Proto-Hercynian: Difference between revisions

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'''This page documents an ''obsolete'' version of this conlang pending revision.''' --[[User:WeepingElf|WeepingElf]] ([[User talk:WeepingElf|talk]]) 07:56, 23 January 2024 (PST)
'''Proto-Hercynian''' is the (intrafictionally) reconstructed common ancestor of the [[Hercynian]] languages, which form a branch of the [[Hesperic]] [[language family]], a family of [[diachronic conlang|diachronic]] [[lostlang]]s designed by [[User:WeepingElf|Jörg Rhiemeier]].
'''Proto-Hercynian''' is the (intrafictionally) reconstructed common ancestor of the [[Hercynian]] languages, which form a branch of the [[Hesperic]] [[language family]], a family of [[diachronic conlang|diachronic]] [[lostlang]]s designed by [[User:WeepingElf|Jörg Rhiemeier]].


==Phonology==
==Phonology==
===Consonants===
{|class="wikitable"
|-
!  
! Labial
! Dental
! Alveolar
! Palatal
! Velar
! Glottal
|-
! Voiceless stops
| *p || *t ||   ||   || *k ||  
|-
! Voiced stops
| *b || *d ||   ||   || *g ||  
|-
! Voiceless fricatives
| *ph || *th || *s ||   || *kh || *h
|-
! Voiced fricatives
| *bh || *dh || *z ||   || *gh ||  
|-
! Nasals
| *m || *n ||   ||   || *ng ||  
|-
! Liquids
|   ||   || *l *r ||   ||   ||  
|-
! Semivowels
| *w ||   ||   || *j ||   ||  
|-
|}
===Vowels===
{|class="wikitable"
|-
!rowspan="2"|  
!colspan="2"| Front
!colspan="2"| Non-front
|-
! Unround
! Round
! Unround
! Round
|-
! Close
| *i || *y ||   || *u
|-
! Mid
| *e || *ø ||   || *o
|-
! Open
|   ||   || *a ||  
|-
|}
All vowels can be long (written with a circumflex, e.g. '''â''').


===Sound changes from Proto-Hesperic===
===Sound changes from Proto-Hesperic===
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This section gives an overview of the sound changes that occured on the way from [[Proto-Hesperic]] to Proto-Hercynian.
This section gives an overview of the sound changes that occured on the way from [[Proto-Hesperic]] to Proto-Hercynian.


====Common West Hesperic developments====
====Common North Hesperic developments====


* Accent retraction to first syllable
* x > 3
* [[Drummond's Law]]
* [[Drummond's Law]]
* [[Senantho's Law]]
* [[Senantho's Law]]
* [[Alfermann's Law]]
* [[Alfermann's Law]]
* x > 3
* x > h


====Continental West Hesperic developments====
====Further changes shared with [[Proto-Alpianic]]====


*m > n /_#
* Final nasal neutralization
*ng > n /_#
:*m > n /_#
:*ng > n /_#


====Further changes shared with [[Proto-Alpianic]]====


* Laryngeal loss
* Laryngeal loss
Line 25: Line 90:
:* 3 > 0 /otherwise
:* 3 > 0 /otherwise


* Coda liquid chain shift
* Monophthongizations
:* l > u /V_(C,#)
:* ai, ia > é
:* r > l /V_(C,#)
:* au, ua > ó
:* iu > ú
:* ui > í
:* VV > V: /if both of same quality
 
* Pre-sonorant vowel lowering
: * i > e, u > o before nasals and liquids (affects both long and short vowels)
 
* Vowel lengthenings and shortenings
:* Long vowels are shorted in closed syllables
:* Short vowels are lengthened in stressed open syllables


====[[Begemann's Law]]====
====[[Begemann's Law]]====


* Aspirated stops become voiceless fricatives ''except'' after nasals and *s and in gemination. In the named positions, they merge with the neutral stops.
* Aspirated stops become voiceless fricatives ''except'' in clusters. In clusters, they merge with the neutral stops.
* Voiced stops become voiced fricatives ''except'' after nasals and *s and in gemination. In the named positions, they remain voiced stops.
* Voiced stops become voiced fricatives ''except'' in clusters. In clusters, they remain voiced stops.
* Neutral stops remain unchanged in all positions.
* Neutral stops remain unchanged in all positions.
====Development of velarized liquids====
*ĺ > lg
*ŕ > rg


====Origin of *z====
====Origin of *z====


* s > z / after nasals and liquids
* s > z /R_V (R = n, l, r)
* tj, kj > s
* tj, kj > s
* dj, gj > z
* dj, gj > z


====Emergence of non-apex vowels====
====Absorption of postconsonantal semivowels====
 
This change affects short and long vowels accordingly. The vowel length is not changed.


* wa > o /C_
* wa > o /C_
* we > ø /C_
* wi > y /C_
* wi > y /C_
* ja > e /C_
* ja > e /C_
* jo > ø /C_
* ju > y /C_
* ju > y /C_


Latest revision as of 07:56, 23 January 2024

This page documents an obsolete version of this conlang pending revision. --WeepingElf (talk) 07:56, 23 January 2024 (PST)

Proto-Hercynian is the (intrafictionally) reconstructed common ancestor of the Hercynian languages, which form a branch of the Hesperic language family, a family of diachronic lostlangs designed by Jörg Rhiemeier.

Phonology

Consonants

  Labial Dental Alveolar Palatal Velar Glottal
Voiceless stops *p *t     *k  
Voiced stops *b *d     *g  
Voiceless fricatives *ph *th *s   *kh *h
Voiced fricatives *bh *dh *z   *gh  
Nasals *m *n     *ng  
Liquids     *l *r      
Semivowels *w     *j    

Vowels

  Front Non-front
Unround Round Unround Round
Close *i *y   *u
Mid *e *ø   *o
Open     *a  

All vowels can be long (written with a circumflex, e.g. â).

Sound changes from Proto-Hesperic

This section gives an overview of the sound changes that occured on the way from Proto-Hesperic to Proto-Hercynian.

Common North Hesperic developments

Further changes shared with Proto-Alpianic

  • Final nasal neutralization
  • m > n /_#
  • ng > n /_#


  • Laryngeal loss
  • V3 > V:
  • 3 > 0 /otherwise
  • Monophthongizations
  • ai, ia > é
  • au, ua > ó
  • iu > ú
  • ui > í
  • VV > V: /if both of same quality
  • Pre-sonorant vowel lowering
* i > e, u > o before nasals and liquids (affects both long and short vowels)
  • Vowel lengthenings and shortenings
  • Long vowels are shorted in closed syllables
  • Short vowels are lengthened in stressed open syllables

Begemann's Law

  • Aspirated stops become voiceless fricatives except in clusters. In clusters, they merge with the neutral stops.
  • Voiced stops become voiced fricatives except in clusters. In clusters, they remain voiced stops.
  • Neutral stops remain unchanged in all positions.

Development of velarized liquids

  • ĺ > lg
  • ŕ > rg

Origin of *z

  • s > z /R_V (R = n, l, r)
  • tj, kj > s
  • dj, gj > z

Absorption of postconsonantal semivowels

This change affects short and long vowels accordingly. The vowel length is not changed.

  • wa > o /C_
  • we > ø /C_
  • wi > y /C_
  • ja > e /C_
  • jo > ø /C_
  • ju > y /C_
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