:#efefef" | Locative (external)
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| |-
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| | adessive || -la || at, on/onto (static) || talojla || at (a) house
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| |-
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| | ablative || -lta || from (off of) || talojlta || from (a) house
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| |-
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| | allative || -le || to/onto/on top of (motion) || talojle || to (a) house
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| |-
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| ! colspan="5" style="background:#efefef" | Essive
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| |-
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| | essive || -na || as || talojna || as a house
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| |-
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| | exessive || -adtä || from being || talojattä || from being a house
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| |-
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| | translative || -iksi || to (role of) || talojiksi || to a house
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| |-
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| ! colspan="5" style="background:#efefef" | Marginal
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| | instructive || -in || with (the aid of/by means of) || talojin || with the house
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| |-
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| || abessive || -uuta || without || talojuuta || without (a) house
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| |-
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| | comitative || -ne || together (with) || talojne || with a house
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| |}
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| Although the above cases almost replicate those of the Finnish language, their usage is much more 'definate'. And, since Halcarnian is an inflected dialect, word order within sentences can be comparatively free, and is often down to the style of the speaker. But, for emphasis, word order does change on a regular basis.
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| ----
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| ====Grammatical====
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| =====Nominative (-)=====
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| In the nominative, Halcarnian nouns remain 'unmarked' which makes them easily identifiable as the ''subject'' of a sentence. Since word order does not play any specific grammatical role, the subject might not always be in the typical nominative position (''pre-1st verb, as we know it in English''). The pitfall here is that, forgetting to 'mark' an accusative noun potentially renders that noun 'also' as the subject, creating ambiguity:
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| * '''Anke spiilakria'''. ''Anke is playing''.<br/>This is simple since there is no object. But consider the following example:
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| * '''Anke masaiaaria Janos.''' eng trans: ''Anke is chasing Janos''.<br/>Here, this sentence may pose no ambiguity to an English person, since the word order tells us that '''Janos''' is the object of the verb and is therefore the one being chased. However, this would leave a Halcarnian asking the question, "Who is being chased"?. This is because both nouns are 'unmarked', rendering either of them as the 'subject'. This can now read, ''Anke is chasing Janos'' or, ''Janos is chasing Anke''. If we mark '''Janos''' with an accusative marker, we now know that '''Anke''' is 'performing' the action, and '''Janos''' is the one who is 'being chased':
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| * '''Anke masaiaaria Janos'''|'''an'''.
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| It's worth noting that reformulating the sentance as: '''Janosan masaiaaria Anke''', can be loosley translated as an English ''passive'' sentence: ''Janos is being chased by Anke'' (''like standard Dalcurian, Halcarnian has no passive tense''), since '''Janos''' is now the main focus.
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| =====Genitive (in)=====
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| This marks 'ownership' of an object by a noun and corresponds directly to the English ''apostrophe 's'' and ''of the/a'' genitive. It also roughly corresponds to to the possessive adjectives ''my/your/her/his/its/our/their'', and also renders ''mine/yours/hers/his/its/ours/theirs''. It's Dalcurian counterpart is the possessive structure '''qve''' + ''pronoun/noun'':
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| * '''Fenstij d'talojin''' ''The house window'' (lit: ''Window of the house'')
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| * '''Panuaj d'gaduurajin''' ''The dog's bed''
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| * '''D'eviidrämus Ankein''' ''Anke's drink''
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| * '''D'eliviajel kirajin''' ''The pages of a book''
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| * '''D'eviidrämus sihaanin''' ''Her drink''
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| * '''Parenoj minäänin''' ''My dad''
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| * '''Siita taloj minäänin''' ''This house is mine/This is my house'' (lit: ''This house is of me'')
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| * '''Tuui vuutaj minäänin''' ''That's my car/That car's mine''
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| * '''Tamel ziigaretijel Keliinain''' ''Those cigarettes are Kelina's/Those are Kelina's cigarettes''
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| =====Objective (an)=====
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| This case, also know as the 'accusative', marks the 'object' of the verb:
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| * '''Mina ga'visuur talojan '''. ''I saw a house''.<br/>In this sentence, '''taloj''' is the object; it's the thing that's being 'seen', and is therefore marked with its objective marker. As stated above in the nominative section, word order alone simply does not denote ''who/what'' is being seen if the object noun remained unmarked. Leaving it off could give rise to 'humerous ambiguity: '''Mina ga'visuur talo''' could translate as ''A house saw I''!<br/>In contexts like these however, the marker might be omitted if its completely obvious what is meant, but only in a colloquial sense.
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| For emphasis, the object may go 1st, in which case it must be marked:
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| * '''Talojan ga'visuur mina!''' ''I saw a HOUSE!''
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| This case ending, apart from being used to mark the object, can also be used to emphasize a ''subject': | |
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| * '''Danuudt taloj'''. ''There is a house''. (but its not important).
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| ** '''Talojan danuudt!''' ''Look, a HOUSE!''
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| In the 2nd example above, although 'HOUSE' technically isn't an object, the object marker is being used in an 'exclamatary' fashion, to give it special attention.
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| Note: As a spoken (''and strictly colloquial'') rule, the objective marker is only needed when it's grammatically neccessary, or to avoid ambiguity. If the noun/pronoun is inflected with a prepositional marker, it may not be used. However, with nouns/pronouns marked by external prepositions, and in sentences where the object also performs an action, it may be neccessary to mark the object:
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| * '''Haan ga'gor kafijsta'''. ''He went into a shop''. But:
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| ** '''Mina ga'visuur haanan, se haan kafijsta ga'gor.''' ''I saw him go into a shop''. lit: ''I saw him'' '''as''' ''he into a shop went''.<br/>In the 1st example, '''kafij''' needs no object marker since the locative marker '''sta''' can only denote that the 'shop' is 'being gone into'. Therefore, '''Kafijsta ga'gor mina''' would still read, ''I went into a shop''.
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| '''Note:''' As a rule, Halcarnian verbs are demoted to the end of subordinate clauses, though this isn't static. To that, and rather idiomatically, when talking in the simple past, the verb in the subordinate clause may also go into the simple tense:
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| * '''Mina ga'visuur haanan ga'gor kafijsta'''. lit: ''I saw him'' '''went''' ''into a shop''.<br/>Here the subordinate clause is dissolved by the lack of a subordinating conjunction, so no word order rule applies. Again, this is a spoken stylistic feature only and would only be used among friends and close family.
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| ----
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| ====Locative====
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| Locative cases indicate a ''location''. They correspond mainly to the English prepositions ''in/inside, into, from (inside/outside/out of), to/towards, at'', and idiomatically ''within/inside of''. They can also correspond with ''made from/out of'' and ''through'':
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| =====Internal locative=====
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| As it suggests, this can either be ''static'' or ''motion into/out of'' an internal location.
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| ======Inessive (asä/äsä)======
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| * '''Haan habitr talojasä .''' ''He lives '''in''' a house''.
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| * '''Si sakiijasä sinäänin'''. ''It's '''inside''' your bag''.
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| * '''Miina ga'macialaar akiadträmuus tonain''' ''We finished the race '''within''' an hour''.
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| * '''Mina eviiarai minuuetinel 10.''' ''I'll be there '''in''' 10 minutes''.
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| Again, for emphasis, word order can change and a 'stressed' objective marker used:
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| * '''Taloj''an''äsä habitr haan!''' ''It's a HOUSE he lives in! He lives in a HOUSE!''
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| ======Elative (atä/ätä)======
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| * '''Sihaan ga'kamuur talojatä'''. ''She came '''out of''' (from inside) a house''.
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| * '''Mina ga'hiir belistaamn, tadt ga'kamuur d'komakuanoatä'''. ''I heard a noise coming '''from''' the bedroom''.
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| * '''Si metalojatä'''. ''It's '''made of/out of''' metal''.
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| ======Illative (sta)======
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| * '''Anke goria talojsta.''' ''Anke is going '''into''' a house''.
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| * '''Ga'nebaar Anke liiprämuus sihaananin vaasojsta vin'viiloko!'''. ''Anke really regretted jumping '''into''' the freezing water!''.
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| * '''Eren ga'visuukr fenstijsta'''. ''They looked '''through''' ''(into) the window''.
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| ----
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| =====External locative=====
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| These cases denote position or movement 'away' from something, and correspond with ''from/away from, off of'', movement 'onto' something such as, ''to/onto/on top of'', and also 'place' the position of something, equal to the English ''at, on/on top of''. They can also denote ''above'':
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|
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| ======Adessive (la)======
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| * '''Anke ga'adradtalaar talojla'''. ''Anke was '''at''' home.''
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| * '''Tankaj tabojla'''. ''The cup is '''on''' the table''.
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| * '''Si vin'smatuurädn lamaikabinojla~el'''. ''It's very dusty '''above''' the cupboards.'' (''The ~ denotes a glottal stop'').
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| ======Ablative lta)======
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| * '''Anke gagor d'talojlta.''' ''Anke '''left''' the house.'' (lit: ''Anke went '''from''' the house'')
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| * '''Tankaj ga'palomiitr tabojlta.''' ''The cup fell off the table''.
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| * '''Mina ga'bekuuadr Petrilta kirajan'''. ''I got a book from (off of) Petri.'' (lit: ''I received from Petri a book-it's standard for the prepositoned noun to immediately follow the verb'' '''bekuuadr'''), however, the following is also correct:
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| * '''Mina ga'bekuuadr kirajan Petrilta'''.
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| ======Allative (le)======
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| * '''Anke goria talojle.''' ''Anke is going '''to''' a house.''
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| * '''Kanä stelaniir d'tankajan tabojle!''' ''Put the cup '''on''' the table please!''.
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| * '''Haan ga'palomiitr minäänle''' ''He fell '''on top of''' me''.
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| ----
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| ====Essive====
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| This case carries the meaning of a temporary state of being, often equivalent to the English ''as a...''.
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| * '''Jonäokni, se talojna.''' ''At the moment, it's a house''.
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| * '''Eren ga'fuukr san ''talojattä talotuurijiksi~el'''''. ''They changed it '''from a house into flats'''''.<br/>In '''talotuurijiksi~el''', the suffix '''tuuri''' is a diminutive suffix (''makes something small'') and '''el''' is the plural marker, as in Standard Dalcurian.
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| * '''Lapiijna, mina ge'glato'''. ''When I was a child I was skinny'' (''As a child...'')
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| ----
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| ====Marginal====
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| The cases in this section roughly equate to the English ''with/without'', ''together with'', and ''by'':
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| * '''Haan goria parenojne'''. ''He is going with dad''.
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| * '''Sinaitt konsomiir tuui luufejin'''. ''You should eat that with a spoon''. (''with the aid of'')
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| * '''Miina levaltr tsuugajin'''. ''We're going by train''. (''by means of'')
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| * '''Kalo nomaijuuta'''. ''Kalo has no money''. (''is without money'')
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| * '''Mina ga'tiier retisaamnuuta'''. ''I cried for no reason''. (''without reason'')
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| ----
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| ===Spelling/pronunciation===
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| The main differences are:
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| '''ä''' remains the same
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| '''ö''' is written as '''uu'''
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| '''é''' is written as '''ii'''
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| '''á''' is written as '''aa'''
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| '''ø''' is written as '''ok''' but pronounced hard as in ''lock''
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| '''æ''' is written as '''ai'''
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| '''c''' is replaced with '''k''' and pronounced hard
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| '''Þ''' is replaced with '''dt''' but pronounced the same
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| '''qu''' is written as '''ku'''
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| '''kk'''-the way to voice this is to pronounce the first '''k''' hard, the second is voiced like the English '''Y''' in ''yacht'' or the soft '''J''' in the German ''Javol'' or ''Ja''. One has to be careful of spelling traps too, for example the Halcarnian word for a thin, summer jacket is '''hakan''', but the same word spelled '''hakkan''' means ''peace'' or ''serenity''. Here are some examples in Standard and Halcarnian respectively:
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| * '''strömi, struumi'''-hot
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| * '''vélø, viilok'''-cold
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| * '''iáda, iaada'''-today
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| * '''alsalöátsi, alsaluaatsi'''-fanatic
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| * '''eÞöa, edtua'''-some
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| * '''hemørämös, hemokrämus'''-forgiveness
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| Consider these 2 examples-the 1st Article of the Declaration of Human Rights:
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| Halcarnian:
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| ''Ovakkatäsä je jerandelasä elni hamuuniel nemambr efraguuräden je ekuahuuräden.<br/>Erenidt semiir retisaamn je kviisanämnn, je alotr elnine vaalimäin amuurämuus''.
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| Dalcurian: | |
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| ''Ela mantábel, am graßætas ön jerandel, nämambr efragörädn ön equahörädn.<br/>Érenöra Þöldr, máriÞ reÞæsámn ön qvésänámn qväombr,, ön máriÞ ela, am perös qve beröjelperös, agöentr''.
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| It's often said within the Dalcurian borders that Halcarnian ISNT a dialect, but a different language all together. For my personal view, [[Halcarnian; Language or Dialect?|'''click here''']].
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| ---- | |
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| ===Vowel Harmony===
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| There is only a 'tinge' of vowel harmony in Halcarnian. When the short letter '''a''' is part of a syllable, in which the following consonant forms the first letter of a following syllable ending in another short '''a''', then the final '''a''' must change to '''ä'''. To that, you will never see '''äa'''; the final '''a''' must change to '''ä'''. This is evident in some of the case endings, and also in the accusative pronoun 'polite' form: '''hanä'''-''you'' but adding the accusative marker '''an''' must change to '''hanään'''. The '''ää''' is then pronounced as a short '''e''' (as in the English ''hen'').
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| ===Pronouns===
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| {| class="wikitable" border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="2"
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| |-
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| ! colspan="2" style="background:#cfcfcf;" | Personal pronouns (nominative)
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| |- style="background:#dfdfdf;" |
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| ! Halcarnian !! English
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| |-
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| ! colspan="2" style="background:#efefef;" | Singular
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| |-
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| |mina || I
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| |-
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| |sina || you
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| |-
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| |haan || he
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| |-
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| |sihaan || she
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| |-
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| |se || it
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| |-
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| |manuu || one/you (impersonal)
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| |-
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| ! colspan="2" style="background:#efefef;" | Plural
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| |-
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| |miina || we
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| |-
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| |elsina || you
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| |-
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| |eren || they
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| |-
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| ! colspan="2" style="background:#efefef;" | Polite
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| |-
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| | hanä/el || you/you all (polite)
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| |}
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| {| class="wikitable" border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="2"
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| |-
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| ! colspan="2" style="background:#cfcfcf;" | Personal pronouns (accusative)
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| |- style="background:#dfdfdf;" |
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| ! Halcarnian !! English
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| |-
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| ! colspan="2" style="background:#efefef;" | Singular
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| |-
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| |minään || me
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| |-
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| |sinään || you
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| |-
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| |haanan || him
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| |-
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| |sihaanan || her
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| |-
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| |san || it
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| |-
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| |manuuan || one/you (impersonal)
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| |-
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| ! colspan="2" style="background:#efefef;" | Plural
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| |-
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| |miinan || us
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| |-
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| |elsinan || you
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| |-
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| |erenan || them
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| |-
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| ! colspan="2" style="background:#efefef;" | Polite
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| |-
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| | hanään/el || you/you all (polite)
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| |}
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| Accusative (objective) pronouns are denoted with the objective noun markers. However, '''mina, sina''' and '''hanä''' must adhere to vowel harmony: ('''a''' does not follow '''ä''' and vice versa):
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| * '''Mina ga'visuur sinään''' ''I saw you''.
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| * '''Haan ga'visuur minään'''. ''He saw me''.
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| * '''Miina ga'visur gaduurajän'''. ''We saw a dog''.
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| **'''Gaduurajän ga'visur miina'''. ''We saw a DOG!''
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| The allative ending '''le''' is added to the accusative to form a ''dative'' pronoun:
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| {| class="wikitable" border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="2"
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| |-
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| ! colspan="2" style="background:#cfcfcf;" | Personal pronouns (dative)
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| |- style="background:#dfdfdf;" |
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| ! Halcarnian !! English
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| |-
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| ! colspan="2" style="background:#efefef;" | Singular
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| |-
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| |minäänle || to me
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| |-
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| |sinäänle || to you
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| |-
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| |haananle || to him
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| |-
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| |sihaananle || to her
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| |-
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| |sanle || to it
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| |-
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| |manuuanle || to one/you (impersonal)
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| |-
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| ! colspan="2" style="background:#efefef;" | Plural
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| |-
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| |miinanle || to us
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| |-
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| |elsinanle || to you
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| |-
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| |erenanle || to them
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| |-
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| ! colspan="2" style="background:#efefef;" | Polite
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| |-
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| | hanäänle/l || to you/to you all (polite)
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| |}
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| (The accusative/dative '''haanan/haananle''' often gets mistaken for the accusative/dative '''hanään/hanäänle''' by foreign speakers and also by Dalcurians themselves)
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| * '''Mina ga'enduukr, haananle, se'''. ''I gave it to him''. (''Note the word order: Colloquially, '''se''' probably wouldn't be marked for object since it's preceeded by an intonated'' '''haananle'''-'''''to him''''', ''pre-determining that'' '''se''' ''is'' '''being given''').<br/>This is common word order for the younger generation; they think it's 'cool' as it's an idiomatic take on formal Halcarnian syntax. If the word order were to change, then '''se''' would need to be in the accusative:
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| * '''Mina ga'enduukr san haananle'''.
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| In a formal sense, as in talking to a stranger, an elder or someone of authority, one would say
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| * '''Mina, haananle, ga'enduukr san'''.
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| But don't worry-you are more than likely to still be understood which ever way you say it!
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| * '''Sihan kuaskria minäänle ni kualtiidrämuus.''' ''She's asking me a question''. (lit and idiomaticaly: ''She's asking to me a question'').
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| The Halcarnian case system can make it difficult for speakers of of Indo-European languages to grasp-especially if you're used to using prepositions to place a noun. Thankfully, this case system doesn't extend into the articles '''a''' and '''the''' as in German. In fact, the absence of the definate article '''di''' automatically renders '''ni''', and '''di''' is only used when its really neccessary to identify the noun (''however,'' '''di''' ''is written as'' '''d'''' ''; considered more as a '''clitic'''''):
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| '''Danuudt taloj.''' ''There is '''a''' house''. but:
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| '''Danuudt d'taloj.''' ''There is '''the''' house''.
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| ==='''Word order'''===
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| Generally, Halcarnian word order is SVO, though for emphasis it can change to OSV:
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| '''Mina goria talojsta.''' ''I'm going into a house.'' but for emphasis:
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| ''' Talojansta mina goria!''' '' It's a HOUSE I'm going into!''
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| Notice how in the second example, the 'objective' marker is also used. Although this isnt necessary (''since we know that 'I' am the one going into the house because it's '''taloj''' that carries the illative marker''), the objective '''an''' is used for emphasis.
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| In formal conditions, Halcarnian follows the same prepositional pattern as standard Dalcurian, the marked noun acting as the prepositional phrase:
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| Informal-Std Dalcurian
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| * '''Araciev, ména, ''máriÞ érenöra'', görøria'''.
| | '''Pronunciation'''. |
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| Halcarnian | | There is a distinct difference between standard Dalcurian and Halcarnian pronunciation, mainly: |
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| * ''' Miina guurokria ''erenanen'' arakiev.''' | | * High front vowels '''i''' and '''é''' tend to be more rounded. |
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| Both reading: ''We're going out '''with them''' later.''
| | * High back vowel '''u''' as in the noun ending '''ämös''' is shorter |
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| Formal-Std Dalcurian
| | * Non use of neither the characters nor the sounds '''Þ''' and '''ø''' |
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| * ''' Qéörentéla, quintä näocr eladiö, ''dörac dérÞ'', qamör.''' | | * Palatialization with doubled consonants-this is especially important in Halcarnian, for example the Halcarnian word for ''yearning/longing'' is '''hakan''' /hakan/ yet the word for a ''summer jacket'' is '''hakkan''' /hakʲan/ |
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| Formal-Halcarnian
| | '''Written''' |
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| * ''' Kerontalä, näokr hanäel, ''d'dtradejsta duurdt'', kamuur kanä.'''
| | Halcarnians spell as they speak. The marked vowels '''á''' and '''ä''' can be seen, though this is normally reserved for formal contexts. The high front vowels '''é''' and '''i''' are also only used with formality, however, since they are not pronounced they don't appear in normal writting. For example: |
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| Both reading: ''Hello, could you all come through here please?''
| | Dalcurian |
| | * '''vélø'''-''cold'' |
| | ** Halcarnian |
| | *** '''veloc |
| | Dalcurian |
| | * '''disiri vélø'''-''very cold'' |
| | ** Halcarnian |
| | *** '''desere veloc |
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| In the Halcarnian example, ''through here/there'' isn't possible. A noun or object must be cited.'''d'dtradejsta duurdt''' means ''through the door there''.
| | [[Category: Conlangs]] |
| | {{Dalcurian}} |
