Ancaron
Standard Ancaron Sitariancaronpotcor () | |
Pronounced: | sitaɹiankaɹonpotkoɹ |
Timeline/Universe: | DPM / Nacar |
Species: | Ancaron |
Spoken in: | Ancaron Empire (Ancaronbactari) |
Total speakers: | 52 trillion |
Genealogical classification: | Antacar
|
Writing system: | Cor () Marcor () Latin alphabet / Latancor () |
Typology | |
Basic word order: | OVS(O) |
Morphological type: | agglutinating polysynthetic |
Morphosyntactic alignment: | nominative-accusative |
Created by: | |
Leech10 | 2007 (2009) |
Phonology
Ancaron's syllable structure is (C)V(C).
Consonants
In the table, the letter on the left is the IPA value, the bolded, middle letter is the Latin (latancor) transcription, and on the right is the marcor letter.
Labial | Labiodental | Alveolar | Velar | ||
Nasal | m m | n n | |||
Plosive | p p , b b | t t , d d | k c , g g | ||
Frictive | f f , v v | s s , z z | |||
Approximant | ɹ r | ||||
Lateral Approximant | l l |
Vowels
In the bolded letter is the IPA value/Latin (latancor) transcription, with the letter on the right being the marcor letter.
Front | Central | Back | Diphthongs | ||
High | i | u | ia , ua , ue , ui | ||
Mid-High | e | o | ea , ou | ||
Low | a | ae , ai , ao |
Grammar
Numbers
Numbers are in general read off from left to right as individual numerals
- vet
- vet
- one
- one
- vetvan
- vet-van
- one-zero
- ten
- vetvanviv
- vet-van-viv
- one-zero-five
- one hundred and five
However larger numbers have their own words to help break up the list. Any zeros following these higher number words are ignored until a non-zero number is found.
- vuet
- vuet
- thousand
- one thousand
- vetvervuetviv
- vet-ver-vuet-viv
- one-eight-thousand-five
- eighteen thousand and five
- vetvervuetvivvan
- vet-ver-vuet-viv-van
- one-eight-thousand-five-zero
- eighteen thousand and fifty
Adjectives
Adjectives immediately precede the word they modify.
- Tucboc
- tuc-boc
- old-rock
- an old rock
Multiple adjectives stack, though the order of the adjectives does not matter
- Taintucboc
- tain-tuc-boc
- gray-old-rock
- an old gray rock
- Tuctainboc
- tuc-tain-boc
- old-gray-rock
- an old gray rock
Possessives
Possessives are formed by using a name or pronoun as an adjective, again word order does not matter.
- Muctaintucboc
- muc-tain-tuc-boc
- my-gray-old-rock
- my old gray rock
- Taintucmucboc
- tain-tuc-muc-boc
- gray-old-my-rock
- my old gray rock
Negation
Adjectives are negated by the use of the prefix "ta," which immediately precedes the adjective it negates.
- Tataintucmucboc
- ta.tain-tuc-muc-boc
- NEG.gray-old-my-rock
- my old non-gray rock
- Taintuctamucboc
- tain-tuc-ta.muc-boc
- gray-old-NEG.my-rock
- the old gray rock that isn't mine
Comparisons
The compartitive forms of adjectives are formed by adding the prefix "in" for positive comparisons, and "fen" for negative comparisons. Ancaron has no superlative forms for positive or negative comparisons. Like the negation prefix, these prefixes immediately precede the adjective they modify.
- Tainintucboc
- tain-in-tuc-boc
- gray-more-old-rock
- the older gray rock
- Tainfentucboc
- tain-fen-tuc-boc
- gray-less-old-rock
- the less old gray rock
Sentence forms of comparison are created using " padi " (with spaces) to link the two parts of the comparison together, and it is used for both "more than," "less than," and "as ___ as" comparisons.
- intucboc padi muc
- in-tuc-boc padi muc
- more-old-rock than me
- a rock older than me
- fentucon padi muc
- fen-tuc-on padi muc
- less-old-person than me
- a person younger than me
- tucon padi muc
- tuc-on padi muc
- old-person as me
- a person as old as me
Intensification
Ancaron adjectives are intensified by the reduplication of the adjective in question. The reduplicated adjective must stay together as one part, but otherwise word order does not matter as with other adjectives.
- Taintucboc
- tain-tuc-boc
- gray-old-rock
- the old gray rock
- Taintuctucboc
- tain-tuc-tuc-boc
- gray-old-old-rock
- the very old gray rock
- Taintaintucboc
- tain-tain-tuc-boc
- gray-gray-old-rock
- the very gray old rock
- Taintaintuctucboc
- tain-tain-tuc-tuc-boc
- gray-gray-old-old-rock
- the very old, very gray rock
Verbs
Ancaron verbs mark the subject as a suffix and the direct object as a prefix, forming a OVS word order.
- Bocpunmuc.
- boc-pun-muc
- rock-hold-I
- I hold a rock.
Tense
Ancaron has three tenses, past, present, and future. The tense marker immediately precedes the verb, falling after the object.
Present tense
The present tense marker is "dop," though it is optional as it is assumed if no tense markers are present. The present tense is used for any action that is currently happening.
- Bocdoppunmuc.
- boc-dop.pun-muc
- rock-PRS.hold-I
- I hold a rock.
Future tense
The future tense marker is "civ." The future tense is used for any action that is not currently happening, but will be happening sometime in the future.
- Boccivpunmuc.
- boc-civ.pun-muc
- rock-FUT.hold-I
- I will hold a rock.
Past tense
The past tense marker is "don." The past tense is used for any action that is not currently happening, but has already happened.
- Bocdonpunmuc.
- boc-don.pun-muc
- rock-PST.hold-I
- I held a rock.
Negation
Like negation of adjectives, negation of verbs is done with the prefix "ta." The negative prefix precedes the tense marker and follows the direct object.
- Boctapunmuc.
- boc-ta.pun-muc
- rock-NEG.hold-I
- I am not holding a rock.
- Boctacivpunmuc.
- boc-ta.civ.pun-muc
- rock-NEG.FUT.hold-I
- I will not hold a rock.
Indirect Objects
The indirect object follows the verb and subject as a separate word.
- Boccivsipunmuc Mardon.
- boc-civ.sipun-muc Mardon
- rock-FUT.throw-I Mardon
- I will toss the rock to Mardon.
The Copula
Ancaron has no copula verbs, rather they are replaced by the use of nouns or adjectives acting as verbs.
- Tucboc.
- tuc-boc
- old-rock
- The rock is old. (Lit: The rock olds.)
- Boczain.
- boc-zain
- rock-that
- That is a rock. (Lit: That rocks.)
The construction "There is" or "There are" is replaced with the verb "danas," which means "to exist."
- Danasboc
- danas-boc
- exist-rock
- There is a rock. (Lit: A rock exists.)
Adverbs
Adverbs preceed the verb they modify, and are located between the direct object and the negation of the verb, assuming they exist.
- Boctortacivsipunmuc.
- boc-tor-ta.civ.sipun-muc
- rock-quickly-NEG.FUT.throw-I
- I will not quickly throw the rock.
Multiple adverbs stack, and like with adjectives, word order does not matter
- Boctordopubcivsipunmuc.
- boc-tor-dopub-civ.sipun-muc
- rock-quickly-today-FUT.throw-I
- I will quickly throw the rock today.
- Bocdopubtorcivsipunmuc.
- boc-dopub-tor-civ.sipun-muc
- rock-today-quickly-FUT.throw-I
- I will quickly throw the rock today.
Negation
Like verbs and adjectives, adverbs are negated by the use of the prefix "ta," which immediately precedes the adverb it negates.
- Boctadopubtorcivsipunmuc.
- boc-ta.dopub-tor-civ.sipun-muc
- rock-NEG.today-quickly-FUT.throw-I
- I will quickly throw the rock, but not today.
- Bocdopubtatorcivsipunmuc.
- boc-dopub-ta.tor-civ.sipun-muc
- rock-today-NEG.quickly-FUT.throw-I
- I will throw the rock today, but not quickly.
Comparisons
The compartitive forms of adverbs are formed just like the adjective versions, by adding the prefix "in" for positive comparisons, and "fen" for negative comparisons. As before, there are no superlatives and the prefixes immediately precede the adverb they modify.
- torsipun
- tor-sipun
- quickly-throw
- to quickly throw
- intorsipun
- in-tor-sipun
- more-quickly-throw
- to throw more quickly
- fentorsipun
- fen-tor-sipun
- less-quickly-throw
- to throw less quickly
Also as with adjectives, sentence forms of comparison are created using " padi " (with spaces) to link the two parts of the comparison together, and it is used for both "more than," "less than," and "as ___ as" comparisons. However, they are linked together somewhat differently, with the two objects mentioned in the comparison, as well as the "padi," are the subject with the verb form being as above. The object that comes first in the English comparison also comes first in the Ancaron one, and is the one that is actually attached to the verb.
- _<adverbal comparison>_et padi muc.
- _<adverbal comparison>_-et padi muc
- _<adverbal comparison>_-it than I
- he _<adverbal comparison>_ than I (_<verb>_).
- Intorsipunet padi muc.
- in-tor-sipun-et padi muc
- more-quickly-throw-it than I
- he throws more quickly than I (throw).
- Fentorsipunet padi muc.
- fen-tor-sipun-et padi muc
- less-quickly-throw-it than I
- he throws less quickly than I (throw).
- Torsipunet padi muc.
- tor-sipun-et padi muc
- quickly-throw-it as I
- he throws as quickly as I (throw).
Intensification
Ancaron adverbs, like the adjectives, are intensified by the reduplication of the adverb in question. The reduplicated adverb must stay together as one part, but otherwise word order does not matter as with other adverb.
- Boctordopubcivsipunmuc.
- boc-tor-dopub-civ.sipun-muc
- rock-quickly-today-FUT.throw-I
- I will quickly throw the rock today.
- Boctortordopubcivsipunmuc.
- boc-tor-tor-dopub-civ.sipun-muc
- rock-quickly-quickly-today-FUT.throw-I
- I will very quickly throw the rock today.
- Boctordopubdopubcivsipunmuc.
- boc-tor-dopub-dopub-civ.sipun-muc
- rock-quickly-today-FUT.throw-I
- I will quickly throw the rock today.
- Boctortordopubdopubcivsipunmuc.
- boc-tor-tor-dopub-dopub-civ.sipun-muc
- rock-quickly-today-FUT.throw-I
- I will very quickly throw the rock today.
Nouns
Ancaron words can vary their parts of speech, meaning that some words that can be considered verbs or adjectives can be used as nouns as well.
- pun to hold, a hand
- sipun to throw, a throw
- boc rocky, a rock
Negation
Like basically everything else, nouns can be negated with the prefix "ta," which immediately precedes the noun.
- taboc
- ta.boc
- NEG.rock
- not a rock
Plurals
To make a word plural, add the unspecific plural prefix "car." Plural markers precede the negation prefix.
- boc
- boc
- rock
- rock
- carboc
- car.boc
- PLR.rock
- rocks
- cartaboc
- car.ta.boc
- PLR.NEG.rock
- some non-rocks
Alternatively, numbers can be used instead to for a specific plural.
- vucboc
- vuc.on
- three.rock
- three rocks
"In" is also used as a plural prefix as well to represent large amounts but remaining unspecific in total number.
- inboc
- in.boc
- many.rock
- many rocks
Likewise, "fen" is used as an unspecific plural prefix to represent small numbers.
- fenbocc
- fen.boc
- few.rock
- a few rocks
The plural markers are positioned after any adjectives the noun has.
- taivcarboc
- taiv-car.boc
- gray-PLR.rock
- some gray rocks
Comparisons
"In" and "fed" can be used to make comparisons with nouns as well, using the prefixes as plurals with the addition of " padi ".
- Danasinnan padi carnin.
- danas-in.nan padi car.nin
- exist-more.boy than PLR.girl
- There are more boys than girls.
- Danasfennan padi carnin.
- danas-in.nan padi car.nin
- exist-less.boy than PLR.girl
- There are less boys than girls.
- Danascarnan padi carnin.
- danas-in.nan padi car.nin
- exist-PLR.boy as PLR.girl
- There are as many boys as girls.
Numbers can also be used in these comparisons for a specific difference.
- Danasvetnan padi carnin.
- danas-vet.nan padi car.nin
- exist-one.boy than PLR.girl
- There is one more boy than there are girls.
However, there is no simple way of flipping comparisons with specific plurals around, meaning you can't say, for example "There is one less boy than there are girls." Instead, the comparison itself has to be flipped around.
- Danasvetnin padi carnan.
- danas-vet.nin padi car.nan
- exist-one.girl than PLR.boy
- There is one more girl than there are boys.
Compound nouns
Compound nouns are formed much like adjective stacks, however word order does matter with noun stacks.
- bacpub space
- bacmun tunnel
- bacpubbacmun
- bacpub-bacmun
- space-tunnel
- wormhole
- bacmunbacpub
- bacmun-bacpub
- tunnel-space
- tunnel space
The compound noun is treated like a single noun for prefixes and adjectives.
- taincartabacpubbacmun
- tain-car.ta.bacpub-bacmun
- gray-PLR.NEG.space-tunnel
- some gray non-wormholes
Pronouns
Personal pronouns
Ancaron has 3 basic personal pronouns.
- muc I, me
- doc you
- et he, she, it, him, her
Plural forms are generated using "car."
- carmuc we, us
- cardoc you all
- caret they, them
- Bocpunet.
- boc-pun-et
- rock-hold-it
- He is holding the rock.
Ancaron is a pro-drop language, meaning that any pronouns whose existence can be determined from context can be omitted.
- Civsipun.
- civ.sipun
- FUT.throw
- He will throw it.
"Etcivsipunet." is equivalent to the above example with the pronouns left in. Both versions are grammatical, though the first is more common in general speech. Generally, however, it comes down to the speaker or writers preference as to whether or not the pronouns are dropped. Pronouns have been left in the examples on this page to make learning easier.
Ancaron pronouns do not change forms when acting as different parts of speech.
- Bocpunmuc.
- boc-pun-muc
- rock-hold-I
- I am holding the rock.
- Bocdonsipundoc muc.
- boc-don-sipun-doc muc
- rock-PST.throw-you me
- You tossed the rock to me.
Reflexive pronouns
Ancaron reflexive pronouns are created with the addition of the prefix "zig."
- zigmuc myself
- zigdoc yourself
- ziget himself, herself, itself
- carzigmuc ourselves
- carzigdoc yourselves
- carziget themselves
Sometimes it is not needed in the sentence, and is simply there to provide more information. In this case, the sentence is grammatically correct without it.
- Bocdonsipunmuc zigmuc.
- boc-don-sipun-muc zigmuc
- rock-PST.throw-I myself
- I tossed the rock to myself.
- Bocdonsipunmuc.
- boc-don-sipun-muc
- rock-PST.throw-I
- I tossed the rock.
In other cases, the sentence is not grammatical without the reflexive pronoun.
- Zigetsimapet.
- ziget-simap-et
- itself-dress-it
- He dresses himself.
- Simapet.
- simap-et
- dress-it
- He dresses... ???
Note that the sentence only needs an object, it doesn't have to be a reflexive pronoun.
- Etsimapet.
- et-simap-et
- it-dress-it
- He dresses him. (someone else)
Reciprocal pronouns
Possessive pronouns
Ancaron possessive pronouns are created with the addition of the prefix "si."
- simuc mine
- sidoc yours
- siet his, hers, its
- carsimuc ours
- carsidoc yours
- carsiet theirs
- Carsimucboc.
- car.simuc-boc
- PLR.mine-rock
- The rock is ours.
However the possessive adjectives use the standard personal pronouns, and are used like any other adjective.
- Carmucbocet.
- car.muc-boc-et
- PLR.my-rock-it
- It is our rock.
Interrogative pronouns
- pui what, which
- pai who, whom, whose
- pi when
- bau where
- bou how
- bao why
- puitus how many, how much
Word order when using interrogative pronouns is unchanged from the standard OVS(O) word order.
- Puisipunet?
- pui-sipun-et?
- what-throw-it
- What did he throw?
- Bocsipunet pai?
- boc-sipun-et pai?
- rock-throw-it whom
- To whom did he toss the rock?
- Bocsipunpai et?
- boc-sipun-pai et?
- rock-throw-who it
- Who tossed the rock to him?
- Puisipunpai pai?
- pui-sipun-pai pai?
- what-throw-who whom
- Who threw what to whom?
These pronouns can also modify nouns or verbs like adjectives or adverbs. "Pui," "puitus," and "pai" modify nouns, while the others modify verbs.
- Puibocsipunet?
- pui-boc-sipun-et?
- what-rock-throw-it
- Which rock did he throw?
- Paibocsipunet?
- pai-boc-sipun-et?
- whose-rock-throw-it
- Whose rock did he throw?
- Puitusbocsipunet?
- puitus-boc-sipun-et?
- how_many-rock-throw-it
- How many rocks did he throw?
- Bocbaosipunet?
- boc-bao-sipun-et?
- rock-why-throw-it
- Why did he throw the rock?
- Bocbousipunet?
- boc-bou-sipun-et?
- rock-how-throw-it
- How did he throw the rock?
- Bocbausipunet?
- boc-bau-sipun-et?
- rock-where-throw-it
- Where did he throw the rock?
- Bocpisipunet?
- boc-pi-sipun-et?
- rock-when-throw-it
- When did he throw the rock?