Esperanto: Difference between revisions
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{|border=1 align=right cellpadding=4 cellspacing=0 width=50% class="bordertable" style="margin: 0 0 1em 1em; background: #f9f9f9; font-size: 95%; float: right;" | {|border=1 align=right cellpadding=4 cellspacing=0 width=50% class="bordertable" style="margin: 0 0 1em 1em; background: #f9f9f9; font-size: 95%; float: right;" | ||
|colspan="2" bgcolor="#FFFFFF" align="center" |'''Esperanto''' | |colspan="2" bgcolor="#FFFFFF" align="center" |'''Esperanto''' | ||
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|colspan="2" bgcolor="#FFFFFF" align="center" |'''Created by:''' | |colspan="2" bgcolor="#FFFFFF" align="center" |'''Created by:''' | ||
|- | |- | ||
||[[L. L. Zamenhof]] || | ||[[L. L. Zamenhof]] ||1887 | ||
|} | |} | ||
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!Quality | !Quality | ||
!–a | !–a | ||
|kia<br>(what a) | |'''kia'''<br>(what a) | ||
|tia<br>(such a) | |'''tia'''<br>(such a) | ||
|ia<br>(some kind/sort/type of) | |'''ia'''<br>(some kind/sort/type of) | ||
|ĉia<br>(every kind/sort/type of) | |'''ĉia'''<br>(every kind/sort/type of) | ||
|nenia<br>(no kind/sort/type of) | |'''nenia'''<br>(no kind/sort/type of) | ||
|- | |- | ||
!Reason | !Reason | ||
!–al | !–al | ||
|kial<br>(why) | |'''kial'''<br>(why) | ||
|tial<br>(therefore) | |'''tial'''<br>(therefore) | ||
|ial<br>(for some reason) | |'''ial'''<br>(for some reason) | ||
|ĉial<br>(for all reasons) | |'''ĉial'''<br>(for all reasons) | ||
|nenial<br>(for no reason) | |'''nenial'''<br>(for no reason) | ||
|- | |- | ||
!Time | !Time | ||
!–am | !–am | ||
|kiam<br>(when) | |'''kiam'''<br>(when) | ||
|tiam<br>(then) | |'''tiam'''<br>(then) | ||
|iam<br>(sometime) | |'''iam'''<br>(sometime) | ||
|ĉiam<br>(always) | |'''ĉiam'''<br>(always) | ||
|neniam<br>(never) | |neniam<br>(never) | ||
|- | |- | ||
!Place | !Place | ||
!–e | !–e | ||
|kie<br>(where) | |'''kie'''<br>(where) | ||
|tie<br>(there) | |'''tie'''<br>(there) | ||
|ie<br>(somewhere) | |'''ie'''<br>(somewhere) | ||
|ĉie<br>(everywhere) | |'''ĉie'''<br>(everywhere) | ||
|nenie<br>(nowhere) | |'''nenie'''<br>(nowhere) | ||
|- | |- | ||
!Manner | !Manner | ||
!–el | !–el | ||
|kiel<br>(how, as) | |'''kiel'''<br>(how, as) | ||
|tiel<br>(thus, as) | |'''tiel'''<br>(thus, as) | ||
|iel<br>(somehow) | |'''iel'''<br>(somehow) | ||
|ĉiel<br>(in every way) | |'''ĉiel'''<br>(in every way) | ||
|neniel<br>(no-how, in no way) | |'''neniel'''<br>(no-how, in no way) | ||
|- | |- | ||
![[Genitive case|Association]] | ![[Genitive case|Association]] | ||
!–es | !–es | ||
|kies<br>(whose) | |'''kies'''<br>(whose) | ||
|ties<br>(this/that one's) | |'''ties'''<br>(this/that one's) | ||
|ies<br>(someone's) | |'''ies'''<br>(someone's) | ||
|ĉies<br>(everyone's) | |'''ĉies'''<br>(everyone's) | ||
|nenies<br>(no one's) | |'''nenies'''<br>(no one's) | ||
|- | |- | ||
![[Demonstrative pronoun | ![[Demonstrative pronoun|Thing]] | ||
!–o | !–o | ||
|kio<br>(what) | |'''kio'''<br>(what) | ||
|tio<br>(this/that) | |'''tio'''<br>(this/that) | ||
|io<br>(something) | |'''io'''<br>(something) | ||
|ĉio<br>(everything) | |'''ĉio'''<br>(everything) | ||
|nenio<br>(nothing) | |'''nenio'''<br>(nothing) | ||
|- | |- | ||
!Amount | !Amount | ||
!–om | !–om | ||
|kiom<br>(how much) | |'''kiom'''<br>(how much) | ||
|tiom<br>(that much) | |'''tiom'''<br>(that much) | ||
|iom<br>(some, a bit) | |'''iom'''<br>(some, a bit) | ||
|ĉiom<br>(all of it) | |'''ĉiom'''<br>(all of it) | ||
|neniom<br>(none) | |'''neniom'''<br>(none) | ||
|- | |- | ||
![[Demonstrative pronoun | ![[Demonstrative pronoun|Individual]] | ||
!–u | !–u | ||
|kiu<br>(who, which one; which [horse]) | |'''kiu'''<br>(who, which one; which [horse]) | ||
|tiu<br>(that one; that [horse]) | |'''tiu'''<br>(that one; that [horse]) | ||
|iu<br>(someone; some [horse]) | |'''iu'''<br>(someone; some [horse]) | ||
|ĉiu<br>(everyone; each [horse], all [horses]) | |'''ĉiu'''<br>(everyone; each [horse], all [horses]) | ||
|neniu<br>(no one; no [horse]) | |'''neniu'''<br>(no one; no [horse]) | ||
|} | |} | ||
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:'''esperus''' (were to hope, would hope) | :'''esperus''' (were to hope, would hope) | ||
==Syntax== | |||
Esperanto's basic word order is SVO, prepositional, with modifiers following the noun, but its noun case marking and adjective agreement makes any word order possible. Generally, Esperanto syntax follows [[Standard Average European]] patterns. | |||
==Reception among conlangers== | |||
The feelings of conlangers toward Esperanto are divided. Some acknowledge it as elegant, but many feel that they could do better and criticize it for its [[Standard Average European]] structure. | |||
[[Category:Conlangs]] | [[Category:Conlangs]] | ||
[[Category:Auxlangs]] | [[Category:Auxlangs]] | ||
[[Category: a posteriori conlangs]] | |||
[[Category: Esperanto]] | |||
{{Auxlangs}} | |||
Latest revision as of 12:42, 22 November 2011
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| Esperanto | |
| Spoken in: | most countries of Earth |
| Timeline/Universe: | international auxiliary language |
| Total speakers: | unknown (estimated ca. 1 million) |
| Genealogical classification: | A posteriori
|
| Basic word order: | SVO |
| Morphological type: | agglutinating |
| Morphosyntactic alignment: | accusative |
| Created by: | |
| L. L. Zamenhof | 1887 |
Esperanto is the world's most popular international auxiliary language, spoken by an unknown number of people (estimates vary a lot, but 1 million is probably in the right ballpark) all over the world. The name derives from the author L. L. Zamenhof's pseudonym Doktoro Esperanto 'Dr. Hopeful'; he himself named it La Internacia Lingvo 'The International Language'.
Phonology
Consonants
The 22 consonants are:
| Bilabial | Labio- dental |
Alveolar | Post- alveolar |
Palatal | Velar | Glottal | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nasal | m | n | ||||||||||||
| Plosive | p | b | t | d | k | ɡ | ||||||||
| Affricate | ts | tʃ | dʒ | |||||||||||
| Fricative | f | v | s | z | ʃ | ʒ | x | h | ||||||
| Trill | r | |||||||||||||
| Approximant | l | j | ||||||||||||
Vowels
| Front | Back | |
|---|---|---|
| Close | i | u |
| Mid | e | o |
| Open | a | |
Stress
Stress in Esperanto words always falls on the penultimate syllable.
Morphology
Esperanto morphology is perfectly regular and agglutinating, but not rich. Nouns end in -o, to this are added the endings -j for plural and -n for accusative:
Adjectives are inflected the same way, except that they end in -a rather than -o. The definite article is always la; there is no indefinite article. The personal pronouns are:
The demonstrative and relative pronouns are called "correlatives" in Esperanto grammar, and align in a famous table:
The inflection of the verb is summed up in the following chart:
Examples:
SyntaxEsperanto's basic word order is SVO, prepositional, with modifiers following the noun, but its noun case marking and adjective agreement makes any word order possible. Generally, Esperanto syntax follows Standard Average European patterns. Reception among conlangersThe feelings of conlangers toward Esperanto are divided. Some acknowledge it as elegant, but many feel that they could do better and criticize it for its Standard Average European structure.
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