Halcánian dialect: Difference between revisions

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===[[dal'qörian|back to Dalcurian main page]]===
===[[dal'qörian|back to Dalcurian main page]]===


Page currently undergoing information additions
The Halcarnian dialect arose out the isolation period between 500 to 1400AD. Halcarnia was the main southern port on the island, and a major trading artery to central Dalcuria. However, after a corruption battle between a Halcarnian provincial governor and the King's central governmant, Halcarnia was segragated from the rest of Dalcuria, and ran as an autonomous province for nearly 900 years. Halcarnia fell on very hard times during this period since Dalcuria's leaders had always forged good relationships with England and Europe, and they were extremely influential in directing trade away from the province, thus forcing Halcarnia to survive on a recipricol economy. This also had a significant effect on the language, which failed to evolve beyond the realm of Old Dalcurian.<br/>Dalcuria managed to reclaim Halcarnia at the beginning of the 14th century, but the dialect never became superstrated. Although business, political and religious affairs were standardized, both orally and in literacy, the standard tongue of the region was very healthily retained. Of course, from that time, the Halcarnian dialect has undergone changes along with middle to modern-Dalcurian, but retains many old-Dalcurian features such as verb moods and modality, verb-pronoun inflection, and noun cases and accusative marking.
 
The Halcarnian dialect, also known as: '''Söemi'Dal'qörian''' (Finno-Dalcurian) and '''Gerödn'qonvetarämös''' (lit: under speech-an unfavourable term and offensive to Halcarnians), has several differences between itself and 'Dal'qöriádn-Standard Dalcurian'.   These include:
 
* Noun cases/markers
 
* Spelling, pronunciation and word differences
 
* Pronouns
 
* Modal expressivness
 
* Possesive structure
 
* Word order
 
Here are brief descriptions of those differences.
----
 
===Noun Cases and markers===
 
Halcarnian has fifteen noun cases: 3 grammatical cases, 6 locative cases, 3 essive cases and 3 marginal cases.
 
{| class="wikitable" border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="2"
|-
! colspan="5" style="background:#cfcfcf;" | Halcarnian cases
|- style="background:#dfdfdf;" |
! Case !! Suffix !! English prep. !! Sample !! Translation
|-
! colspan="5" style="background:#efefef" | Grammatical
|-
|  nominative || &nbsp; || - || taloj || house
|-
| genitive
| -in || of || talojin || of (a) house
|-
| accusative || -an || - || talojan || house (as an object)
|-
! colspan="5" style="background:#efefef" | Locative (internal)
|-
| inessive || -asa || in || talojasa || in (a) house
|-
| elative || -ta || from (inside) || talojta || from (a) house
|-
| illative || -sta || into || talojsta || into (a) house
|-
! colspan="5" style="background:#efefef" | Locative (external)
|-
| adessive || -la || at, on || talojla || at (a) house
|-
| ablative || -lta || from || talojlta || from (a) house
|-
| allative || -le || to || talojle || to (a) house
|-
! colspan="5" style="background:#efefef" | Essive
|-
| essive || -na || as || talojna || as a house
|-
| exessive || -atta || from being || talojatta || from being a house
|-
| translative || -iksi || to (role of) || talojiksi || to a house
|-
! colspan="5" style="background:#efefef" | Marginal
|-
| instructive || -in || with (the aid of) || talojin || with the house
|-
|| abessive || -uta || without || talojuta || without (a) house
|-
| comitative || -ne || together (with) || talojne || with a house
|}
 
 
 
Although the above cases almost replicate those of the Finnish language, their usage is much more 'definate'. And, since Halcarnian is an inflected dialect, word order within sentences can be comparatively free - the function of a word being indicated by its ending. But, for emphasis, word order does change on a regular basis:
 
* '''Danutt taloj'''. ''There is a house''. (but its not important).
** '''Talojan danutt!''' ''Look, a HOUSE!'' (although in this sentence, HOUSE isnt technically an object, the object marker is used to give special attention to it).
 
* '''Mina gavisur talojan '''. ''I saw a house''.<br/>Often, Halcarnians will leave off the object marker if the object carries no special importance. However, if it's the object that is to be emphasised, it nearly always goes first, in which case, the marker must be used:
** '''Talojan gavisur mina!''' ''I saw a HOUSE!''<br/>Leaving off the marker here could cause confusion. '''Taloj gavisur mina''' potentially translates as ''A house saw I''!
 
* '''Han habitr talojasa .''' ''He lives in a house''.
** '''Talojasa habitr han!''' ''It's a HOUSE he lives in! He lives in a HOUSE!''
 
* '''Sihan gakamur talojata'''. ''She came out of (from inside) a house''.
 
* '''Anke goria talojsta.''' ''Anke is going into a house''.
 
* '''Anke talojla'''. ''Anke is at home''.
** '''Talojla Anke!''' '' Anke is at HOME!''
 
* '''Anke gagor talojlta.''' ''Anke left a house.'' (lit: ''Anke went away from a house'')
 
* '''Anke goria talojle.''' ''Anke is going to a house.''
 
* '''Jonäokni, til talojna.''' ''At the moment, it's a house''.
 
* '''Eren gafukr til talojatta taloturijeliksi''' ''They changed it from a house into flats''.<br/>In '''taloturijeliksi''', the suffix '''turi''' is a diminutive suffix (makes something small) and '''el''' is the plural marker, as in Standard Dalcurian.
 
 
----
 
===Spelling/pronunciation===
 
The main differences are:
 
'''ö''' is written as '''u'''
 
'''é''' is written as '''ee'''
 
'''á''' is written as '''aa'''
 
'''ø''' is written as '''ok''' but pronounced hard as in ''lock''
 
'''c''' is replaced with '''k''' and pronounced hard
 
'''Þ''' is replaced with '''tt''' but pronounced the same
 
'''qu''' is written as '''ku'''
 
'''kk'''-the way to voice this is to pronounce the first '''k''' hard, the second is voiced like the English '''Y''' in ''yacht'' or the soft '''J''' in the German ''Javol'' or ''Ja''. One has to be careful of spelling traps too, for example the Halcarnian word for a thin, summer jacket is '''hakan''', but the same word spelled '''hakkan''' means ''peace'' or ''serenity''. Here are some examples in Standard and Halcarnian respectively:
 
* '''strömi, strumi'''-hot
 
* '''vélø, veelok'''-cold
 
* '''iáda, iaada'''-today
 
* '''alsalöátsi, alsaluaatsi'''-fanatic
 
* '''eÞöa, ettua'''-some
 
* '''hemørämös, hemokrämus'''-forgiveness
----
 
===Pronouns===
 
Halcarnian pronouns are as follows:
 
'''Nominative, Accusative:'''
 
* '''mina'''-''I''
 
* '''sina'''-''you''
 
* '''han'''-''he''
 
* '''sihan'''-''she''
 
* '''til'''-''it''
 
* '''eren'''-''they''
 
* '''meena'''-''we''
 
Accusative (objective) pronouns are denoted with the noun markers:
 
* '''Mina gavisur sinan''' ''I saw you''.. (If the subject noun or pronoun ends in '''a''' only an objective '''n''' is added)
 
* '''Han gavisur minan'''. ''He saw me''.
 
* '''Meena gavisur gadurajan'''. ''We saw a dog''. ( This sentence can also be written as: '''Gadurajan gavisur meena'''. It still means, ''We saw a dog'' because of the objective marker, but gives more importance to the dog as if to say, ''It was a DOG we saw''!)


* '''Sihan kualteedria hanan.''' ''She's asking him a question''.  
'''Pronunciation'''.


The Halcarnian case system makes it difficult for speakers of of Indo-European languages to grasp-especially if you're used to using prepositions to place a noun. Thankfully, this case system doesn't extend into the articles '''a''' and '''the''' as in German. In fact, the absence of the definate article '''the''' automatically renders '''a''', and '''di''' is only used when its really neccessary to identify the noun:
There is a distinct difference between standard Dalcurian and Halcarnian pronunciation, mainly:


'''Danutt abudä.''' ''There is '''a''' house''. but:
* High front vowels '''i''' and '''é''' tend to be more rounded.


'''Danutt di abudä.''' ''There is '''the''' house''.
* High back vowel '''u''' as in the noun ending '''ämös''' is shorter


Not all prepositions in Halcarnian are noun markers; those such as: ''between, against'', and prepositional phrases such as, ''inspite of, contrary to, in aid of, in respect of,'' etc are all rendered as standard Dalcurian (with spelling changes).
* Non use of neither the characters nor the sounds '''Þ''' and '''ø'''


==='''Word order'''===
* Palatialization with doubled consonants-this is especially important in Halcarnian, for example the Halcarnian word for ''yearning/longing'' is '''hakan''' /hakan/ yet the word for a ''summer jacket'' is '''hakkan''' /hakʲan/


Generally, Halcarnian word order is SVO, though for emphasis it can change to OSV:
'''Written'''


'''Mina goria abudäanen.''' ''I'm going into a house.'' but for emphasis:
Halcarnians spell as they speak. The marked vowels '''á''' and '''ä''' can be seen, though this is normally reserved for formal contexts. The high front vowels '''é''' and '''i''' are also only used with formality, however, since they are not pronounced they don't appear in normal writting. For example:


''' Abudäanen mina goria!''' '' It's a HOUSE I'm going into!''
Dalcurian
* '''vélø'''-''cold''
** Halcarnian
*** '''veloc
Dalcurian
* '''disiri vélø'''-''very cold''
** Halcarnian
*** '''desere veloc


Note: Some might say that in the above example, ''house'' is in the dative; Halcarnian still recognises this as an object rather than an indirect object because nothing else is being acted upon by the verb. Therefore '''abudä''' must still take the objective marker '''an''' as well as its 'illative' marker.
[[Category: Conlangs]]
{{Dalcurian}}

Latest revision as of 08:25, 8 November 2012

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The Halcarnian dialect arose out the isolation period between 500 to 1400AD. Halcarnia was the main southern port on the island, and a major trading artery to central Dalcuria. However, after a corruption battle between a Halcarnian provincial governor and the King's central governmant, Halcarnia was segragated from the rest of Dalcuria, and ran as an autonomous province for nearly 900 years. Halcarnia fell on very hard times during this period since Dalcuria's leaders had always forged good relationships with England and Europe, and they were extremely influential in directing trade away from the province, thus forcing Halcarnia to survive on a recipricol economy. This also had a significant effect on the language, which failed to evolve beyond the realm of Old Dalcurian.
Dalcuria managed to reclaim Halcarnia at the beginning of the 14th century, but the dialect never became superstrated. Although business, political and religious affairs were standardized, both orally and in literacy, the standard tongue of the region was very healthily retained. Of course, from that time, the Halcarnian dialect has undergone changes along with middle to modern-Dalcurian, but retains many old-Dalcurian features such as verb moods and modality, verb-pronoun inflection, and noun cases and accusative marking.

Pronunciation.

There is a distinct difference between standard Dalcurian and Halcarnian pronunciation, mainly:

  • High front vowels i and é tend to be more rounded.
  • High back vowel u as in the noun ending ämös is shorter
  • Non use of neither the characters nor the sounds Þ and ø
  • Palatialization with doubled consonants-this is especially important in Halcarnian, for example the Halcarnian word for yearning/longing is hakan /hakan/ yet the word for a summer jacket is hakkan /hakʲan/

Written

Halcarnians spell as they speak. The marked vowels á and ä can be seen, though this is normally reserved for formal contexts. The high front vowels é and i are also only used with formality, however, since they are not pronounced they don't appear in normal writting. For example:

Dalcurian

  • vélø-cold
    • Halcarnian
      • veloc

Dalcurian

  • disiri vélø-very cold
    • Halcarnian
      • desere veloc
This article is one of many about the Dalcurian language.

Sub categories:

Dalcurian language and basic history:
Halcánian dialect
Dalcurian alphabet and pronunciation
Adjectives:
Comparison of adjectives * Comparative sentences * Adjective endings * Adjective tense * Attributive and Predicative adjectives * Post positive adjectives * Inherent and non-inherent adjectives * Nominal adjectives * Resultant adjectives * Adjectives with prepositions * Adjective Hierarchy * Adjective Negation
Adverbs
Verbs:
The verb to do * Modal Verbs * Verb Moods
Prepositions:
Preposition word order * Alternative uses of prepositions
Negatives
Nouns
Case
Pronouns
Punctuation
Time
Numbers

Miscellaneous word and phrase lists:

Colours * Days/months/seasons * Describing people * Names of Countries * Hello/goodbye Please/thankyou * Intensifiers * English Dalcurian Dictionary

Links:

Omniglot * Various webpages in Dalcurian