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| == '''Overview''' == | | {{Infobox|name=Dal’qörian|pronounce=ɗælkuɹi:jæn (Eng: Dalcurian)<br>[[Media:Dalcurian.ogg|hear pronunciation]]|tu=Present|species=Human|in=[[Dalcuria]] |no=over 3 million|script=Latin alphabet<br>(Dalcurian variant)|tree= [[Thaduracian|Thaduracian]]<br> [[Proto-Dalcurian|Proto-Dalcurian]]<br> [[Old Dalcurian|Old Dalcurian]]<br> Middle Dalcurian<br> Modern Dalcurian|morph=Analytic (standard)<br/> Semi-synthetic (Halcarnian)|ms=Nominative-Accusative (pronouns only)|wo=SVO/SOV|creator=Dayle Hill|date= 2003-ongoing}} |
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| First of all, through my own experiences, I have purposely used only basic grammar terminology in this article, and I have also included brief descriptions of grammatical words and expressions in each respective sections. This is because I want newcomers to language study not to feel intimidated by heavy terminology and explanations. As I can remember when I first began to study German, I was very confused with 'intense, grammatical explanations'. Of course, when studying or creating a language, one must have some understanding of grammar to begin with, however, for the above reasons I have written this article in simple English.<BR/>I should also state that most of the examples and references here are based in comparison to the English language.
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| ===The dal'qörian language and basic history===
| | [[Image:Welcome note in dalscript.jpg]] |
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| dal'qörian (pronounced: ''dal-koo-ree-yan'') is the language of dal'qöria-a small group of islands approx 300 miles south-westerly off the southwest coast of Ireland, the main island roughly the size of Cornwall in southwest England. Stylistically, it's full of Indo-European traits, with strong influences from ''English, German, Welsh, Cornish'' and ''Latin'', but there are some major differences. When spoken, it actually sounds like a hybrid of Romance and eastern European languages. There are 2 dialects to the language: modern/standard dal'qörian or ''dal'qöriádan'', and Eastern dal'qörian, spelled ''dal'qöréan''. The latter has a different case system, derived from Finnish, plus there are a few spelling and grammatical differences (with the adjective-preposition rule). This is only spoken around the east coast province of Halcánia and the surrounding valley villages and towns, and in the north east valley region. However, very recently dal'qörian youth (mainly teenagers) seemed to have adopted it as their 'everyday speak', so you will often hear it spoken throughout dal'qöria (though not heavily). Ironically, modern dal'qörian actually sounds slightly archaic by comparison, but is the most widely spoken and used in formal contexts. Modern dal'qörian is more closely realted to Germanic, however, both use a modal case system. The two dialects are understood by all dal'qörians but are not interchangeable. There are also 3 alphabets associated with the language.
| | '''[[Dal'qörian Script|For more on the Dalcurian Script, click here]]''' |
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| Standard and eastern dal'qörian both use the latin alphabet-especially since English and German have been the second languages for over 200 years. But up until around this time, it used the Cadoc writing system; a system devised by [[Dalin Cadoc|'''Dalin Cadoc''']] of Cornwall in the 11th century. The original alphabet (of no known name or origin and not seen anywhere else in the world apart from the islands), now being named as '''dal'qöristræÞ''', was a script bearing resemblences to Hebrew and Arabic. This was banned by Cadoc after he took reign of the island and promtly introduced a new alphabet which he had actually created, based on Gothic and old English characters.<br/>By the time Cadoc took over the islands, dal'qörian had undergone a significent change from its early origins, and had become influenced by Old English, Low German and Latin-thought to have stemmed from an exodus by Europeans years before. These were mainly land owners and Barons seeking new worlds to extend their trades, thus making it easier for them to avoid invasions and piliging from rival factions and clans. (Ironically, many of them were themselves rogues).<br/>Cadoc was himself a linguist, as was his father, Richard, Earl of Cornwall, (who was a relative of King Henry III), and was fluent in German, Welsh, Cornish and Latin. But he hated the writing system, and so created a new alphabet based on Old English, Gothic, Latin and arbitrarily invented characters (although out of respect, he decided to take grammatical influences from it which became a large feature of the new writing system). By decree, he banned the old script and ordered the dal'qörians to learn the new alphabet (he graciously set up an education programme for this), and within 3 years it was fully functional. Over the next 30 years, during Cadoc's reign, the language was modified through his own influence, and his successors continued refining the language. Over the next 600 years or so, dal'qörian continued to be influenced by migrators from all over Europe.
| | Transliteration |
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| ===='''dal'qöriádn'''-Standard dal'qörian==== | | <font color= #151B8D><span style= "font-size: 16px">''' Qiöra qoÞ. Aca re bán? Binä, te intevönæÞ dis déalecti Dal’qöria, velcamör ela. DérÞ, diö descöbræ däáträdn qörabárämösel qve májä, niaságrämös, liläárämös,, ön salö ni ænÞal degérø dis oragéanámn tiÞöra-lintöni di vosérämös qve tiÞöra qedérÞas.<br/>Binä, öcra di épø taÞ diö icaÞr besöcér siÞ intevönæÞ, iquirquas qnáÞr diöra,, ön méla diö, máriÞ éanö qomenträmösel ödri qualtédrämösel, iquirquas é-mäl binöra,, ödri méla diö natindr éanö enörämösel,, taÞ binä gä’ábravaqur,, ön diö qönér,, taÞ diö nöacr önestár,, nes efragörädnas maqur taÞ dérÞ: '' [email protected]''''' |
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| Standard dal'qörian is much more related in style and grammar to Indo-European than Eastern dal'qörian, and is spoken by all dal'qörians in formal conditions. Normal word order is S-V-O, but this is governed by a prepositional rule; a prepositioned phrase will always immediately follow the subject. Modal verbs are present, but there are no auxiliaries such as would, shall and will-these are denoted from verbal suffixes (like Latin). Case wise there are 3: subjective, objective and possesive (or genitive). Technically, there is no ''dative'' case-this is rendered by use of the preposition ''to'' with the subjective pronoun (considered 'lazy' by dal'qörian grammatarians).
| | Translation |
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| Two major factors in the language (both dialects) is the absence of the present tense conjugations of the verb 'to be', and the simple and perfect and pluperfect tenses ''was/were, have/had been''. The present indicative is ALWAYS indicated by the lack of any 'prefixual-inflection' to a verb, adverb or adjective. Adverbs and adjectives have a unique tense that puts them into the past, denoting the use of ''was/were/have/had been''.
| | <span style="font-size: 16px">'''Hi, and welcome to the Dalcurian language website. Here, you’ll find detailed descriptions of its grammar, pronunciation, style, and a basic history of its origins right up to its present day usage.<br/>I would like to thank you for taking the time to peruse this website, and if you would like to email me with any comments or questions, or if you notice any mistakes that you feel you could correct me on, then please feel free to do so at''': '''''[email protected]''''' |
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| | Through my own experiences, I have purposely simplified the grammatical terminology in this article, and I have also included brief descriptions of grammatical words and expressions in each respective section. This is because I want newcomers to language study not to feel intimidated by heavy terminology and explanations. As I can remember when I first began to study German, I was very confused with 'intense grammatical explanations'. Of course, when studying or creating a language, one must have some understanding of grammar to begin with. However, for the above reasons I have, for the most part, written this article in [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Simple_English_Wikipedia simple English].<BR/>I should also state that most of the examples and references here are based in comparison to the English language. |
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| | =='''Sub categories'''== |
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| '''Eastern dal'qörian'''
| | ===[[Dalcurian language and basic history|Dalcurian language and basic history]]=== |
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| Eastern dal'qörian was established in the fishing villages and ports in the province of Halcánia, by it's Governor, a Finn called Albert Hælgasson, in the mid 16th century. Halcánia was, to some extend, isolated from from its nearest province, the capital Qalmánia. Because Halcánia was a vital trading artery for the body of the island, it's governing was paramount. Hælgasson was enticed by the dal'qörian leader, Galeli d'Qalba, after learning of his managerial abilities, strong ties with European traders, and his successeful marketing of the Western European hemp trade-something which dal'qöria had long been a world leader in. Although dal'qöria had a government, the 7 provinces were mainly self-governed. (The central government, where the leader would reside, took charge of foreign policy and law, and saw to it that the provinces were still governed according to the dal'qörian constitution).
| | ===[[Dalcurian alphabet and pronunciation|Dalcurian alphabet and pronunciation]]=== |
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| Halcánia had on many occassions in the past been badly ruled, thus creating economic problems. However, acting against it's own constitution of appointing a non-dal'qörian, Hælgasson was asked to come and govern the province-and did so with gusto, turning Halcánia into a thriving and wealthy province within 5 years. Since the provincial councils were in control of their own education, Hælgasson saw to it that a language reform took place in 1670, after insisting that he needed to refine business and formal literacy. Although not in favour of this (the central government had constitutional powers to veto such reforms) they chose not to 'upset' Hælgasson, who at this point had become quite powerful in the province. The Hælgasson reform introduced (rather selfishly in the eyes of most historians) a new case system directly derived from his native finnish tongue. (It's widely thought that this was also heavily influenced by the many finnish traders who held various monopolies over the trading posts). This done away with many prepositions, and although intitially, this reform was only introduced to business and formal documentation, within 10 years it had infiltrated every day speech.
| | ===[[dal'qörian adjectives|Adjectives]]=== |
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| '''ela mantábel, am gravætas ön jerandel, nämambr eƒragörädn ön equahörädn.'''<br/>'''éren Þöldr, máriÞ resæÞámn ön qevésenámn, néba qväombr,, ön, máriÞ ela, am perös qve beröjelperös, agöentr.''' | | ===[[dal'qörian adverbs|Adverbs]]=== |
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| ''All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights.''<br/>''They should be endowed with reason and conscience and act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood.'' | | ===[[dal'qörian verbs|Verbs]]=== |
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| '''Style''' | | ===[[dal'qörian prepositions|Prepositions]]=== |
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| dal'qörian is a 'rhotic' language; the letter 'r' is pronounced after every vowel. It's pronounciation is very deliberate. In fact, by and large, dal'qörian is quite formal-largely due to the lack of idiomatic [http://www.englishpage.com/prepositions/phrasaldictionary.html phrasal verbs]. There is also no 'slang' form, although there is a small colloquial element to it.
| | ===[[Dal'qörian negatives|Negatives]]=== |
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| == '''Alphabet and pronunciation''' == | | ===[[Dal'qörian nouns|Nouns]]=== |
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| {| border="1"
| | ===[[Dal'qörian Cases|Case]]=== |
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| ! letter !! letter name !! pronunciation
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| ! a
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| | al || as in cat
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| |-
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| ! b
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| | bri || as in bat
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| ! c
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| | ca || as in cat
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| ! d
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| | da || as in day
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| ! e
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| | era || as in end
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| ! f
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| | ƒe || as in fall
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| |-
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| ! g
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| | géø || ''see special pronounciation''
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| ! h
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| | hal || as in hat
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| ! i
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| | il || as in kill
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| ! j
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| | öja || as in the French name ''Jean''
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| ! l
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| | lá || as in like
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| ! m
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| | ma || as in man
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| ! n
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| | na || as in not
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| ! o
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| | ol || as in top
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| ! p
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| | pä || as in pat
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| ! q
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| | qöc || as in 'k' in kick
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| ! qu
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| | q'qöa || as in quick
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| ! r
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| | ræ || ''see special pronunciation''
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| ! s
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| | siri || as in sit
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| ! t
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| | tø || as in take
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| ! v
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| | vála || as in van
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| ! x
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| | séca || as in wax
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| ! y
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| | yenta || ''see special pronounciation''
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| |}
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| '''special vowels and characters''' | | ===[[Dal'qörian pronouns|Pronouns]]=== |
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| {| border="1"
| | ===[[Dalcurian punctuation|Punctuation]]=== |
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| ! letter !! letter name !! pronunciation
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| ! ä
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| | äli || as in 'ey' in they (see also special pronunciation)
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| ! á
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| | áli || long as in bar
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| ! é
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| | éga || long as in feel
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| ! ö
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| | öli || long as in cool
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| ! ø
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| | ø || as in German doch
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| ! æ
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| | æ || as in the 'i' in find
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| ! Þ
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| | eÞ || th as in bath but not in the
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| |}
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| ===='''special pronunciations'''==== | | ===[[Dal'qörian Telling the time|Time]]=== |
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| '''g''' is pronounced hard at the beginning and middle of a word, like g in ''get'' but soft at the end of a word,like g in the German word ''swanzig''.<br/>'''r''' is an ''alveolar trill''. Its place of articulation is alveolar which means it is articulated with the tip of the tongue against the alveolar ridge (or just behind the top teeth). It can be likened to the way in which a Scottish person with a strong accent would say ''great, straight, road'', etc.<br/>'''ä''' is pronounced like the ey in ''they''. However, at the end of a word, or where it is separated by a high apostrophe, it is pronounced 'ey ya'.<br/>'''y''' is always pronounced as the English upper case 'y'.<br/>'''q''' on its own is only found at the beginning of a word, including words that are separated by a high apostrophe, as in ''dal’qörian'' or ''qatáj''-cat, and is always pronounced like an English 'k'.<br/>'''c''' only appears in the middle or end of a word such as ''qurvecsár''-to annoy and ''dörac''-through, and is sounded like an English hard 'c'.<br/>'''x''' is used only to denote a negative word and attaches to the end of a verb. (see ''verbs'' and ''negatives'') | | ===[[Dal'qörian numbers|Numbers]]=== |
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| As well as being a 'rhotic' lanuage, dal'qörian is also PHONETIC; its spoken exactly as it is written. Once you have learned to pronounce the letters, speaking and reading dal'qörian should be relatively easy. For example, ''dal'qörian'' is pronounced ''dal-koo-ree-yan''. Here are a few more examples, in syllabic form, to give you a flavour of how words sound:
| | =='''Miscellaneous word and phrase lists'''== |
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| {| border="1"
| | ====[[Dal'qörian colours|Colours]]==== |
| |+ | | ====[[dal'qörian days/months/seasons|Days/months/seasons]]==== |
| ! dal'qörian !! meaning !! phonetic pronunciation
| | ====[[dal'qörian describing people|Describing people]]==== |
| |- | | ====[[dal'qörian countries|Names of Countries]]==== |
| ! strömi
| | ====[[Dalcurian hello/goodbye please/thankyou|Hello/goodbye Please/thankyou]]==== |
| | hot || stroo-mi | | ====[[Dalcurian intensifiers|Intensifiers]]==== |
| |- | | ====[http://docs.google.com/View?id=dmh9tc5_92r9dbhhr English Dalcurian Dictionary]==== |
| ! binä
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| | I/Iam || bin-Aya
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| ! stæcnáÞrädn
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| | thankless || sty-kun-arth-rey-dun
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| ! ädiáda
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| | yesterday || ey-dee-ar-da
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| ! yenø
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| | immense || why-en-och
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| ! ødérämös
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| | steadiness || och-dee-rey-mooss
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| ! qsendaréø
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| | scenario || ku-send-a-ree-och
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| ! embáragadöraj
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| | puppy || em-bar-ra-gad-oo-raj
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| ! siagentöj
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| | aunty || see-a-gent-ooj
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| |}
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| =='''Grammar sub categories'''== | | ====Links:==== |
| | [http://www.omniglot.com '''Omniglot'''] |
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| ===[[dal'qörian adjectives|Adjectives]]===
| | [[Websites in Dalcurian|Various webpages in Dalcurian]] |
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| ===[[dal'qörian adverbs|Adverbs]]===
| | [[Category:Conlangs]] |
| | [[Category:Dalcurian]] |
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| ===[[dal'qörian verbs|Verbs]]===
| | {{Dalcurian}} |
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| ===[[dal'qörian prepositions|Prepositions]]===
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| ===[[Dal'qörian Telling the time|Telling the time]]===
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| ===[[Dal'qörian nouns|Nouns]]===
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| ===[[Dal'qörian numbers|Numbers]]===
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| ===[[Dal'qörian Cases|Case system]]===
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| ===[[Dal'qörian pronouns|Pronouns]]===
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| =='''Miscellaneous word lists'''==
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| ====[[Dal'qörian colours|Colours]]====
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| ====[[dal'qörian days/months/seasons|days/months/seasons]]====
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| ====[[dal'qörian describing people|describing people]]====
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