Senjecas snow & ice

Pronunciation table

p	b	f	v	ƿ	m			t	d	þ	ð	ł	l			c	ƶ	s	z	r	n			k	g	x	ᵹ	h	ȝ			š	ṡ			i	e	a	ɔ	o	u			ı	ɛ	y
/p/	/b/	/ɸ/	/β/	/m̊/	/m/			/t/	/d/	/θ/	/ð/	/l̥/	/l/			/ʦ/	/ʣ/	/s/	/z/	/ɾ̥/	/n/			/k/	/g/	/ç/	/ʝ/	/j̊/	/j/			/sʷ/	/sʲ/			/i/	/e/	/ä/	/ɒ/	/o/	/u/			/ɪ/	/ɛ/	/ʊ/

Snow

• 1. alűngo – snow bank

gore̋s de̋xlo e-ȝa̋fa d' a̋sko alűngom éna e- cőta:

The reindeer’s harness broke and the sleigh plunged into the snow bank.

gor-e̋s	de̋xl-o	e=ȝa̋f-a	d-'	a̋sk-o	alűng-om	éna	e=cőt-a
reindeer-GEN.SG	harness-NOM.SG	PST=break-IND	and-EL	sleigh-NOM.SG	snow.bank-ACC.SG	into	PST=plunge-IND

• 2. ċa̋ga – become frozen [of snow]

ébi tįþme̋a nérvi pı̋no. toáru tőƿo u-ċa̋ga:

If the temperature drops any lower the snow will become frozen.

ébi	tįþme̋-a	nér=vi	pı̋n-o	toáru	tőƿ-o	u=ċa̋g-a-
if	temperature-NOM.SG	lower-ADV	decrease-SUB	then	snow-NOM.SG	FUT=become.frozen.IND

• 3. kı̋rmo – thin covering of snow

ƿisőntes kirmős ha pą̋u e-mą̋ᵹa:

Because of the thin covering of snow, the bison were able to forage.

ƿisőnt-es	kirm-ős	ha	pą̋-u	e=mą̋ᵹ-a
bison-NOM.PL	thin.covering.of.snow-GEN.SG	because.of	forage-SUP	PST=be.able

• 4. ke̋rto – frozen crust on snow

ébi ke̋rto kéþu ba̋ro vų̋o mę. ƿisőntes ȝa̋fu mą̋ᵹa:

If the frozen crust is not too thick, the bison can break through.

ébi	ke̋rt-o	kéþu	ba̋r-o	vų̋-o	mę	ƿisőnt-es	ȝa̋f-u	mą̋ᵹ-a
if	frozen.crust-NOM.SG	too	thick-NOM.SG	be.SBJ	not	bison-NOM.PL	break-SUP	be.able-IND

• 5. lų̋fo – falling snow

lų̋fo ṭą́rvi leitős k̬éno le̋isom u-ka̋ða:

The falling snow will soon cover any trace of the crime.

lų̋f-o	ṭą́rvi	leit-ős	k̬éno-Ø	le̋is-om	u=ka̋ð-a
falling.snow-NOM.SG	soon	crime-GEN.SG	any-ABS	trace-ACC.SG	FUT=cover-IND

• 6. lųfpa̋vo – snow flake

neo d̬o lųfpa̋von sőmo ḅőrom ᵹe̋vu na̋mu ke̋no e̋sa:

It’s hard to believe that no two snow flakes have the same shape.

neo-Ø	d̬o	lųf-pa̋v-on	sőmo-Ø	ḅőr-om	ᵹe̋v-u	na̋m-u	ke̋n-o	e̋s-a
no-ABS	two	snow-flake-ACC.PL	same-ABS	shape-ACC.SG	have-SUP	believe-SUP	hard-NOM.SG	be.IND

• 7. műᵹro – soft snow

méti le̋xƿe műᵹrom éva e-pe̋da. šǫ́ðvi e-fǫ̋la:

When the puppy stepped onto the soft snow, he fell through.

méti	le̋xƿ-e	műᵹr-om	éva	e=pe̋d-a	šǫ́ð=vi	e=fǫ̋l-a
when	puppy-NOM.SG	soft.snow-ACC.SG	onto	PST=step-IND	through=ADV	PST=fall-IND

• 8. ƿa̋co – wet snow

ƿacős te̋lo vőutom e-vire̋ȝa:

The weight of the wet snow caused the tent to collapse.

ƿac-ős	te̋l-o	vőut-om	e=vir-e̋ȝ-a
wet.snow-GEN.SG	weight-NOM.SG	tent-ACC.SG	PST=collapse-CAUS-IND

• 9. ƿőpo – sleeping hole in the snow

ᵹǫsiġős éna la̋vaþu ȝuþne̋ðlu lą̋tam ƿőpom e-vőða:

Caught in the blizzard, the hiker dug a sleeping hole in the snow for the night.

ᵹǫsiġ-ős	éna	la̋v-a-þu-Ø	ȝuþne̋ðl-u	lą̋t-am	ƿőp-om	e=vőð-a
blizzard-GEN.SG	in	catch-IND-PP-ABS	hiker-NOM.SG	night-ACC.SG	sleeping.hole-ACC.SG	PST=dig-IND

• 10. pőm̌a – walk with difficulty through snow, sand, brush, etc.

i-tőƿo kéþu ca̋lo vų̋a. ṗúvi ƿus nom šǫ́ða u-pom̌a:

This snow is so deep we will have trouble walking through it.

i=tőƿ-o	kéþu	ca̋l-o	vų̋-a	ṗú-vi	ƿ-us	n-om	šǫ́ða	u=pom̌-a
this=snow-NOM.SG	too	deep-NOM.SG	be-IND	that	1p-NOM	3-ACC.SG	through	FUT=walk-IND

• 11. rı̋no – snow on trees

są́mi rı̋no gőbo vų̋a. ébi kéþu mę̋o vų̋lo. ƶa̋vos u-ȝa̋fa:

Although the snow on the trees is beautiful, too much and the branches will break.

są́mi	rı̋n-o	gőb-o	vų̋-a	ébi	kéþu	mę̋-o	vų̋l-o	ƶa̋v-os	u=ȝa̋f-a
although	snow-NOM.SG	beautiful-NOM.SG	be.IND	if	too	much-NOM.SG	there.be-IND	branch-NOM.PL	FUT=break-IND

• 12. sı̋ġo – snow storm

sı̋ġo e-műla da no-leisős éna nűm ne̋cun e-te̋ƿa:

The snow storm passed leaving nine dead in its wake.

sı̋ġ-o	e=műl-a	da	no=leis-ős	éna	nűm	ne̋c-un	e=te̋ƿ-a
snow.storm-NOM.SG	PST=pass-IND	and	its=wake-GEN.SG	in	nine	dead-ACC.PL	PST=leave-IND

• 13. sőso – muddy snow

ne dóƿvi pósi sı̋ġo e-műla. űde' sosős éna tőƿom e-ų̋lba:

Not long after the snow storm passed, the yaks had turned the fallen snow into muddy snow.

ne	dóƿ=vi	pósi	sı̋ġ-o	e=műl-a	űd-e-'	sos-ős	éna	tőƿ-om	e=ų̋lb-a
not	long=ADV	after	snow.storm-NOM.SG	PST=pass-IND	yak-NOM.PL-EL	muddy.snow-GEN.SG	into	fallen.snow-ACC.SG	PST=turn.into-IND

Ice

• 14. haþȝe̋go – thin coating of ice on rock

haþȝe̋gom na̋kantu n' e-pı̋za da nu-kűndom éna e- ną̋la:

Not seeing the ice on the rock, the ranger slipped and landed on his butt.

haþȝe̋g-om	na̋k-a-ntu-Ø	n-'	e=pı̋z-a	da	nu=kűnd-om	éna	e=ną̋l-a
thin.coating-ACC.SG	see-IND-AP-ABS	not-EL	PST=slip-IND	and	his-butt-ACC.SG	on	PST=land-IND

• 15. ȝe̋go – ice

ƿe̋ᵹo pąvős éna ȝegős ha ha̋icim þǫ́sa e-pı̋za:

Because of the ice on the road the car slid into the tree.

ƿe̋ᵹ-o	pąv-ős	éna	ȝeg-ős	ha	ha̋ic-im	þǫ́sa	e=pı̋z-a
car-NOM.SG	road-GEN.SG	on	ice-GEN.SG	because.of	tree-ACC.SG	into	PST=slip-IND

• 16. ȝeᵹǧa̋ro – iceberg

v̌ęþ̨̨a̋fo te̋pu hǫ̋le mare̋m éna mımę̋o ȝeᵹǧa̋ron sa̋isa:

Global warming is producing more icebergs in the polar seas.

v̌ęþ-þ̨̨a̋fo-Ø	te̋p-u	hǫ̋le-Ø	mar-e̋m	éna	mı~mę̋o-Ø	ȝeᵹǧa̋r-on	sa̋is-a
world-wide-ABS	warming-SUP	polar-ABS	sea-GEN.PL	in	CPAR~many-ABS	iceberb-ACC.PL	produce-IND

• 17. kaȝe̋mᵹo – shore ice

méti he̋ma e-me̋ƿa. kaȝe̋mᵹo ba̋ro e-ı̋la:

As winter progressed the shore ice became thicker.

méti	he̋m-a	e=me̋ƿ-a	kaȝe̋mᵹ-o	ba̋r-o	e=ı̋l-a
as	winter-NOM.SG	PST=progress-IND	shore.ice-NOM.SG	thick-NOM.SG	PST=become-IND

• 18. kűro – ice floe

zę̋me: mę̋o kűros ną̋utam ną̋ƿam u-kı̋a:

Be careful! The many ice floes will make navigation hazardous.

zę̋m-e	mę̋o-Ø	kűr-os	ną̋ut-am	ną̋ƿ-am	u=kı̋-a
be.careful-IMP	many-ABS	ice.floe-NOM.PL	navigation-ACC.SG	hazardous-ACC.SG	FUT-make-IND

• 19. nila̋ᵹo – freshwater ice

méti nila̋ᵹo zı̋nu tőda. ve̋vres he̋mam dę̋a:

When the ice begins to form, the beavers settle in for the winter.

méti	nila̋ᵹ-o	zı̋n-u	tőd-a	ve̋vr-es	he̋m-am	dę̋-a
when	freshwater.ice-NOM.SG	form-SUP	begin-IND	beaver-NOM.PL	winter-ACC.SG	settle-IND

• 20. ǫ̋ko – ice hole

ƿus i-hema̋s ȝegős éna ǫkő' šǫ́ða mı̨̋n-' u-mą̋ga:

This winter we can fish through a hole in the ice.

ƿ-us	i=hem-a̋s	ȝeg-ős	éna	ǫk-ő-'	šǫ́ða	mı̨̋n-'	u=mą̋ᵹ-a
1p-NOM	this=winter-GEN.SG	ice-GEN.SG	in	ice.hole-GEN.SG-EL	through	fish-EL	FUT=be.able-IND

• 21. puskűro – pack ice

puskűro aiveᵹe̋m éra bą̋go ųðzı̋danto ðę̋o e-vų̋a:

The pack ice was the perfect hauling-out place for the walruses.

puskűr-o	aiveᵹ-e̋m	éra	bą̋go-Ø	ųð-zı̋d-a-nto-Ø	ðę̋-o	e=vų̋-a
pack.ice-NOM.SG	walrus-GEN.PL	for	perfect-ABS	out-haul-IND-AP-ABS	place-NOM.SG	PST=be.IND

• 22. sűðo – frost

mu i-ąȝa̋s ȝęrős se̋mto sűðom e-na̋ka:

This morning I saw the first frost of the season.

m-u	i=ąȝ-a̋s	ȝęr-ő-'	se̋mto-Ø	sűð-om	e=na̋k-a
1s-NOM	this=morning-GEN.SG	season-GEN.SG-EL	first-ABS	frost-ACC.SG	PST=see-IND

• 23. ṡőmo – hoarfrost

lą̋ta ȝe̋xak̬e sőȝak̬' e-vų̋a. są́ru ṡőmo ąȝa̋s ta̋lem éva e-vų̋la:

The night was clear and cold, so there was hoarfrost on the ground in the morning.

lą̋t-a	ȝe̋x-a=k̬e	sőȝ-a=k̬-'	e=vų̋-a	są́ru	ṡőm-o	ąȝ-a̋s	ta̋l-em	éva	e=vų̋l-a
night-NOM.SG	clear-NOM.SG=and	cold-NOM.SG=and	PST=be-IND	so	hoarfrost-NOM.SG	morning-GEN.SG	ground-ACC.SG	on	PST=there.be-IND

• 24. ṡűngo – frazil ice, slush

ṡungős ka̋ȝa ƿús o ma̋rem ṭą́rvi űłaþem u-ı̋lu:

The appearance of frazil ice tells us that the sea will soon be frozen over.

ṡung-ős	ka̋ȝ-a	ƿ-ús	o	ma̋r-em	ṭą́rvi	űł-a-þ-em	u=ı̋l-u
frazil.ice-GEN.SG	appearance-NOM.SG	1p-GEN	to	sea-ACC.SG	soon	freeze-IND-PP-ACC.SG	FUT=become-SUP