Dot Above: Difference between revisions
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! Letters | ! Letters | ||
! Notes | ! Notes | ||
|- | |||
| Change of [[Wikipedia:Manner_of_articulation|manner of articulation]] | |||
| [[Wikipedia:Irish_language|Irish Gaelic]] | |||
| Ḃḃ /w~vˠ, vʲ/, Ċċ /x, ç, h/, Ḋḋ /ɣ, ∅, ʝ/, Ḟḟ /∅/, Ġġ /ɣ, ∅, ʝ/, Ṁṁ /w~vˠ, vʲ/, Ṗṗ /fˠ, fʲ/, Ṡṡ /h, ç/, Ṫṫ /h, ç, ∅/ | |||
| The dot diacritic is no longer used, except in [[Wikipedia:Insular_script|Insular script]]. Instead, in modern times, an Hh is placed after the given consonant.<ref name=irish>[[Wikipedia:Irish_orthography#Diacritics|Irish orthography, Diacritics]] at Wikipedia. The ins and outs of Irish orthography is more complex than presented here. See the aforementioned Wikipedia article for a fuller explanation.</ref> | |||
|- | |- | ||
| rowspan=2 | Change of [[Wikipedia:Place_of_articulation|place of articulation]] | | rowspan=2 | Change of [[Wikipedia:Place_of_articulation|place of articulation]] | ||
| Line 53: | Line 58: | ||
| Ṅṅ /ŋ/ | | Ṅṅ /ŋ/ | ||
| There is also a digraph Ṅw ṅw /ŋʷ/, but it is not considered a separate letter in the alphabet.<ref name=venda>[[Wikipedia:Venda_language#Writing_system|Venda language, Writing system]] at Wikipedia.</ref> | | There is also a digraph Ṅw ṅw /ŋʷ/, but it is not considered a separate letter in the alphabet.<ref name=venda>[[Wikipedia:Venda_language#Writing_system|Venda language, Writing system]] at Wikipedia.</ref> | ||
|- | |||
| [[Wikipedia:Diphthong|Diphthong]] | |||
| [[Wikipedia:Kazakh_language|Kazakh]] (2021 alphabet) | |||
| İi /əj/ | |||
| See also Non-syllabic vowel further down in this table. Iı is used for /ɪ/.<ref name=kazakh>[[Wikipedia:Kazakh_alphabets|Kazakh alphabets]] at Wikipedia. See also [[Wikipedia:Kazakh_language#Phonology|Kazakh language, Phonology]] on Wikipedia.</ref> | |||
|- | |- | ||
| rowspan=2 | [[Wikipedia:Fricative_consonant|Fricative consonant]] | | rowspan=2 | [[Wikipedia:Fricative_consonant|Fricative consonant]] | ||
| Line 62: | Line 72: | ||
| ġ /ɣ~ɡ/ | | ġ /ɣ~ɡ/ | ||
| ġ was replaced by ḡ in the fourth edition of this romanization scheme.<ref name=hans_wehr>[[Wikipedia:Hans_Wehr_transliteration|Hans Wehr transliteration]] at Wikipedia.</ref> The pronunciation of this letter varies depending on dialect.<ref name=ghayn>[[Wikipedia:Arabic_alphabet#Table_of_basic_letter|Arabic alphabet, Table of basic letters]] at Wikipedia.</ref> Hans Wehr romanization does not include capital letters.<ref name=hans_wehr/> | | ġ was replaced by ḡ in the fourth edition of this romanization scheme.<ref name=hans_wehr>[[Wikipedia:Hans_Wehr_transliteration|Hans Wehr transliteration]] at Wikipedia.</ref> The pronunciation of this letter varies depending on dialect.<ref name=ghayn>[[Wikipedia:Arabic_alphabet#Table_of_basic_letter|Arabic alphabet, Table of basic letters]] at Wikipedia.</ref> Hans Wehr romanization does not include capital letters.<ref name=hans_wehr/> | ||
|- | |||
| rowspan=2 | [[Wikipedia:Front_vowel|Front]] version of [[Wikipedia:Back_vowel|back vowel]] | |||
| [[Wikipedia:Kazakh_language|Kazakh]] ([[Wikipedia:Kazinform|Kazinform]]'s romanization) | |||
| İi /ɪ/ | |||
| Iı stands for /ə/ which counts as a back vowel in Kazakh phonology.<ref name=kazakh/> | |||
|- | |||
| [[Wikipedia:Turkish_language|Turkish]] | |||
| İi /i/ | |||
| Iı stands for /ɯ/. | |||
|- | |||
| [[Wikipedia:Monophthong|Monophthong]] | |||
| [[Wikipedia:Kazakh_language|Kazakh]] (2018 and 2019 alphabets) | |||
| İi /ɪ/ | |||
| Iı stands for /əj/ and /j/.<ref name=kazakh/> | |||
|- | |- | ||
| Raised vowel | | Raised vowel | ||
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| Ȯȯ /ʊ/, Ȱȱ /ʊː/ | | Ȯȯ /ʊ/, Ȱȱ /ʊː/ | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |||
| [[Wikipedia:Semivowel|Non-syllabic vowel]] | |||
| [[Wikipedia:Kazakh_language|Kazakh]] (2021 alphabet) | |||
| İi /j/ | |||
| See also Diphthong further up in this table. Iı is used for /ɪ/.<ref name=kazakh/> | |||
|- | |- | ||
| [[Wikipedia:Retroflex_consonant|Retroflex consonant]] | | [[Wikipedia:Retroflex_consonant|Retroflex consonant]] | ||
Latest revision as of 06:23, 28 June 2021
The dot above diacritic is also known as overdot, or anusvāra in Indic context.[1]
Dot Above in Unicode
| ˙ | ◌̇ | Ȧ | ȧ | Ǡ | ǡ | Ḃ | ḃ | Ċ | ċ | Ḋ | ḋ | Ė |
| U+02D9 | U+0307 | U+0226 | U+0227 | U+01E0 | U+01E1 | U+1E02 | U+1E03 | U+010A | U+010B | U+1E0A | U+1E0B | U+0116 |
| Dot Above | Combining Dot Above | Latin Capital Letter A With Dot Above | Latin Small Letter A With Dot Above | Latin Capital Letter A With Dot Above And Macron | Latin Small Letter A With Dot Above And Macron | Latin Capital Letter B With Dot Above | Latin Small Letter B With Dot Above | Latin Capital Letter C With Dot Above | Latin Small Letter C With Dot Above | Latin Capital Letter D With Dot Above | Latin Small Letter D With Dot Above | Latin Capital Letter E With Dot Above |
| ė | Ḟ | ḟ | Ġ | ġ | Ḣ | ḣ | İ | i | Ṁ | ṁ | Ṅ | ṅ |
| U+0117 | U+1E1E | U+1E1F | U+0120 | U+0121 | U+1E22 | U+1E23 | U+0130 | U+0069 | U+1E40 | U+1E41 | U+1E44 | U+1E45 |
| Latin Small Letter E With Dot Above | Latin Capital Letter F With Dot Above | Latin Small Letter F With Dot Above | Latin Capital Letter G With Dot Above | Latin Small Letter G With Dot Above | Latin Capital Letter H With Dot Above | Latin Small Letter H With Dot Above | Latin Capital Letter I With Dot Above | Latin Small Letter I | Latin Capital Letter M With Dot Above | Latin Small Letter M With Dot Above | Latin Capital Letter N With Dot Above | Latin Small Letter N With Dot Above |
| Note: In most languages i is the lower case version of I, but in Turkish İ and i resp. I and ı go together. If Turkish case is used, you need to make sure that various software handles that correctly. For example dictionaries need to sort the letters in the right order. | ||||||||||||
| Ȯ | ȯ | Ȱ | ȱ | Ṗ | ṗ | Ṙ | ṙ | Ṡ | ṡ | ẛ | Ṥ | ṥ |
| U+022E | U+022F | U+0230 | U+0231 | U+1E56 | U+1E57 | U+1E58 | U+1E59 | U+1E60 | U+1E61 | U+1E9B | U+1E64 | U+1E65 |
| Latin Capital Letter O With Dot Above | Latin Small Letter O With Dot Above | Latin Capital Letter O With Dot Above And Macron | Latin Small Letter O With Dot Above And Macron | Latin Capital Letter P With Dot Above | Latin Small Letter P With Dot Above | Latin Capital Letter R With Dot Above | Latin Small Letter R With Dot Above | Latin Capital Letter S With Dot Above | Latin Small Letter S With Dot Above | Latin Small Letter Long S With Dot Above | Latin Capital Letter S With Acute And Dot Above | Latin Small Letter S With Acute And Dot Above |
| Ṧ | ṧ | Ṩ | ṩ | Ṫ | ṫ | Ẇ | ẇ | Ẋ | ẋ | Ẏ | ẏ | Ż |
| U+1E66 | U+1E67 | U+1E68 | U+1E69 | U+1E6A | U+1E6B | U+1E86 | U+1E87 | U+1E8A | U+1E8B | U+1E8E | U+1E8F | U+017B |
| Latin Capital Letter S With Caron And Dot Above | Latin Small Letter S With Caron And Dot Above | Latin Capital Letter S With Dot Below And Dot Above | Latin Small Letter S With Dot Below And Dot Above | Latin Capital Letter T With Dot Above | Latin Small Letter T With Dot Above | Latin Capital Letter W With Dot Above | Latin Small Letter W With Dot Above | Latin Capital Letter X With Dot Above | Latin Small Letter X With Dot Above | Latin Capital Letter Y With Dot Above | Latin Small Letter Y With Dot Above | Latin Capital Letter Z With Dot Above |
| ż | ||||||||||||
| U+017C | ||||||||||||
| Latin Small Letter Z With Dot Above | ||||||||||||
Dot Above in Natlangs
| Use | Language | Letters | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|
| Change of manner of articulation | Irish Gaelic | Ḃḃ /w~vˠ, vʲ/, Ċċ /x, ç, h/, Ḋḋ /ɣ, ∅, ʝ/, Ḟḟ /∅/, Ġġ /ɣ, ∅, ʝ/, Ṁṁ /w~vˠ, vʲ/, Ṗṗ /fˠ, fʲ/, Ṡṡ /h, ç/, Ṫṫ /h, ç, ∅/ | The dot diacritic is no longer used, except in Insular script. Instead, in modern times, an Hh is placed after the given consonant.[2] |
| Change of place of articulation | ISO 15919 romanization of Gurmukhī | Ṁṁ /ŋ/ | Ṁṁ is realized as [m] before certain consonants.[3] |
| Venda | Ṅṅ /ŋ/ | There is also a digraph Ṅw ṅw /ŋʷ/, but it is not considered a separate letter in the alphabet.[4] | |
| Diphthong | Kazakh (2021 alphabet) | İi /əj/ | See also Non-syllabic vowel further down in this table. Iı is used for /ɪ/.[5] |
| Fricative consonant | Arabic (DIN 31635 romanization, ISO 233 romanization) | Ġġ /ɣ/ | |
| Arabic (Hans Wehr romanization) | ġ /ɣ~ɡ/ | ġ was replaced by ḡ in the fourth edition of this romanization scheme.[6] The pronunciation of this letter varies depending on dialect.[7] Hans Wehr romanization does not include capital letters.[6] | |
| Front version of back vowel | Kazakh (Kazinform's romanization) | İi /ɪ/ | Iı stands for /ə/ which counts as a back vowel in Kazakh phonology.[5] |
| Turkish | İi /i/ | Iı stands for /ɯ/. | |
| Monophthong | Kazakh (2018 and 2019 alphabets) | İi /ɪ/ | Iı stands for /əj/ and /j/.[5] |
| Raised vowel | Livonian | Ȯȯ /ʊ/, Ȱȱ /ʊː/ | |
| Non-syllabic vowel | Kazakh (2021 alphabet) | İi /j/ | See also Diphthong further up in this table. Iı is used for /ɪ/.[5] |
| Retroflex consonant | Polish | Dż dż /d͡ʐ/, Żż /ʐ/ | These sounds are laminal postalveolar, rather than "true retroflex".[8] |
| Other | ISO 15919 romanization of Indic scripts | Ṁṁ, Ṅṅ | Ṅṅ is used for transcribing the Indic diacritic anusvāra before velar consonants. Ṁṁ is used for a simplified romanization of anusvāra in all positions.[9] |
Dot Above in Conlangs
| Usage | Language | Creator | Letters | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Stress | Seebee | Qwynegold | ġ /ˈɡ/, ṗ /ˈp/ | Normally a dot is placed below the first letter of a stressed syllable, but in the case of lower case g and p, it is placed above to avoid it being obscured by the descender. |
See Also
- Natlang Uses of Diacritics in the Latin Alphabet
- Dot Below
- Middle Dot
- Transliteration of Arabic (Pedersen, Thomas. 2008.) has a concise list of comparisons between DIN 31635, ISO 233, ISO/R 233, UNGEGN, ALA-LC, and The Encyclopedia of Islam romanizations of Arabic.
References
- ↑ Dot (diacritic), Overdot at Wikipedia.
- ↑ Irish orthography, Diacritics at Wikipedia. The ins and outs of Irish orthography is more complex than presented here. See the aforementioned Wikipedia article for a fuller explanation.
- ↑ Gurmukhī alphabet, Nasalization: tippi and bindi at Wikipedia.
- ↑ Venda language, Writing system at Wikipedia.
- ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 5.3 Kazakh alphabets at Wikipedia. See also Kazakh language, Phonology on Wikipedia.
- ↑ 6.0 6.1 Hans Wehr transliteration at Wikipedia.
- ↑ Arabic alphabet, Table of basic letters at Wikipedia.
- ↑ Retroflex consonants, Types at Wikipedia.
- ↑ ISO 15919, Comparison with UNRSGN and IAST at Wikipedia.
