Koha
Location
Koha is the trade language of the Pacific nations of the Earth of the Eislehrenwelt, where Imperial Germany was the colonizing power and the moon, its icy surface shining brilliantly, illuminates the dalliances of servicemen and native women.
Phoneme Inventory
The phoneme inventory of Koha is small: /a, e, i, k, h, l, m, n, o, p, q, u, w/. /q/ represents the glottal stop {{[ʔ]}}. /w/ is pronounced {{[v]}}
Nouns
Koha nouns have gender, definiteness, and number.
Gender and Definiteness
There are two genders in Koha: masculine and feminine. The definite masculine article is /ka/; the definite feminine article is /ki/.
Ka Haka. The father.
Ki Muka. The mother.
The indefinite masculine article is /a/, while the indefinite feminine article is /ana/.
A Haka. A father.
Ana Muka. A mother.
The mother language of Koha, Tosa, possessed three cases (nominative, accusative, and prepositional) in addition to definiteness and gender, although not every combination received an individual form.
Definite Father – ta Fata (nom.), te Fata (acc./prep.) Mother – ti Muta (nom./acc.), ta Muta (prep.) Indefinite Father – a Fata (nom.), ana Fata (acc./prep.) Mother – ana Muta (nom./acc./prep.)
Number
Koha has only two numbers: singular and plural. The plural is indicated by placing /hi/ after the noun.
Ka Ho hi. The sons.
Ki Koka hi. The daughters.
There are some nouns, all feminine gender, which are inherently plural and therefore do not use the plural indicator /hi/. These include:
ki Eka – parents, elders
ki Qeheweqa – siblings
Adjectives
Descriptive adjectives are placed between the article and the noun:
ka loka Waqa – the red car.
Hi apa ka loka Waqa qaha. I bought the red car.
Apa ku ka loka Waqa aqaha? Have you sold the red car?
ki hena Ta – the beautiful city.
Mi apa i kiha hena Ta wona. I lived in that beautiful city.
Predicate adjectives follow the copula /ha/
ka Waqa ha loka – the car is red
ki Ta ha hena – the city is beautiful
Numbers
1 ana
2 ha
3 ka
4 ki
5 hi
6 hepa
7 hipa
8 a
9 na
10 he
11 e
12 hahe
13 kahe
14 kihe
15 hihe
16 hepahe
17 hipahe
18 ahe
19 nahe
20 hahi
21 anuhahi
22 hauhahi
30 kahi
40 kihi
50 hihi
60 hepahi
70 hipahi
80 ahi
90 nahi
100 oka
1000 kaha
Pronouns
Personal Pronouns
Koha personal pronouns are as follows:
I/me – mi
you (sg) – ku
he – i
she – hi
we – wi
they – i hi
/i hi/ is used for both male and female. /ku/ is an unusual choice (one would have expected /ki/ given the origin of Tosa) but the choice seems to reflect a desire to avoid homophony of “thou” and “the (fem)”
Demonstrative Pronouns
There is one demonstrative pronoun is Koha: /kiha/.
Kiha Ma. This man.
Kiha Ha. This woman.
Kiha Qi hi. These children.
Interrogative Pronouns
wa – Who? What?
we'e – Which?
wo -Where?
waha – When? (from Tosa /wa sa/ 'what time?')
walo – Why?
wi – How?
Syntax
Tosa syntax is essentially that of Standard German, albeit somewhat regularized.
Ki Muka hea ka Haka. The mother sees the father.
Hea ki Muka ka Haka? Does the mother see the father?
Ki Muka apa ka Haka hea. The mother saw the father.
Apa ki Muka ka Haka hea? Did the mother see the father?
Ki Muka weka ka Haka hea. The mother will see the father.
Ki Muka wola ka Haka hea. The mother wants to see the father.
Ki Muka apa ka Haka hea wola. The mother wanted to see the father.
Ka Haka weka ho ki Muka hea. The father is seen by the mother.
Ka Haka apa ho ki Muka hea weka. The father was seen by the mother.
Ka Haka weka ho ki Muka hea weka. The father will be seen by the mother.
Ka Haka apa hu ki Muka ka Qepa qepa. The father gave the gift to the mother.
Ka Haka apa hu ki Qi hi ho i ka Qepa hi qepa. The father gave the gifts to her children.
Lexicon
A - m. house
a - indef. masc. art.
ana - indef. fem. art.
apa - PST
aqaha - v. sell
Ehe - m. food
Eka - pl. parents
Haka - m. father
hea - v. see
hena - a. beautiful
Ha - f. woman; v. copula
haha - a. black
hi - 1. plural marker 2. pro. she
Ho - m. son
ho - prep. of, belonging
Hona - f. Sun
hu - prep. to, towards
i - pro. he
i ... hi - pro. they
ka - art. masculine singular
ka ... hi - masculine plural
kaha - v. buy
ki - art. feminine singular
ki ... hi - feminine plural
kiha - dem. this, these
Koha - f. Koha language
Koka - f. daughter
ku - pro. you (singular)
laa - a. blue
le - a. poor
Leha - m. spoon
lina - a. green
loka - a. red
mi - pro. I, me
Mo - m. moon
Muka - f. mother
Ta - f. city
Qaqena - m. hospital
qaha - v. buy
Qeheweqa - pl. siblings
qepa - m. Qepa; v. give
Qi - m. child
Qo - m. God
ufawasa - v. transfer
wa - who? what?
Waha - m. water
waha - a. white
waha - q. when? (< Tosa /wa sa/ 'what time')
walo - why?
Waqa - m. car
weka - FUT
weqe - which?
wi - pro. we; how?
wo -where?
wola - v. want to
wona - v. live
