Acute Accent

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The acute accent comes from a Latin diacritic called apex.[1] There is a diacritic, called kreska in Polish, which looks similar to the acute accent, but which is more vertical and placed slightly to the right of the center of the base letter.[2] Unicode conflates these two diacritics though, so this article does not distinguish between them either.

Acute Accent in Unicode

Characters with Acute Accent
´ ˊ ◌́ ◌́ Á á Ǻ ǻ Ấ ấ Ắ ắ Ǽ
U+00B4 U+02CA U+0301 U+0341 U+00C1 U+00E1 U+01FA U+01FB U+1EA4 U+1EA5 U+1EAE U+1EAF U+01FC
Acute Accent Modifier Letter Acute Accent Combining Acute Accent Combining Acute Tone Mark Latin Capital Letter A With Acute Latin Small Letter A With Acute Latin Capital Letter A With Ring Above And Acute Latin Small Letter A With Ring Above And Acute Latin Capital Letter A With Circumflex And Acute Latin Small Letter A With Circumflex And Acute Latin Capital Letter A With Breve And Acute Latin Small Letter A With Breve And Acute Latin Capital Letter Ae With Acute
Note: May be confused with Apostrophe, ' (U+0027); Modifier Letter Prime, ʹ (U+02B9); Modifier Letter Turned Comma, ʻ (U+02BB); Modifier Letter Apostrophe, ʼ (U+02BC); Modifier Letter Vertical Line, ˈ (U+02C8); Right Single Quotation Mark, ’ (U+2019); or Prime, ′ (U+2032). Note: May be confused with Combining Turned Comma Above, ◌̒ (U+0312). The tone mark was created for Vietnamese, but its use is now discouraged.[3]
ǽ Ć ć Ḉ ḉ É é Ḗ ḗ Ế ế Ǵ ǵ
U+01FD U+0106 U+0107 U+1E08 U+1E09 U+00C9 U+00E9 U+1E16 U+1E17 U+1EBE U+1EBF U+01F4 U+01F5
Latin Small Letter Ae With Acute Latin Capital Letter C With Acute Latin Small Letter C With Acute Latin Capital Letter C With Cedilla And Acute Latin Small Letter C With Cedilla And Acute Latin Capital Letter E With Acute Latin Small Letter E With Acute Latin Capital Letter E With Macron And Acute Latin Small Letter E With Macron And Acute Latin Capital Letter E With Circumflex And Acute Latin Small Letter E With Circumflex And Acute Latin Capital Letter G With Acute Latin Small Letter G With Acute
Í í Ḯ ḯ Ḱ ḱ Ĺ ĺ Ḿ ḿ Ń ń Ó
U+00CD U+00ED U+1E2E U+1E2F U+1E30 U+1E31 U+0139 U+013A U+1E3E U+1E3F U+0143 U+0144 U+00D3
Latin Capital Letter I With Acute Latin Small Letter I With Acute Latin Capital Letter I With Diaeresis And Acute Latin Small Letter I With Diaeresis And Acute Latin Capital Letter K With Acute Latin Small Letter K With Acute Latin Capital Letter L With Acute Latin Small Letter L With Acute Latin Capital Letter M With Acute Latin Small Letter M With Acute Latin Capital Letter N With Acute Latin Small Letter N With Acute Latin Capital Letter O With Acute
ó Ṓ ṓ Ố ố Ṍ ṍ Ớ ớ Ǿ ǿ Ṕ ṕ
U+00F3 U+1E52 U+1E53 U+1ED0 U+1ED1 U+1E4C U+1E4D U+1EDA U+1EDB U+01FE U+01FF U+1E54 U+1E55
Latin Small Letter O With Acute Latin Capital Letter O With Macron And Acute Latin Small Letter O With Macron And Acute Latin Capital Letter O With Circumflex And Acute Latin Small Letter O With Circumflex And Acute Latin Capital Letter O With Tilde And Acute Latin Small Letter O With Tilde And Acute Latin Capital Letter O With Horn And Acute Latin Small Letter O With Horn And Acute Latin Capital Letter O With Stroke And Acute Latin Small Letter O With Stroke And Acute Latin Capital Letter P With Acute Latin Small Letter P With Acute
Ŕ ŕ Ś ś Ṥ ṥ Ú ú Ǘ ǘ Ṹ ṹ Ứ
U+0154 U+0155 U+015A U+015B U+1E64 U+1E65 U+00DA U+00FA U+01D7 U+01D8 U+1E78 U+1E79 U+1EE8
Latin Capital Letter R With Acute Latin Small Letter R With Acute Latin Capital Letter S With Acute Latin Small Letter S With Acute Latin Capital Letter S With Acute And Dot Above Latin Small Letter S With Acute And Dot Above Latin Capital Letter U With Acute Latin Small Letter U With Acute Latin Capital Letter U With Diaeresis And Acute Latin Small Letter U With Diaeresis And Acute Latin Capital Letter U With Tilde And Acute Latin Small Letter U With Tilde And Acute Latin Capital Letter U With Horn And Acute
ứ Ẃ ẃ Ý ý Ź ź
U+1EE9 U+1E82 U+1E83 U+00DD U+00FD U+0179 U+017A
Latin Small Letter U With Horn And Acute Latin Capital Letter W With Acute Latin Small Letter W With Acute Latin Capital Letter Y With Acute Latin Small Letter Y With Acute Latin Capital Letter Z With Acute Latin Small Letter Z With Acute

Acute Accent in Natlangs

Uses of Acute Accent
Usage Language Letters Notes
Alphabet extension Kazakh (2018 alphabet) Áá /æ/, Ǵǵ /ʁ/, Ńń /ŋ/, Óó /œ/, Ýý /ʊw, w/, Úú /ʉ/ The earlier 2017 alphabet used the base letter followed by ʼ.[4]
Alveopalatal consonant Adyghe (BGN/PCGN 2012 romanization) Śś /ɕ/, Źź /ʑ/ Unaccented Ss and Zz stand for /s/ and /z/.[5]
Serbian Ćć /tɕ/ Unaccented Cc stands for /ts/.[6]
Diphthong Icelandic Áá /au/, Óó /ou/ The modern alphabet was established in the 19th century, but it is based on a standard from 12th century.[7]
Disambiguation of homographs Spanish Áá /ˈa/, Éé /ˈe/, Íí /ˈi/, Óó /ˈo/, Úú /ˈu/ Used for differentiating pairs of words that would otherwise be spelled exactly the same.[8] See also the Spanish section on Stress further down in this table.
Falling-rising (dipping) tone Min Dong (Fuzhou dialect, Foochow romanization) Áá /a˨˩˨, ɑ˨˩˨/, Á̤á̤ /ɛ˨˩˨, a˨˩˨/, Éé /ɛi˨˩˨/, É̤é̤ /œ˨˩˨/, Íí /i˨˩˨/, Óó /ou˨˩˨/, Ó̤ó̤ /o˨˩˨, ɔ˨˩˨/, Úú /u˨˩˨/, Ṳ́ṳ́ /y˨˩˨/ Note that the letters here that contain ◌̤ are not precomposed characters.
Following glottal stop Alekano Áá /ɑʔ/, Éé /eʔ/, Íí /iʔ/, Óó /ɤʔ/, Úú /ɯʔ/ The acute simply marks that the vowel is followed by a glottal stop. Unaccented vowels have the same vowel quality as the accented ones.[9]
Following /n/ Arabic (ISO 233 romanization) Áá /an/, Íí /in/, Úú /un/ The acute accent is used for transcribing doubled vowel diacritics in the Arabic script, indicating a following /n/.[10][11]
Front version of back vowel Albanian (Bashkimi alphabet) Éé /e/ In the now obsolete Bashkimi alphabet, Ee stood for the central (not back!) vowel /ə/, while Éé stood for the front vowel /e/ (or more precisely [ɛ]).[12]
North Sami (eastern dialect,[13]1979 orthography) Áá /a/ Unaccented Aa stands for /ɑ/. See also North Sami (western dialect) in the section Long vowel below.
High tone Heiltsuk-Oowekyala (Heiltsuk dialect, official orthography and Rath's orthography) Áá /á/, Éé /ə́/, Íí /í/, Ḷ́ḷ́ /ĺ̩/, Ṃ́ṃ́ /ḿ̩/, Ṇ́ṇ́ /ń̩/, Úú /ú/ It is currently slightly unclear what quality the vowels have, and if Éé is really used in the official orthography. See Languagegeek and Bella Bella Community School. Note that Ṃ́ṃ́ and Ṇ́ṇ́ are not precomposed characters.
Navajo Áá /ɑ́/, Ą́ą́ /ɑ̃́/, Éé /é/, Ę́ę́ /ẽ́/, Íí /í/, Į́į́ /ĩ́/, Óó /ó/, Ǫ́ǫ́ /ṍ/ Some claim that Navajo has pitch accent rather than tone. Note that Ą́ą́, Ę́ę́, Į́į́, Ǫ́ǫ́ are not precomposed characters.[14]
Yoruba (Nigerian Yoruba alphabet) Áá /á/, Éé /é/, Ẹ́ẹ́ /ɛ́/, Íí /í/, Ńń /ŋ̍ˊ/, Óó /ó/, Ọ́ọ́ /ɔ́/, Úú /ú/[15]
Long vowel Croatian, Serbian Áá /ǎː/, Éé /ěː/, Íí /ǐː/, Óó /ǒː/, Ŕŕ /ř̩ː/, Úú /ǔː/ The acute accent marks that these vowels are long and have rising pitch. These letters are not used in the standard orthography of Croatian or Serbian, but in linguistic materials.[16]
Czech Áá /aː/, Éé /ɛː/, Íí /iː/, Óó /oː/, Úú /uː/, Ýý /iː/ Íí and Ýý both represent the same phoneme in Standard Czech, but Íí may mark that the previous consonant is palatal, which Ýý does not.[17]
Darī (BGN/PCGN 2007 romanization) Áá /ɑː/ The sound value of this letter is a little unclear. The BGN/PCGN 2007 romanization specifies is as "long \aa\ as in car, fall", but Wikipedia does not mention any long vowels in Darī. Āā is also used for a long vowel in the BGN/PCGN 2007 romanization, but it is unclear if it stands for a different vowel quality, or if it's merely used for transcribing a different Arabic character with the same sound.[18]
Hungarian Áá /aː/, Éé /eː/, Íí /iː/, Óó /oː/, Úú /uː/ See also Double Acute Accent.
Irish Gaelic Áá /aː/, Éé /eː/, Íí /iː/, Óó /oː/, Úú /uː/
North Sami (western dialect,[13]1979 orthography) Áá /ɑː/ See also North Sami (eastern dialect), at the section Front version of back vowel above.
Pashto (BGN/PCGN 2007 romanization) The sound value of this letter is a little unclear. The BGN/PCGN 2007 romanization specifies is as "long \aa\ as in car, fall", but Wikipedia does not mention any long vowels in Pashto. Āā is also used for a long vowel in the BGN/PCGN 2007 romanization, but it is unclear if it stands for a different vowel quality, or if it's merely used for transcribing a different Arabic character with the same sound.[19]
Slovak Áá /aː/, Éé /eː/, Íí /iː/, Ĺĺ /l̩ː/, Óó /oː/, Ŕŕ /r̩ː/, Úú /uː/, Ýý /iː/
Slovene (orthography with dynamic accentuation) Áá /ˈaː/, Éé /ˈeː/, Íí /ˈiː/, Óó /ˈoː/, Ŕŕ /ˈəɾ/, Úú /ˈuː/ The acute accent marks that the vowel is stressed and long, and that Éé and Óó are mid-close rather than mid-open. These letters are not used in the standard orthography of Slovene, but in language materials.[20]
Slovene (orthography with tonal accentuation) Áá /áː/, Éé /ɛ́ː/, Ẹ́ẹ́ /éː/, Íí /íː/, Óó /ɔ́ː/, Ọ́ọ́ /óː/, Úú /úː/ The acute accent marks that these vowels are long and have high pitch. These letters are not used in the standard orthography of Slovene, but in language materials.[20]
Lowered vowel Portuguese Áá /ˈa/, Éé /ˈɛ/, Óó /ˈɔ/ The acute also marks stress. See the Portuguese section on Stress further down in this table.
Monophthong Kazakh (Kazinform's romanization) Éé /e/ Unaccented Ee stands for /jɪ/.[4]
Palatal consonant Polish Ćć /tɕ/, Dź dź /d͡ʑ/, Ńń /ɲ/, Śś /ɕ/, Źź /ʑ/ Polish uses kreska instead of acute accent.
Raised vowel Icelandic Íí /i/, Ýý /i/ Unaccented Ii and Yy both stand for /ɪ/.[21]
Polish Óó /u/ Historically it comes from long /oː/.[22] Polish uses kreska instead of acute accent.
Rising tone Fon Áá [ǎ], Éé [ě], Ɛ́ɛ́ [ɛ̌], Íí [ǐ], Óó [ǒ], Ɔ́ɔ́ [ɔ̌], Úú [ǔ] The rising tone is not phonemic in Fon, but it is still marked with an acute accent. Tones are however not always marked at all.[23] Note that Ɛ́ɛ́ and Ɔ́ɔ́ are not precomposed characters.
Mandarin (Pinyin romanization) Áá /a˧˥/, Éé /ə˧˥/, Íí /i˧˥/, Óó /ə˧˥/, Úú /u˧˥/, Ǘǘ /y˧˥/ Pinyin was created in the 1950s, and its tone marks were based on the Bopomofo phonetic notation.[24] Note that these tone values are based on the Beijing dialect.[25]
Min Nan (Pe̍h-ōe-jī orthography) Áá /a˥˩/, Áⁿ áⁿ /ã˥˩/, Éé /e˥˩/, Éⁿ éⁿ /ẽ˥˩/, Íí /i˥˩/, Íⁿ íⁿ /ĩ˥˩/, Ḿḿ /m̩˥˩/, Ńg ńg /ŋ̍˥˩/, Óó /ə˥˩/, Óⁿ óⁿ /ɔ̃˥˩/, Ó͘ó͘ /ɔ˥˩/, Úú /u˥˩/, Úⁿ úⁿ /u˥˩/ There is much variation in the tones and vowel qualities between different dialects of Min Nan. The vowel qualities here seem to be an approximation between the dialects,[26] while the tones here are as they are pronounced in Taipei (which is why they are falling though traditionally this toneme is classified as rising).[27]
Vietnamese Áá /aː˧˥/, Ắắ /a˧˥/, Ấấ /ə˧˥/, Éé /ɛ˧˥/, Ếế /e˧˥/, Íí /i˧˥/, Óó /ɔ˧˥/, Ốố /o˧˥/, Ớớ /əː˧˥/, Úú /u˧˥/, Ứứ /ɨ˧˥/, Ýý /i˧˥/ There are many exceptions to the phonemic values of these letters.[28]
Stress Catalan Éé /ˈe/, Íí /ˈi/, Óó /ˈo/, Úú /ˈu/ The rules for when stress is to be marked in Catalan are quite complex. The acute accent also distinguishes stressed /e o/ from /ɛ ɔ/,[29] see Grave Accent, Catalan section on Grave Accent in Natlangs.
Portuguese Áá /ˈa/, Éé /ˈɛ/, Íí /ˈi/, Óó /ˈɔ/, Úú /ˈu/ The acute accent also shows that Áá, Éé, Óó are lowered vowels, as their unaccented versions stand for /ˈɐ, ˈe, ˈo/ in stressed syllables. In unstressed syllables the two realizations of each vowel are in complementary distribution. All of this applies to oral vowels only, nasals vowels (marked by a following Mm or Nn) having different rules.[30]
Spanish Áá /ˈa/, Éé /ˈe/, Íí /ˈi/, Óó /ˈo/, Úú /ˈu/, Ýý /ˈi/ The acute is only used for marking stress when it's not the last syllable of the word that is stressed.[8] Ýý is only used in some proper nouns.[31] See also the Spanish section on Disambiguation of homographs further up in this table.
Swedish Éé /ˈeː/ Éé is not really a part of the Swedish alphabet, but it is used in many loanwords and surnames. It is used word-finally to indicate a stressed (and therefore long) /e/. These Éé occur where the vowel would usually be unstressed.[32]
Welsh Áá /ˈa/, Éé /ˈɛ/, Íí /ˈɪ/, Óó /ˈɔ/, Úú /ˈɨ̞, ˈɪ/, Ẃẃ /ˈʊ/, Ýý /ˈɨ̞, ˈɪ/ The acute accent is sometimes used in a wordfinal syllable to mark that it is stressed.[33] Regarding Úú and Ýý: The first pronunciation given is used in northern dialects and the second in southern dialects.[34] Letters with diacritics do not count as separate letters in Welsh.[35]
Other Icelandic Éé /jɛ/, Úú /u/ Éé was introduced in the 20th century.[7] Unaccented Uu stands for /ʏ/.[21]
Malagasy Áá, Éé, Íí, Óó, Ýý There are three different usages of the acute accent in Malagasy. One is in old dictionaries, possibly for marking stress. Another is in the Bara dialect. A third use is in French names, or French-spelled Malagasy names.[36]

Acute Accent in Phonetic Transcription

Uses of acute accent
Use Transcription system Notes
High tone International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) Used on top of vowels (or syllabic consonants). Alternatively, one may use the high tone bar (˦) instead, placing it after the affected syllable.

Acute Accent in Conlangs

Uses of Acute Accent
Usage Language Creator Letters Notes
Half-long vowel Qwynegold (Qwadralónia dialect) Qwynegold Áá /aˑ, ʌˑ/, Éé /eˑ, e̞ˑ/, Íí /ɪˑ, iˑ/, Óó /o̜ˑ, oˑ/, Úú /u̜ˑ, uˑ/, Ýý /ʏˑ, yˑ/, Ä́ä́ /æˑ, ɛˑ/, Ö́ö́ /øˑ, œˑ/ There are no precomposed forms of Ä́ä́, Ö́ö́.
Qwynegold (Quadralónia dialect) Qwynegold Áá /aˑ, ʌˑ/, Éé /eˑ, e̞ˑ/, Íí /ɪˑ, iˑ/, Óó /o̜ˑ, oˑ/, Úú /u̜ˑ, uˑ/, Ýý /ʏˑ, yˑ/, Ǽǽ /æˑ, ɛˑ/, Ǿǿ /øˑ, œˑ/
High pitch Inng (external transcription) Qwynegold Áá /á/, Éé /ə́, í/, Íí /í/, Ĺĺ /ĺ̩/, Ḿḿ /ŋ̩́/, Ńń /ŋ̩́/, Óó /ú, ə́, á/, Úú /ú/ Some of these accented letters only appear as part of a digraph when representing a certain sound.[37]
High tone Lhueslue (external romanization) Qwynegold Áá /ɑ́/, Áe áe /ǽ/, Éé /é/. Ée ée /ɛ́/, Íí /í/, Íe íe /ɘ́/, Óó /ó/, Óe óe /ǿ/, Úú /ú/, Úe úe /ý/ This tone may be realized as either a high level tone, or a rising tone. Unaccented vowels have mid level tone.[38]
Long vowel Liu (external romanization) Qwynegold Áá /aː/, Éé /eː/, Íí /iː/, Óó /oː/, Úú /uː/ The acute accent marks that the vowel is long and unstressed.

See Also

References

  1. ↑ Acute accent, Apex at Wikipedia.
  2. ↑ Acute accent, Palatalization at Wikipedia.
  3. ↑ This was due to positioning issues in Vietnamese diacritic stacking, but this is now handled by the regular combining acute. Sources:
    Unicode, Inc. 2014. Combining Diacritical Marks.
    Vietnamese language and computers, Vietnamese Alphabet at Wikipedia.
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 Kazakh alphabets at Wikipedia. See also Kazakh language, Phonology on Wikipedia.
  5. ↑ Romanization of Adyghe (PDF). See also Adyghe language, Alphabet at Wikipedia.
  6. ↑ Gaj's Latin alphabet at Wikipedia.
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 Icelandic orthography, History at Wikipedia.
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 Spanish, Vowels on FrathWiki.
  9. ↑ Alekano at SIL.
  10. ↑ Pedersen, Thomas. 2008. Transliteration of Arabic.
  11. ↑ Nunation at Wikipedia.
  12. ↑ Albanian alphabet, Congress of Manastir at Wikipedia. For information about the phonology of Albanian vowels, see Albanian language, Phonology, Vowels at Wikipedia.
  13. ↑ 13.0 13.1 Pohjoissaame, Aakkoset at Wikipedia (Finnish).
  14. ↑ Navajo language at Wikipedia.
  15. ↑ Yoruba language, Writing systems at Wikipedia. This article also mentions a letter Ḿḿ, but not what it stands for. Yoruba has only one phonemic nasal, and it's spelled with Nn regardless of how it is realized.
  16. ↑ Serbo-Croatian phonology, Pitch accent at Wikipedia.
  17. ↑ Czech orthography, "Soft" I and "Hard" Y at Wikipedia.
  18. ↑ Compare BGN/PCGN National Romanization System for Afghanistan (PDF) and Dari at Wikipedia.
  19. ↑ Compare BGN/PCGN National Romanization System for Afghanistan (PDF) and Pashto phonology at Wikipedia.
  20. ↑ 20.0 20.1 Slovene language, Prosody at Wikipedia.
  21. ↑ 21.0 21.1 Icelandic orthography, Function of symbols at Wikipedia.
  22. ↑ Polish phonology, Historical development at Wikipedia.
  23. ↑ Fon language, Tone marking at Wikipedia. See also Fon language, Tone for a short overview of the tonal system of Fon.
  24. ↑ Pinyin, History after 1949 at Wikipedia.
  25. ↑ Mandarin Chinese, Tones at Wikipedia.
  26. ↑ Pe̍h-ōe-jī, Current system at Wikipedia.
  27. ↑ Taiwanese Hokkien, Tones at Wikipedia.
  28. ↑ Vietnamese orthography, Pronunciation at Wikipedia.
  29. ↑ Catalan alphabet, Acute and grave accents at Wikipedia.
  30. ↑ Portuguese orthography, Diacritics at Wikipedia.
  31. ↑ Spanish orthography, Special and modified letters at Wikipedia.
  32. ↑ Acute accent, Other uses at Wikipedia.
  33. ↑ Welsh orthography, Diacritics at Wikipedia. Yy does not represent /ə/ in the final syllable, see Welsh phonology at Wikipedia.
  34. ↑ Welsh orthography, Letter names and sounds values at Wikipedia.
  35. ↑ Welsh orthography at Wikipedia.
  36. ↑ Malagasy language, Diacritics at Wikipedia. For stress marking, see also Grave Accent on FrathWiki.
  37. ↑ Inng, Transcription at FrathWiki.
  38. ↑ Lhueslue, Tones at FrathWiki.


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